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Post WWII: Shifting US-
          Soviet Relations
• April 1945
   – What impression of US-Soviet relations is conveyed?
   – What accounts for this tone?
• March 1946
   – How has the tone of international relations changed?
   – What accounts for this shift in attitude?
• Political Cartoons
   – Compare the messages of the 2 cartoons.
   – Do they distort or merely highlight the messages
     contained in the passages?
   – Which is more effective at conveying the intended
     message, the passages or cartoons?
Beginnings of the Cold War
Beginnings of the Cold War
The Early
Cold War
1945-1955
Learning Objectives


• Explain the growth of tension between the
  United States and the Soviet Union after
  Germany’s defeat and Truman’s accession
  to the presidency.
• Describe the early Cold War conflicts
  over Germany and Eastern Europe and the
  failure of the United Nations to resolve
  Soviet-American tensions.
• Discuss American efforts to “contain” the
  Soviets through the Truman Doctrine, the
  Marshall Plan and NATO.
The Yalta Conference –
February 1945
“The Big Three”
 • FDR, Stalin, Churchill
 • Compromises for post-war
 coexistence
   – Division of Germany into 4 occupied
     zones (U.S., British, Soviet, French)
   – Stalin – free elections in Poland, other
     E. European nations
   – Soviets would join war against Japan
   – International Conference in San
     Francisco (UN)
The Ideological Struggle
      Soviet &                              US & the
   Eastern Bloc                              Western
      Nations                              Democracies
    [behind the
  “Iron Curtain”]
                                   GOAL  “Containment”
 GOAL  spread world-              of Communism & the
 wide Communism                    eventual collapse of the
                                   Communist world.
METHODOLOGIES:
 Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
 Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
 Competition for the minds and hearts of Third
  World peoples [Communist govt. & command
  economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]
   “proxy wars” (Korea, Vietnam, Middle East)
 Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]
The Grand Alliance

         • Competing
           ideological and
           geopolitical goals, but
           in pursuit of a
           common objective
         • Tragedy of WWII –
           true victory would
           require victors to
           stop being who they
           were, & much of
           what they fought for
         • Victory over fascism
           only, NOT
           authoritarianism!
Beginnings of the Cold War
Historical Differences

Soviet Union                US

• Bolshevik       • American
  Revolution        Revolution –
                    distrust of authority
  embraced
  concentrated    • Constrained power
  authority       • Restricted role of
• Govt took         govt in everyday life
  away all        • Freest society on
  liberties         Earth in ‘45
• Most
  authoritarian
  govt on Earth
Beginnings of the Cold War
Motivations/Aims
Soviet Union (Stalin)        US (Truman)
•   Most casualties – 27     •   2 separate wars
    million
                             •   Post-PH, US never
    (military/civilian)          bombed
•   Country in ruins from    •   Industrial mobilization
    war; Industries              helped economy
    devastated
                             •   Chose when and where to
•   War fought on enemy’s        fight
    terms
                             •   GDP doubled in less than
•   AIMS: security,              4 years
    rebuilding, “buffer”
    from further attack      •   AIMS: couldn’t remain
                                 isolationist; collective
    (sphere of influence);       security (UN); rebuild
    capitalist self-             Europe, rebuild Germany,
    destruction                  raw materials/markets in E
                                 Europe, containment of
Spheres of Influence

• FDR feared loss of self-determination in
  Europe (Atlantic Charter ’41)
• “satellite states” – “friendly nations” on
  Soviet border, border extended West
• Red Army installed puppet regimes in
  rest of E. Europe
• Poland – no free elections; SU took 1/3,
  installed pro-Soviet regime
   – COST – resentful Poland, distrust of Allies
Beginnings of the Cold War
The “Iron Curtain”




From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron
curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line
lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.
                    -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946
Cold War in a nutshell…
• US & GB
  – Global security, balance of power, self-
    determination & economic integration to
    prevent future wars
  – **multilateral approach
• Soviets
  –   Soviet security
  –   Capitalist fratricide
  –   Domination of Europe
  –   **unilateral
What did Post-War Germany
         look like?



