SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 1
Download to read offline
Green crime (ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME)

Green Crime = CRIMES AGAINST THE ENVIRONMENT (CATE)

Zemiology = study of harms

Green crime is linked to GLOBALISATION. Regardless of the division of the world into separate nation states the planet is a single ECOSYSTEM .
For example an incident in the nuclear industry, at Chernobyl in the Ukraine in 1986 where atmospheric winds dumped radioactive fallout material on parts of Wales.

GLOBAL RISK SOCIETY (BECK, 1992)
Most threats to human well-being and the eco-system are no longer
natural (droughts etc) but human made. In our technological advances
and our emphasis on ever increasing productivity we have created now
MANUFACTURED RISKS – dangers that we have never faced before e.g.
global warming. The fact that many of these risks are global rather than
local in nature led ULRICH BECK to famously describe late modern society
as ‘global risk society’ (1992).
TWO VIEWS OF HARM White (2008)
1 ANTHROPOCENTRIC VIEW

TRADITIONAL CRIMINOLOGY versus GREEN CRIMINOLOGY
TRADITIONAL CRIMINOLOGY
GREEN CRIMINOLOGY
Only concerned with illegal acts. Only
considers acts which contravene
national & international environmental
laws and regulations.
A02
This gives it a clearly defined subject
matter however critics argue it simply
accepts official definitions which are
often shaped by powerful selfinterested business groups.
Bhopal Disaster: breaches of safety
legislation, failure to follow procedures

Adopted by nation states &TNCs. Assumes that humans have a
right to dominate nature for their own ends. Puts economic
growth before the environment.

TYPE OF GREEN CRIME 1: PRIMARY CRIMES

2 ECOCENTRIC VIEW

1 CRIMES OF AIR POLLUTION

Sees humans and their environment as interdependent.
What hurts the environment also hurts humans.
Sees both humans and the environment being exploited by
global capitalism.

Evidence: burning fossil fuels adds 3 million tons of carbon to
the atmosphere per year. This contributes to global warming
Criminals: governments, business, consumers

Green Criminology adopts the ecocentric view
EVALUATION OF GREEN CRIMINOLOGY (A02):
STRENGTHS:

Crimes that result directly from the destruction and degradation of the
earths resources. FOUR main types

2 CRIMES OF DEFORESTATION
Evidence: 1/5 of tropical rainforest felled 1960-1990. In Amazon
to rear beef cattle for export.
Criminals: governments, logging companies, consumers of
burgers, McDonalds, cattle ranchers

1 Recognises the growing importance of environmental
issues and the need to address the harms and risks of
environmental damage both to humans & animals.
2 Is transgressive – it considers acts and issues which are
not defined as crimes but which cause enormous harm.

3 CRIMES OF SPECIES DECLINE & ANIMAL RIGHTS

WEAKNESSES:

Evidence: 25 million die a year from drinking contaminated
water. Marine pollution threatens oceans reefs & species.
Criminals: governments that discharge sewage, businesses that
dump toxic waste, BP in the Gulf of Mexico.

1 By focusing on harm rather than legally defined crimes it
is hard to define clear boundaries of its field of study.
2 It comes down to moral or political value judgements
about which actions are wrong not objective research.

Evidence: 50 species a day becoming extinct. Trafficking in
animals and animal parts, abuse of animals.
Criminals: illegal business, consumers, dog-fighters…

4 CRIMES OF WATER POLLUTION

More radical approach. Starts from notion of harm, rather than criminal law.
Many of the worst environmental harms are not illegal. Subject matter much
wider than traditional criminology. Is a form of transgressive criminology – it
aims to broaden the boundaries of what we consider crime to be. Because
different states have different laws the same harmful act may be a crime in
one place but not another. By moving away from legal definitions green
criminology gives a global perspective on environmental harm. Like Marxists
argue that powerful interests, especially nation states and TNCs, are able to
define in their own interests what counts and doesn’t count as
environmental harm
Bhopal Disaster: Notes the advantages for a company in locating their plant
in a country with weak health & safety and environmental laws.

