Found on the Internet and readapted

3. COALBROOKDALE BY
COALBROOKDALE BY
NIGHT (1801)
NIGHT (1801)
by Philippe de Loutherbourg
 Coalbrookdale: an important iron-producing centre. It had many
im
factories, furnaces and foundries.
 The painter Philippe de Louthenboug was fascinated by the
industrial landscape and the ‘terrible’ forces produced by the new
forms of energy.
 Like other painters he was interested in portraying the ‘sublime’
that which inspires both terror and delight.
 In the late eighteenth century industrial themes were considered
a source of this kind of feeling.

4.  Massive social, economic, and technological
change in the 18th century and 19th century
Great Britain which changed the country from a
rural and agricultural country into an urban and
industrial one.
 In the 19th Century it spread throughout
Western Europe and North America, eventually
impacting the rest of the world.

6. CAUSES OF FIRST INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
 country rich in coal and iron
 colonial expansion of the 17th century and
consequent development of international
trade
 industrial raw materials come from British
colonies
 British colonies provide markets for
manufactured products
 England rich in rivers
 many canals are built (transport of goods and
materials)
 British merchant fleet most efficient in the
world
 British merchant fleet covers all trading routes
 important inventions

7. AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
16th century to about 1820
• before 18th century system essentially post-feudal
• some open fields enclosed into individually owned field
• smallest farmers cannot survive as independent farms
• villagers lose their land and grazing (pascolo) rights
• Enclosure Act -1801 - Act of Parliament which encloses common
land in the country
• new scientific approaches to farming
• increasing mechanization of farming
• lots of workers lose their jobs
• most workers forced to move to cities and find work in factories

8. The Enclosure Movement

9. “Enclosed” Lands Today

10.  1770 - 1830 Britain changes from an
agricultural to an industrial country
 new inventions change the way goods are
made.
 steam engine facilitates the growth of new
industries
 new coal mines are opened (coal is the
new power source)
 roads and canals are built to transport
coal and other heavy goods all over the
country
 methods of producing iron improve
 iron bridges and ships were built
 steam locomotion is invented

11. Metals, Woolens, & Canals

12. Early Canals
Britain’s Earliest
Transportation
Infrastructure

13. Mine & Forge [1840-1880]
ù More powerful than water is coal.
ù More powerful than wood is iron.
ù Innovations make steel feasible.
 “Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.” (ghisa)
 “Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer
steel (acciaio).
 Bessemer process [1856] – strong,
flexible steel.

14. Coalfields & Industrial Areas

15. Coal Mining in Britain:
1800-1914
1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners
1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners
1880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners
1914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners

16. Young Coal Miners

17. Child Labor in the Mines
Child
“hurriers”

18. British Pig Iron Production

19. Richard Arkwright:
“Pioneer of the Factory System”
The “Water Frame”

20. Factory Production
) Concentrates production in one
place [materials, labor].
) Located near sources of power
[rather than labor or markets].
) Requires a lot of capital investment
[factory, machines, etc.] more
than skilled labor.

21. Textile Factory
Workers in England
1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers
1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers
1850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers

22. The Factory System
 Rigid schedule.
 12-14 hour day.
 Dangerous conditions.
 Mind-numbing monotony.

23. Textile Factory
Workers in England

24. British Coin Portraying a
Factory, 1812

26. John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”
machine that accelerated the speed of weaving
- spoletta volante

27. The Power Loom
machine for weaving operated mechanically
- telaio meccanico

28. James Watt’s Steam Engine

29. Steam Tractor

30. Steam Ship

31. An Early Steam Locomotive

32. Later Locomotives

33. The Impact of the Railroad

34. “The Great Land Serpent”

35. Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851
Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

36. Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

37. Crystal Palace:
American Pavilion

38. TIMELINE
1733 1765 1770 1785 1800 1825 1879 1894
1733 – John Kay invents the flying shuttle
1765 – Watt invents the steam engine
1770 – Arkwright invents the water frame and the
Factory Production starts
1785 – Cartwright patents the first power loom
1880 – Volta invents the voltaic pile
1825 – the first public railroad is opened in England
1879 - Edison invents the incandescent bulb
1894 - Marconi pioneers wireless telegraphy

39. SIDE EFFECTS OF
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• social conflicts and problems
• many skilled men lose their jobs
• demand for traditional craft declines
• farms change
• fewer jobs for farm workers
• wives weaving craft work replaced by
machines in mills
• people from countryside forced to
leave home and move to industrial
towns

40. SOCIAL CHANGES
SOCIAL CHANGES
 change from domestic to factory system of
production
 before Industrial Revolution : 10% of people live in
cities, after 75% live in cities
 two new social classes:
 middle class made of powerful and wealthy
merchants and manufacturers
 working class made of factory workers in
conditions of poverty
 (old social classes: aristocracy and farmers)
 46% of workers are women, 15% children under
the age of 13

42. 19c Bourgeoisie:
The Industrial Nouveau Riche

43. Criticism of the New
Bourgeoisie

44. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

45. “Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

47. Factory Wages
in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages
under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d.
11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.
17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.
22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.
27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.
32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.
37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.
42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.
47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.
52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.
57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.