                  West Berlin -
                      like a
                    capitalist
                  island within
                   communist
                       East
                    Germany
Post-War Germany

• Disagreement – SU wants reparations;
  US – healthy German economy essential
  to European recovery
• Joint occupation by Allies
• 2/3 = US, GB, France
• 1/3 = Soviets – surrounded jointly occ.
  Berlin
  – Small % of industrial facilities
  – Stalin thought – E. Germ. would be a magnet
    for West, eventually a unified, communist
    govt.
• NO UNIFICATION – Stalin fearful,
  Western powers wanted united Germany
Berlin Blockade &
     Airlift (1948-49)
  Berlin blockade - attempt to
    starve West Berlin into
 submitting to the communists


Berlin Airlift - western powers’
 airlift of food/supplies to W.
Berlin (determination to use all
  resources to defend Berlin)
       Berlin could act as the
      trigger for war between
     capitalist and communist
               countries
Results of the Failed Blockade
• PR victory for W. Allies
• Made Stalin look
  incompetent/cruel
• Fueled passage of Truman
  Doctrine and creation of NATO
Containment Doctrine

 • George Kennan
 • Assumption – SU relentlessly
   expansionist
 • prevent extension of
   communist rule to other
   countries
Truman Doctrine [1947] (video)
•    Civil War in Greece.
•    Turkey under pressure from the USSR
     for concessions in the Dardanelles.
•    U.S. will support free peoples throughout
     the world who were resisting takeovers by
     armed minorities or outside pressures…We
     must assist free peoples to work out their
     own destinies in their own way.
•    The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400
     million in aid.
•    Criticism: needless polarization? Made
     SU threat mostly military
Marshall Plan [1948]

•   “European Recovery
    Program”
•   The U. S. should provide
    aid to all European nations
    that need it.
•   Congress prompted by Soviet
    coup in Czechoslovakia        Secretary of State,
                                      George Marshall
•   Stalin rejected aid offered
    to E. Europe and SU
America Rearms
• National Security Act (47)
   – Dept. of Defense
   – National Security Council (NSC)
   – Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
• “Voices of America” broadcast (48)
• Selective Service System (48)
• NATO - Defensive military alliance by
  Western European countries and US
  (Soviets respond w/ Warsaw Pact (55) -
  Western Germany being allowed to
  rearm and join NATO)
North Atlantic Treaty
      Organization (1949)
                                         Defensive
                                         military
                                         alliance by
                                         Western
                                         European
 United States                          countries
                   Luxemburg
 Belgium                                and US
                   Netherlands
 Britain          Norway
 Canada           Portugal
 Denmark          1952: Greece &
 France                 Turkey
 Iceland          1955: West Germany
 Italy            1983: Spain
Warsaw Pact (1955)




}   U. S. S. R.
}   Albania
}   Bulgaria
                     Military alliance formed by the
}   Czechoslovakia      Soviet Union and its satellite
                      nations in response to Western
}   East Germany
                      Germany being allowed to rearm
}   Hungary                    and join NATO
}   Poland
}   Rumania
The Arms Race:
A “Missile Gap?”
        }   The Soviet Union
            exploded its first
            A-bomb in 1949.
        }   Now there were
            two nuclear
            superpowers!
MAD (mutually assured
destruction) deterrence
       doctrine




             Downloaded from www.SchoolHistory.co.uk
Truman:
  The
Comeback
  Kid
Election of 1948
          • Truman (D) v. Dewey
            (R)
          • Eisenhower refuses
            nomination
          • Dems split
             – “Dixiecrats”
               (Southern Dems)
               nominate Strom
               Thurman on States’
               Rights Party ticket;
                opposed to civil
               rights
             – Henry Wallace –
               new progressive
               party
Democratic Platform

        "Our immediate task is to
              remove the last
              remnants of the
           barriers which stand
          between millions of our
             citizens and their
          birthright. There is no
           justifiable reason for
          discrimination because
          of ancestry or religion
             or race or color."
Beginnings of the Cold War
Truman’s Second Term

• Truman wins 2nd term; 5th term for New Deal
  Coalition; Dems win Congress
• liberalism - still a force in American politics
• “Fair Deal”
   –   Improved housing**
   –   Universal healthcare
   –   Full employment
   –   Higher minimum wage**
   –   Price supports for farmers
   –   Extending Social Security**
   –   Civil rights – integrated the armed forces
• Opposed by conservative R’s and D’s
A Herblock cartoon from
  March 1949 depicts a
  glum-looking President
  Harry S. Truman and
  “John Q. Public” inspecting
  worm-ridden apples
  representing Truman’s Fair
  Deal proposals such as civil
  rights and rent controls.
  The alliance of
  conservative southern
  Democrats and Republicans
  in Congress who
  successfully blocked many
  of Truman’s initiatives is
  portrayed by the worm
  labeled “Coalition.”Image
  courtesy of Library of
  Congress
Discussion Question