TYPE OF GREEN CRIME 2: SECONDARY
CRIMES
Crimes that are generated by ignoring rules aimed at preventing or
regulating environmental disasters. South divides these into:

1 STATE VIOLENCE AGAINST OPPOSITIONAL GROUPS
States condemn terrorism but do it themselves. For example in
1985 the French Secret Service sank the Greenpeace ship
Rainbow Warrior which was trying to prevent a green crime –
testing of nuclear weapons in the south Pacific.

2 HAZARDOUS WASTE AND ORGANISED CRIME
Safe and legal disposal of toxic waste from chemical/nuclear
industries is costly. Criminal entrepreneurs do it cheaper e.g. in
Italy eco-mafias. 28,500 barrels of radioactive waste lie on the
seabed off the Channel Isles, dumped by the UK in the 1950s.
Western businesses ship their waste to be processed in
developing countries where it is cheaper and safety standards
are often non existent. In the US to dispose of a ton of toxic
waste costs around $2,500, in some poor countries cost is $3.
TNCs also offload their banned products onto Third World
markets.
Banning products and regulating waste disposal in developing
nations raises costs and offloads green crime into poor nations.

More Related Content

What's hot

Crime, Prevention & Victims
Crime, Prevention & VictimsCrime, Prevention & Victims
Crime, Prevention & VictimsBeth Lee
 
National environment tribunal act
National environment tribunal act National environment tribunal act
National environment tribunal act Adarsh Singh
 
Introduction to criminology lecture 1 module 1
Introduction to criminology lecture 1 module 1Introduction to criminology lecture 1 module 1
Introduction to criminology lecture 1 module 1JEN PAN
 
International Crime
International CrimeInternational Crime
International CrimeMr Shipp
 
Intro to transboundary pollution
Intro to transboundary pollutionIntro to transboundary pollution
Intro to transboundary pollutionAndy Dorn
 
About the Montreal Protocol
About the Montreal ProtocolAbout the Montreal Protocol
About the Montreal ProtocolKaivalya Shah
 
Theories of crimes
Theories of crimesTheories of crimes
Theories of crimesjovi saquido
 
HSC Legal Studies - Young Offenders Topic
HSC Legal Studies - Young Offenders TopicHSC Legal Studies - Young Offenders Topic
HSC Legal Studies - Young Offenders TopicHSCLegalStudies
 
Environmental conservation act 1995
Environmental conservation act 1995Environmental conservation act 1995
Environmental conservation act 1995Abdullah Saif
 
Arguments for Legalization of Prostitution
Arguments for Legalization of ProstitutionArguments for Legalization of Prostitution
Arguments for Legalization of ProstitutionSandeep Bhalothia
 
Criminology ppt by_waseem_i._khan
Criminology ppt by_waseem_i._khanCriminology ppt by_waseem_i._khan
Criminology ppt by_waseem_i._khanwaseemkhanpbn
 

What's hot (20)

White collar crime
White collar crimeWhite collar crime
White collar crime
 
11LS Criminal Law
11LS Criminal Law11LS Criminal Law
11LS Criminal Law
 
Crime Prevention Basics
Crime Prevention BasicsCrime Prevention Basics
Crime Prevention Basics
 
Crime, Prevention & Victims
Crime, Prevention & VictimsCrime, Prevention & Victims
Crime, Prevention & Victims
 
National environment tribunal act
National environment tribunal act National environment tribunal act
National environment tribunal act
 
Money laundering
Money laundering  Money laundering
Money laundering
 
Introduction to criminology lecture 1 module 1
Introduction to criminology lecture 1 module 1Introduction to criminology lecture 1 module 1
Introduction to criminology lecture 1 module 1
 
Italian School.pptx
Italian School.pptxItalian School.pptx
Italian School.pptx
 
International Crime
International CrimeInternational Crime
International Crime
 
Msihc & caeppr
Msihc & caepprMsihc & caeppr
Msihc & caeppr
 
Intro to transboundary pollution
Intro to transboundary pollutionIntro to transboundary pollution
Intro to transboundary pollution
 
