3. Newspapers: Structure Advertising/Sales News/Editorial Circulation/Marketing Design/Creation Selection/Editing Newspaper Design and Layout Production/Printing Inserting/Bundling Distribution

6. Newspapers: 19th Century Penny Press: Developed from the combined forces of expanded literacy, steam-powered presses (and other technologies), immigration and the increased urban working class. First was Benjamin Day’s New York Sun , 1833 James Gordon Bennett, New York Herald , 1835 Sensationalism Human interest (esp. crime) Sports (Race tracks) Established news bureaus Use of telegraph (including trans-Atlantic

7. Newspapers: 19th Century Wire services (news gathering cooperative) : Associated Press, 1840 (formed as the Harbor News Service in New York City before the invention of the telegraph) Civil War Censorship (military v. public) Many reporters Photography (Matthew Brady) Pyramid style writing (for telegraph) Bulletins Feature syndicates (due to lack of help for small newspaper publishers)

8. Newspapers: 19th Century Yellow Journalism: the bridge between the 19th and 20th century, precursor of 1920s’ tabloids Joseph Pulitzer: St. Louis Post-Dispatch , 1878 New York World , 1883 idealist-crusader against corruption reflected interests of the common people sensationalism William Randolph Hearst: New York Journal , 1895 used Pulitzer’s formula with greater ruthlessness and less compassion. More aggressive in the circulation wars

9. Newspapers: 19th Century The New Journalism (1865-1914): birth of modern journalism 1. Emphasis on informing (Adolph Ochs, New York Times ): objective journalism 2. Reporting as craft: specialization in subject (beats) and functions 3. Technology improvements: trans-Atlantic cable two-sided presses telephone electric light (allows for night work)