Was the primary threat from
 the Soviet Union military or
 ideological? Was the danger
 that the Soviet army would
 invade Western Europe or
 that more and more people in
 Europe and elsewhere would
 be attracted to communist
 ideas?
Learning Objective


• Describe the expansion of
  the Cold War to East Asia,
  including the Chinese
  Communist revolution and
  the Korean War.
Revolution & War in
       Asia:
The Cold War Heats
        Up!




             Think about:
     Which superpower was more
successful in achieving its aims as the
       Cold War “heated up”?
Mao’s Revolution: 1949




     Who lost China?
China Goes
                    Communist…
              Communists vs. Nationalist govt.

        Chiang Kai-Shek               Mao Zedong
       (Nationalist Govt.)         (Communist leader)
•1945-59 – U.S. sent $3         •worked to win
billion in aid                  peasants
•American people liked          •Encouraged literacy,
Chiang, but not govt.
                                improved food
officials!
•Govt. corruption – grain tax   production
during famine; opened fire on   •Recruits flocked to
city dwellers protesting        Red Army
10,000% in rice prices!         •1945 – much of N.
                                China = communist
Beginnings of the Cold War
• After WWII –
  stopped cooperating
  to beat Japanese
• 1949 – Chiang and
  Nationalists flee to
  Taiwan (Formosa) -
  PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC
  OF CHINA
How did Americans feel about
            China??
    • Attacks on Truman!! (did he “lose China”?)




• State Dept. says “internal forces;” Chiang couldn’t
               keep support of people
      FEAR OF COMMUNISM SKYROCKETED!
The
             Korean
              War
• Japan controlled Korea
  from 1910-1945
• 1945 – troops N. of 38th
  parallel surrendered to
  Soviets; troops in S. to
  U.S.
• Another GERMANY!
   – 2 nations (1 communist/
     1 democratic)
• N attacks S w/ SU backing
  (June 50)
The Korean War: A “Police
   Action” (1950-1953)




Kim Il-Sung


                    Syngman Rhee

  “Domino Theory”
The UN’s first war…
  SU wasn’t there to VETO the vote!
(protesting Taiwan’s presence in UN)
He’s baaaaaaaaack…

In charge of
US forces in
the Pacific
and of the
occupation
of Japan, he
was
appointed
commander
of the joint
forces in
Korea.
BLUE AREA IS
THE PORTION
OF SOUTH
KOREA UNDER
US/ROK
CONTROL
AUG 1950
•   UN/SK forced to Pusan
•   MacA’s Counterattack
     – Landing at Ichon
     – 2 prong attack on N Koreans
     – NK troops surrendered, chased back across 28th parallel
US forces struggled with guerilla tactics from the North
 and a refugee crisis that clogged roads and UN lines…

                                     No Gun Ri -up to 400 South
                                     Korean civilians gathered by
                                     the bridge were killed by US
                                     forces from the 7th Cavalry
                                     Regiment. Some were shot
                                     above the bridge, on the
                                     railroad tracks. Others were
                                     strafed by US planes. More
                                     were killed under the arches
                                     in an ordeal that local
                                     survivors say lasted for three
                                     days. (BBC – Cold War)
Beginnings of the Cold War
SEPT. 29TH : SEOUL IS
LIBERATED
OCT 19TH: PYONGYANG
CAPTURED
OCT 25TH : UN TROOPS
APPROACHED THE YALU
RIVER
P.R.C. BEGAN TO ISSUE
WARNINGS
The Chinese Fight Back!