About the Montreal Protocol
About the Montreal ProtocolAbout the Montreal Protocol
About the Montreal Protocol
 
Specific Releif Act 1877
Specific Releif Act 1877Specific Releif Act 1877
Specific Releif Act 1877
 
Theories of crimes
Theories of crimesTheories of crimes
Theories of crimes
 
HSC Legal Studies - Young Offenders Topic
HSC Legal Studies - Young Offenders TopicHSC Legal Studies - Young Offenders Topic
HSC Legal Studies - Young Offenders Topic
 
Environmental conservation act 1995
Environmental conservation act 1995Environmental conservation act 1995
Environmental conservation act 1995
 
Arguments for Legalization of Prostitution
Arguments for Legalization of ProstitutionArguments for Legalization of Prostitution
Arguments for Legalization of Prostitution
 
Economic offences
Economic offencesEconomic offences
Economic offences
 
Occupational health and toxicity
Occupational health and toxicityOccupational health and toxicity
Occupational health and toxicity
 
Criminology ppt by_waseem_i._khan
Criminology ppt by_waseem_i._khanCriminology ppt by_waseem_i._khan
Criminology ppt by_waseem_i._khan
 

Similar to 8 Green Crime:

Climate Change - Challenges for Development, Ethical Considerations...
Climate Change - Challenges for Development, Ethical Considerations...Climate Change - Challenges for Development, Ethical Considerations...
Climate Change - Challenges for Development, Ethical Considerations...guest0647b9f
 
Impact of modern technology on the Environment
Impact of modern technology on the Environment Impact of modern technology on the Environment
Impact of modern technology on the Environment Roshan Thomas Kalapurackal
 
Pollution under International Environmental Law
Pollution under International Environmental LawPollution under International Environmental Law
Pollution under International Environmental LawAJHSSR Journal
 
GLOBAL_WARMING_SEMINAR.pptx
GLOBAL_WARMING_SEMINAR.pptxGLOBAL_WARMING_SEMINAR.pptx
GLOBAL_WARMING_SEMINAR.pptxDevyaniJadhav9
 
Introduction to Environmental Science.pptx
Introduction to Environmental Science.pptxIntroduction to Environmental Science.pptx
Introduction to Environmental Science.pptxPapuKumarNaik1
 
Module 5 Social Issues and Environment.ppt
Module 5 Social Issues and Environment.pptModule 5 Social Issues and Environment.ppt
Module 5 Social Issues and Environment.pptBhavanaHN5
 
The Incidence Rates Of Skin Cancer
The Incidence Rates Of Skin CancerThe Incidence Rates Of Skin Cancer
The Incidence Rates Of Skin CancerMichelle Wilson
 
Environmental science
Environmental science Environmental science
Environmental science kevinlinson
 
Man made disasters
Man made disastersMan made disasters
Man made disastersRahul Nair
 
impact of envrmnt on human human activities
impact of envrmnt on human human activitiesimpact of envrmnt on human human activities
impact of envrmnt on human human activitiesKumar Vikas
 

Similar to 8 Green Crime: (20)

Climate Change - Challenges for Development, Ethical Considerations...
Climate Change - Challenges for Development, Ethical Considerations...Climate Change - Challenges for Development, Ethical Considerations...
Climate Change - Challenges for Development, Ethical Considerations...
 
Impact of modern technology on the Environment
Impact of modern technology on the Environment Impact of modern technology on the Environment
Impact of modern technology on the Environment
 
Pollution under International Environmental Law
Pollution under International Environmental LawPollution under International Environmental Law
Pollution under International Environmental Law
 
Air Pollution Affects Our Environment
Air Pollution Affects Our EnvironmentAir Pollution Affects Our Environment
Air Pollution Affects Our Environment
 
Pollution Essay In English
Pollution Essay In EnglishPollution Essay In English
Pollution Essay In English
 
Marine Pollution Essay
Marine Pollution EssayMarine Pollution Essay
Marine Pollution Essay
 