48. Industrial Staffordshire

49. Problems of Pollution
The Silent Highwayman - 1858

50. The New Industrial City

51. Early-19c London
by Gustave Dore

52. Worker Housing in Manchester

53. Factory Workers at Home

54. Workers Housing in Newcastle
Today

55. The Life of the New Urban Poor:
A Dickensian Nightmare!

56. Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

57. Private Charities:
The “Lady Bountifuls”

58. LIFE IN CITIES
 terrible working conditions in factories
 factories dirty and noisy
 people work up to 16 hours a day
 low wages
 many die of disease and starvation
 factory owners employ women and children and pay
them very little
 young children work for long hours in factories and even
in mines
 during 19th century industrial towns grow and living
conditions become worse
 towns not prepared to receive so many people
 people forced to live in slums in houses built quickly and
cheaply without sanitation
 people live in unhealthy conditions plagued by disease,
poverty and overcrowding
 in some towns average age at which workers die is
twenty

60. The Luddites: 1811-1816
Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].
Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in
Sherwood Forest]

61. The Luddite Triangle

62. The Luddites

63. The Neo-Luddites Today

64. Peterloo Massacre, 1819
British
Soldiers
Fire on
British
Workers:
Let us die
like men,
and not be
sold like
slaves!

65. The Chartists
Key
Chartist
settlements
Centres of
Chartism
Area of plug
riots, 1842

66. The “Peoples’ Charter”
V Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.
V Radical campaign for Parliamentary
reform (These reforms allowed the middle classes to
share power with the upper classes. Some historians argue
that this transfer of power achieved in England what the
French Revolution achieved in France )
 Votes for all men.
 Equal electoral districts.
 Abolition of the requirement that
Members of Parliament [MPs] be
property owners.
 Payment for Members of Parliament.
 Annual general elections.
 The secret ballot.

67. The Chartists
A female Chartist
A physical force—
Chartists arming for
the fight.

68. Anti-Corn Law League, 1845
(The Corn Laws were import tariffs designed to
support domestic British corn prices . their
abolishment marked the beginnings of free trade.)
4 Expand employment.
4 Lower the price of bread.
4 Make British agriculture more
efficient and productive.
4 Expose trade and agriculture to
foreign competition.
4 Promote international peace through
trade contact.

70. Thomas Malthus
 Population growth will
outpace (sorpassare) the
(
food supply.
 War, disease, or famine
could control population.
 The poor should have
less children.
 Food supply will then keep
up with population.

71. David Ricardo
 “Iron Law of Wages.”
 When wages are high,
workers have more
children.
 More children create a
large labor surplus that
depresses wages.

72. The Utilitarians:
Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill
 The goal of society is the greatest good for
the greatest number.
 There is a role to play for government
intervention to provide some social safety
net.

73. Jeremy Bentham

74. The Socialists:
Utopians & Marxists
 People as a society would operate and own the
means of production, not individuals.
 Their goal was a society that benefited
everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
 Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

76. Government Response
k Abolition of slavery in the colonies
in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].
k Sadler Commission to look into
working conditions
 Factory Act [1833] – child labor.
k New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief.
 Poor houses.
k Reform Bill [1832] – broadens the
vote for the cities.

77. British Reform Bill of 1832

78. British Reform Bills

80. By 1850:
Zones of Industrialization
on the European Continent
ù Northeast France.
ù Belgium.
ù The Netherlands.
ù Western German states.
ù Northern Italy
ù East Germany  Saxony

81. Industrialization By 1850

82. Railroads on the Continent

83. Share in World Manufacturing
Output: 1750-1900

84. Bibliographic Sources
) “Images of the Industrial Revolution.”
Mt. Holyoke College.
http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart
/ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.html
) “The Peel Web: A Web of English History.”
http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/c-
eight/primary.htm
) http://www.open2.net/industrialrevolution/

85. • http://www.schoolshistory.org.uk/Luddi
• http://www.schoolshistory.org.uk/Indus
• http://www.pptpalooza.net/

86. • When did the Industrial Revolution start?
• Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in
England?
• What were the causes of the Industrial
Revolution?
• What changed with the Industrial
Revolution?
• What were the negative consequences of
the Industrial Revolution?