• Why??
  – Wanted NK as buffer to protect Manchuria
  – Threatened by US fleet off coast
• 300,000 Chinese troops outnumbered
  SK/UN 10:1
• 2 years of standoff/capture and
  recapture of Seoul 4xs before
  ceasefire
CHINESE
CROSSED THE
YALU RIVER :
350,000 MEN &
15,000 SOVIET
MADE TANKS
Problems at Home
• MacArthur v. Truman
   – MacA OPENLY
     criticized Truman
   – Pushed for war with
     China; eliminate
     Communist govt.
• April 11, 1951 – Truman
  fires MacArthur
• American people
  OUTRAGED!
   – 69% supp. MacA "old soldiers never die; they just fade away."
                                  General Douglas MacArthur: Farewell
                               Address to Congress delivered April 19, 1951
Beginnings of the Cold War
Settling for a Stalemate

• Truce talks begin July
  1951
• Agreement:
   – ceasefire @ 38th
     parallel
   – Demilitarized zone
     (DMZ) between two
     sides
• STALEMATE:
  Communism contained
  but Korea is still 2
  nations!
The Cost at Home…

• 34,000 lives
• $67 billion
• Increased fear of
  communism
• Rejection of Dems
  in 1952 election
  – Election of Dwight
    D. Eisenhower (R)
    & Nixon (R)
Discussion Question

 Was Truman right to fire
 MacArthur when and how he
           did?
Analyzing the 4 Options

 • Read through each of the 4
   options.
 • Determine which you feel would
   have been the best policy for the
   US to follow in the late 40s.
 • Why did you select this policy?
   What are its inherent positives and
   negatives?
Beginnings of the Cold War
Beginnings of the Cold War