Man Made Disasters
Man Made DisastersMan Made Disasters
Man Made Disasters
 
Envornmental issue
Envornmental issueEnvornmental issue
Envornmental issue
 
GLOBAL_WARMING_SEMINAR.pptx
GLOBAL_WARMING_SEMINAR.pptxGLOBAL_WARMING_SEMINAR.pptx
GLOBAL_WARMING_SEMINAR.pptx
 
Essay Environmental Pollution
Essay Environmental PollutionEssay Environmental Pollution
Essay Environmental Pollution
 
Introduction to Environmental Science.pptx
Introduction to Environmental Science.pptxIntroduction to Environmental Science.pptx
Introduction to Environmental Science.pptx
 
Module 5 Social Issues and Environment.ppt
Module 5 Social Issues and Environment.pptModule 5 Social Issues and Environment.ppt
Module 5 Social Issues and Environment.ppt
 
The Incidence Rates Of Skin Cancer
The Incidence Rates Of Skin CancerThe Incidence Rates Of Skin Cancer
The Incidence Rates Of Skin Cancer
 
Environmental science
Environmental science Environmental science
Environmental science
 
Bisphenol A
Bisphenol ABisphenol A
Bisphenol A
 
Man made disasters
Man made disastersMan made disasters
Man made disasters
 
Chapter 4
Chapter 4Chapter 4
Chapter 4
 
An Essay On Environmental Pollution
An Essay On Environmental PollutionAn Essay On Environmental Pollution
An Essay On Environmental Pollution
 
An Essay On Environmental Pollution
An Essay On Environmental PollutionAn Essay On Environmental Pollution
An Essay On Environmental Pollution
 
impact of envrmnt on human human activities
impact of envrmnt on human human activitiesimpact of envrmnt on human human activities
impact of envrmnt on human human activities
 

More from mattyp99

NEO MARXISM and RELIGION
NEO MARXISM and RELIGIONNEO MARXISM and RELIGION
NEO MARXISM and RELIGIONmattyp99
 
Values: Handout Booklet
Values: Handout BookletValues: Handout Booklet
Values: Handout Bookletmattyp99
 
11 Functionalism: Cloze test exercise solution
11 Functionalism: Cloze test exercise   solution11 Functionalism: Cloze test exercise   solution
11 Functionalism: Cloze test exercise solutionmattyp99
 
Info functionalism from sociology a level theory and methods 9 3-10
Info functionalism from sociology a level theory and methods 9 3-10Info functionalism from sociology a level theory and methods 9 3-10
Info functionalism from sociology a level theory and methods 9 3-10mattyp99
 
Functionalism: Cloze test exercise
Functionalism: Cloze test exerciseFunctionalism: Cloze test exercise
Functionalism: Cloze test exercisemattyp99
 
Functionalism work sheet
Functionalism work sheetFunctionalism work sheet
Functionalism work sheetmattyp99
 
Durkheim and Suicide
Durkheim and SuicideDurkheim and Suicide
Durkheim and Suicidemattyp99
 
Suicide: Douglas' Interpretivist Approach
Suicide: Douglas' Interpretivist ApproachSuicide: Douglas' Interpretivist Approach
Suicide: Douglas' Interpretivist Approachmattyp99
 
Suicide: Atkinson's Ethnomethodological Approach
Suicide: Atkinson's Ethnomethodological ApproachSuicide: Atkinson's Ethnomethodological Approach
Suicide: Atkinson's Ethnomethodological Approachmattyp99
 
9 Control & Punishment BOOKLET
9 Control & Punishment BOOKLET9 Control & Punishment BOOKLET
9 Control & Punishment BOOKLETmattyp99
 
9 Prisons in the United States
9 Prisons in the United States9 Prisons in the United States
9 Prisons in the United Statesmattyp99
 
9 Punishment HANDOUT
9 Punishment HANDOUT9 Punishment HANDOUT
9 Punishment HANDOUTmattyp99
 
9 Punishment: Four reasons for sending people to prison
9 Punishment: Four reasons for sending people to prison9 Punishment: Four reasons for sending people to prison
9 Punishment: Four reasons for sending people to prisonmattyp99
 
9 Punishment: POWERPOINT
9 Punishment: POWERPOINT9 Punishment: POWERPOINT
9 Punishment: POWERPOINTmattyp99
 
9 Painter Farrington1999 street lighting study: SITUATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION
9 Painter Farrington1999 street lighting study: SITUATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION9 Painter Farrington1999 street lighting study: SITUATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION
9 Painter Farrington1999 street lighting study: SITUATIONAL CRIME PREVENTIONmattyp99
 
9 Social Control: POWERPOINT
9 Social Control: POWERPOINT9 Social Control: POWERPOINT
9 Social Control: POWERPOINTmattyp99
 
9 Social Control POWERPOINT
9 Social Control POWERPOINT9 Social Control POWERPOINT
9 Social Control POWERPOINTmattyp99
 
9 Pre-School Perry Project
9 Pre-School Perry Project9 Pre-School Perry Project
9 Pre-School Perry Projectmattyp99
 
8 The Social Conditions of State Crime HANDOUT
8 The Social Conditions of State Crime HANDOUT8 The Social Conditions of State Crime HANDOUT
8 The Social Conditions of State Crime HANDOUTmattyp99
 
Gendered division of labour essay
Gendered division of labour essayGendered division of labour essay
Gendered division of labour essaymattyp99
 

More from mattyp99 (20)

NEO MARXISM and RELIGION
NEO MARXISM and RELIGIONNEO MARXISM and RELIGION
NEO MARXISM and RELIGION
 
Values: Handout Booklet
Values: Handout BookletValues: Handout Booklet
Values: Handout Booklet
 
11 Functionalism: Cloze test exercise solution
11 Functionalism: Cloze test exercise   solution11 Functionalism: Cloze test exercise   solution
11 Functionalism: Cloze test exercise solution
 
Info functionalism from sociology a level theory and methods 9 3-10
Info functionalism from sociology a level theory and methods 9 3-10Info functionalism from sociology a level theory and methods 9 3-10
Info functionalism from sociology a level theory and methods 9 3-10
 
Functionalism: Cloze test exercise
Functionalism: Cloze test exerciseFunctionalism: Cloze test exercise
Functionalism: Cloze test exercise
 
Functionalism work sheet
Functionalism work sheetFunctionalism work sheet
Functionalism work sheet
 
Durkheim and Suicide
Durkheim and SuicideDurkheim and Suicide
Durkheim and Suicide
 
Suicide: Douglas' Interpretivist Approach
Suicide: Douglas' Interpretivist ApproachSuicide: Douglas' Interpretivist Approach
Suicide: Douglas' Interpretivist Approach
 
Suicide: Atkinson's Ethnomethodological Approach
Suicide: Atkinson's Ethnomethodological ApproachSuicide: Atkinson's Ethnomethodological Approach
Suicide: Atkinson's Ethnomethodological Approach
 
9 Control & Punishment BOOKLET
9 Control & Punishment BOOKLET9 Control & Punishment BOOKLET
9 Control & Punishment BOOKLET
 
9 Prisons in the United States
9 Prisons in the United States9 Prisons in the United States
9 Prisons in the United States
 
9 Punishment HANDOUT
9 Punishment HANDOUT9 Punishment HANDOUT
9 Punishment HANDOUT
 
9 Punishment: Four reasons for sending people to prison
9 Punishment: Four reasons for sending people to prison9 Punishment: Four reasons for sending people to prison
9 Punishment: Four reasons for sending people to prison
 
9 Punishment: POWERPOINT
9 Punishment: POWERPOINT9 Punishment: POWERPOINT
9 Punishment: POWERPOINT
 
9 Painter Farrington1999 street lighting study: SITUATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION
9 Painter Farrington1999 street lighting study: SITUATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION9 Painter Farrington1999 street lighting study: SITUATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION
9 Painter Farrington1999 street lighting study: SITUATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION
 