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Beginnings of the Cold War

  • 1. Post WWII: Shifting US- Soviet Relations • April 1945 – What impression of US-Soviet relations is conveyed? – What accounts for this tone? • March 1946 – How has the tone of international relations changed? – What accounts for this shift in attitude? • Political Cartoons – Compare the messages of the 2 cartoons. – Do they distort or merely highlight the messages contained in the passages? – Which is more effective at conveying the intended message, the passages or cartoons?
  • 5. Learning Objectives • Explain the growth of tension between the United States and the Soviet Union after Germany’s defeat and Truman’s accession to the presidency. • Describe the early Cold War conflicts over Germany and Eastern Europe and the failure of the United Nations to resolve Soviet-American tensions. • Discuss American efforts to “contain” the Soviets through the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan and NATO.
  • 6. The Yalta Conference – February 1945 “The Big Three” • FDR, Stalin, Churchill • Compromises for post-war coexistence – Division of Germany into 4 occupied zones (U.S., British, Soviet, French) – Stalin – free elections in Poland, other E. European nations – Soviets would join war against Japan – International Conference in San Francisco (UN)
  • 7. The Ideological Struggle Soviet & US & the Eastern Bloc Western Nations Democracies [behind the “Iron Curtain”] GOAL  “Containment” GOAL  spread world- of Communism & the wide Communism eventual collapse of the Communist world. METHODOLOGIES:  Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]  Arms Race [nuclear escalation]  Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]  “proxy wars” (Korea, Vietnam, Middle East)  Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]
  • 8. The Grand Alliance • Competing ideological and geopolitical goals, but in pursuit of a common objective • Tragedy of WWII – true victory would require victors to stop being who they were, & much of what they fought for • Victory over fascism only, NOT authoritarianism!
  • 10. Historical Differences Soviet Union US • Bolshevik • American Revolution Revolution – distrust of authority embraced concentrated • Constrained power authority • Restricted role of • Govt took govt in everyday life away all • Freest society on liberties Earth in ‘45 • Most authoritarian govt on Earth
  • 12. Motivations/Aims Soviet Union (Stalin) US (Truman) • Most casualties – 27 • 2 separate wars million • Post-PH, US never (military/civilian) bombed • Country in ruins from • Industrial mobilization war; Industries helped economy devastated • Chose when and where to • War fought on enemy’s fight terms • GDP doubled in less than • AIMS: security, 4 years rebuilding, “buffer” from further attack • AIMS: couldn’t remain isolationist; collective (sphere of influence); security (UN); rebuild capitalist self- Europe, rebuild Germany, destruction raw materials/markets in E Europe, containment of
  • 13. Spheres of Influence • FDR feared loss of self-determination in Europe (Atlantic Charter ’41) • “satellite states” – “friendly nations” on Soviet border, border extended West • Red Army installed puppet regimes in rest of E. Europe • Poland – no free elections; SU took 1/3, installed pro-Soviet regime – COST – resentful Poland, distrust of Allies
  • 15. The “Iron Curtain” From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946
  • 16. Cold War in a nutshell… • US & GB – Global security, balance of power, self- determination & economic integration to prevent future wars – **multilateral approach • Soviets – Soviet security – Capitalist fratricide – Domination of Europe – **unilateral
  • 17. What did Post-War Germany look like? West Berlin - like a capitalist island within communist East Germany
  • 18. Post-War Germany • Disagreement – SU wants reparations; US – healthy German economy essential to European recovery • Joint occupation by Allies • 2/3 = US, GB, France • 1/3 = Soviets – surrounded jointly occ. Berlin – Small % of industrial facilities – Stalin thought – E. Germ. would be a magnet for West, eventually a unified, communist govt. • NO UNIFICATION – Stalin fearful, Western powers wanted united Germany
  • 19. Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49) Berlin blockade - attempt to starve West Berlin into submitting to the communists Berlin Airlift - western powers’ airlift of food/supplies to W. Berlin (determination to use all resources to defend Berlin) Berlin could act as the trigger for war between capitalist and communist countries
  • 20. Results of the Failed Blockade • PR victory for W. Allies • Made Stalin look incompetent/cruel • Fueled passage of Truman Doctrine and creation of NATO
  • 21. Containment Doctrine • George Kennan • Assumption – SU relentlessly expansionist • prevent extension of communist rule to other countries
  • 22. Truman Doctrine [1947] (video) • Civil War in Greece. • Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles. • U.S. will support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. • The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid. • Criticism: needless polarization? Made SU threat mostly military
  • 23. Marshall Plan [1948] • “European Recovery Program” • The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. • Congress prompted by Soviet coup in Czechoslovakia Secretary of State, George Marshall • Stalin rejected aid offered to E. Europe and SU
  • 24. America Rearms • National Security Act (47) – Dept. of Defense – National Security Council (NSC) – Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) • “Voices of America” broadcast (48) • Selective Service System (48) • NATO - Defensive military alliance by Western European countries and US (Soviets respond w/ Warsaw Pact (55) - Western Germany being allowed to rearm and join NATO)
  • 25. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) Defensive military alliance by Western European  United States countries  Luxemburg  Belgium and US  Netherlands  Britain  Norway  Canada  Portugal  Denmark  1952: Greece &  France Turkey  Iceland  1955: West Germany  Italy  1983: Spain
  • 26. Warsaw Pact (1955) } U. S. S. R. } Albania } Bulgaria Military alliance formed by the } Czechoslovakia Soviet Union and its satellite nations in response to Western } East Germany Germany being allowed to rearm } Hungary and join NATO } Poland } Rumania
  • 27. The Arms Race: A “Missile Gap?” } The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in 1949. } Now there were two nuclear superpowers!
  • 28. MAD (mutually assured destruction) deterrence doctrine Downloaded from www.SchoolHistory.co.uk
  • 30. Election of 1948 • Truman (D) v. Dewey (R) • Eisenhower refuses nomination • Dems split – “Dixiecrats” (Southern Dems) nominate Strom Thurman on States’ Rights Party ticket; opposed to civil rights – Henry Wallace – new progressive party
  • 31. Democratic Platform "Our immediate task is to remove the last remnants of the barriers which stand between millions of our citizens and their birthright. There is no justifiable reason for discrimination because of ancestry or religion or race or color."
  • 33. Truman’s Second Term • Truman wins 2nd term; 5th term for New Deal Coalition; Dems win Congress • liberalism - still a force in American politics • “Fair Deal” – Improved housing** – Universal healthcare – Full employment – Higher minimum wage** – Price supports for farmers – Extending Social Security** – Civil rights – integrated the armed forces • Opposed by conservative R’s and D’s
  • 34. A Herblock cartoon from March 1949 depicts a glum-looking President Harry S. Truman and “John Q. Public” inspecting worm-ridden apples representing Truman’s Fair Deal proposals such as civil rights and rent controls. The alliance of conservative southern Democrats and Republicans in Congress who successfully blocked many of Truman’s initiatives is portrayed by the worm labeled “Coalition.”Image courtesy of Library of Congress
  • 35. Discussion Question Was the primary threat from the Soviet Union military or ideological? Was the danger that the Soviet army would invade Western Europe or that more and more people in Europe and elsewhere would be attracted to communist ideas?
  • 36. Learning Objective • Describe the expansion of the Cold War to East Asia, including the Chinese Communist revolution and the Korean War.
  • 37. Revolution & War in Asia: The Cold War Heats Up! Think about: Which superpower was more successful in achieving its aims as the Cold War “heated up”?
  • 38. Mao’s Revolution: 1949 Who lost China?
  • 39. China Goes Communist… Communists vs. Nationalist govt. Chiang Kai-Shek Mao Zedong (Nationalist Govt.) (Communist leader) •1945-59 – U.S. sent $3 •worked to win billion in aid peasants •American people liked •Encouraged literacy, Chiang, but not govt. improved food officials! •Govt. corruption – grain tax production during famine; opened fire on •Recruits flocked to city dwellers protesting Red Army 10,000% in rice prices! •1945 – much of N. China = communist
  • 41. • After WWII – stopped cooperating to beat Japanese • 1949 – Chiang and Nationalists flee to Taiwan (Formosa) - PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
  • 42. How did Americans feel about China?? • Attacks on Truman!! (did he “lose China”?) • State Dept. says “internal forces;” Chiang couldn’t keep support of people FEAR OF COMMUNISM SKYROCKETED!
  • 43. The Korean War • Japan controlled Korea from 1910-1945 • 1945 – troops N. of 38th parallel surrendered to Soviets; troops in S. to U.S. • Another GERMANY! – 2 nations (1 communist/ 1 democratic) • N attacks S w/ SU backing (June 50)
  • 44. The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-1953) Kim Il-Sung Syngman Rhee “Domino Theory”
  • 45. The UN’s first war… SU wasn’t there to VETO the vote! (protesting Taiwan’s presence in UN)
  • 46. He’s baaaaaaaaack… In charge of US forces in the Pacific and of the occupation of Japan, he was appointed commander of the joint forces in Korea.
  • 47. BLUE AREA IS THE PORTION OF SOUTH KOREA UNDER US/ROK CONTROL AUG 1950
  • 48. UN/SK forced to Pusan • MacA’s Counterattack – Landing at Ichon – 2 prong attack on N Koreans – NK troops surrendered, chased back across 28th parallel
  • 49. US forces struggled with guerilla tactics from the North and a refugee crisis that clogged roads and UN lines… No Gun Ri -up to 400 South Korean civilians gathered by the bridge were killed by US forces from the 7th Cavalry Regiment. Some were shot above the bridge, on the railroad tracks. Others were strafed by US planes. More were killed under the arches in an ordeal that local survivors say lasted for three days. (BBC – Cold War)
  • 51. SEPT. 29TH : SEOUL IS LIBERATED OCT 19TH: PYONGYANG CAPTURED OCT 25TH : UN TROOPS APPROACHED THE YALU RIVER P.R.C. BEGAN TO ISSUE WARNINGS
  • 52. The Chinese Fight Back! • Why?? – Wanted NK as buffer to protect Manchuria – Threatened by US fleet off coast • 300,000 Chinese troops outnumbered SK/UN 10:1 • 2 years of standoff/capture and recapture of Seoul 4xs before ceasefire
  • 53. CHINESE CROSSED THE YALU RIVER : 350,000 MEN & 15,000 SOVIET MADE TANKS
  • 54. Problems at Home • MacArthur v. Truman – MacA OPENLY criticized Truman – Pushed for war with China; eliminate Communist govt. • April 11, 1951 – Truman fires MacArthur • American people OUTRAGED! – 69% supp. MacA "old soldiers never die; they just fade away." General Douglas MacArthur: Farewell Address to Congress delivered April 19, 1951
  • 56. Settling for a Stalemate • Truce talks begin July 1951 • Agreement: – ceasefire @ 38th parallel – Demilitarized zone (DMZ) between two sides • STALEMATE: Communism contained but Korea is still 2 nations!
  • 57. The Cost at Home… • 34,000 lives • $67 billion • Increased fear of communism • Rejection of Dems in 1952 election – Election of Dwight D. Eisenhower (R) & Nixon (R)
  • 58. Discussion Question Was Truman right to fire MacArthur when and how he did?
  • 59. Analyzing the 4 Options • Read through each of the 4 options. • Determine which you feel would have been the best policy for the US to follow in the late 40s. • Why did you select this policy? What are its inherent positives and negatives?