9 Social Control: POWERPOINT
9 Social Control: POWERPOINT9 Social Control: POWERPOINT
9 Social Control: POWERPOINT
 
9 Social Control POWERPOINT
9 Social Control POWERPOINT9 Social Control POWERPOINT
9 Social Control POWERPOINT
 
9 Pre-School Perry Project
9 Pre-School Perry Project9 Pre-School Perry Project
9 Pre-School Perry Project
 
8 The Social Conditions of State Crime HANDOUT
8 The Social Conditions of State Crime HANDOUT8 The Social Conditions of State Crime HANDOUT
8 The Social Conditions of State Crime HANDOUT
 
Gendered division of labour essay
Gendered division of labour essayGendered division of labour essay
Gendered division of labour essay
 

8 Green Crime:

  • 1. Green crime (ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME) Green Crime = CRIMES AGAINST THE ENVIRONMENT (CATE) Zemiology = study of harms Green crime is linked to GLOBALISATION. Regardless of the division of the world into separate nation states the planet is a single ECOSYSTEM . For example an incident in the nuclear industry, at Chernobyl in the Ukraine in 1986 where atmospheric winds dumped radioactive fallout material on parts of Wales. GLOBAL RISK SOCIETY (BECK, 1992) Most threats to human well-being and the eco-system are no longer natural (droughts etc) but human made. In our technological advances and our emphasis on ever increasing productivity we have created now MANUFACTURED RISKS – dangers that we have never faced before e.g. global warming. The fact that many of these risks are global rather than local in nature led ULRICH BECK to famously describe late modern society as ‘global risk society’ (1992). TWO VIEWS OF HARM White (2008) 1 ANTHROPOCENTRIC VIEW TRADITIONAL CRIMINOLOGY versus GREEN CRIMINOLOGY TRADITIONAL CRIMINOLOGY GREEN CRIMINOLOGY Only concerned with illegal acts. Only considers acts which contravene national & international environmental laws and regulations. A02 This gives it a clearly defined subject matter however critics argue it simply accepts official definitions which are often shaped by powerful selfinterested business groups. Bhopal Disaster: breaches of safety legislation, failure to follow procedures Adopted by nation states &TNCs. Assumes that humans have a right to dominate nature for their own ends. Puts economic growth before the environment. TYPE OF GREEN CRIME 1: PRIMARY CRIMES 2 ECOCENTRIC VIEW 1 CRIMES OF AIR POLLUTION Sees humans and their environment as interdependent. What hurts the environment also hurts humans. Sees both humans and the environment being exploited by global capitalism. Evidence: burning fossil fuels adds 3 million tons of carbon to the atmosphere per year. This contributes to global warming Criminals: governments, business, consumers Green Criminology adopts the ecocentric view EVALUATION OF GREEN CRIMINOLOGY (A02): STRENGTHS: Crimes that result directly from the destruction and degradation of the earths resources. FOUR main types 2 CRIMES OF DEFORESTATION Evidence: 1/5 of tropical rainforest felled 1960-1990. In Amazon to rear beef cattle for export. Criminals: governments, logging companies, consumers of burgers, McDonalds, cattle ranchers 1 Recognises the growing importance of environmental issues and the need to address the harms and risks of environmental damage both to humans & animals. 2 Is transgressive – it considers acts and issues which are not defined as crimes but which cause enormous harm. 3 CRIMES OF SPECIES DECLINE & ANIMAL RIGHTS WEAKNESSES: Evidence: 25 million die a year from drinking contaminated water. Marine pollution threatens oceans reefs & species. Criminals: governments that discharge sewage, businesses that dump toxic waste, BP in the Gulf of Mexico. 1 By focusing on harm rather than legally defined crimes it is hard to define clear boundaries of its field of study. 2 It comes down to moral or political value judgements about which actions are wrong not objective research. Evidence: 50 species a day becoming extinct. Trafficking in animals and animal parts, abuse of animals. Criminals: illegal business, consumers, dog-fighters… 4 CRIMES OF WATER POLLUTION More radical approach. Starts from notion of harm, rather than criminal law. Many of the worst environmental harms are not illegal. Subject matter much wider than traditional criminology. Is a form of transgressive criminology – it aims to broaden the boundaries of what we consider crime to be. Because different states have different laws the same harmful act may be a crime in one place but not another. By moving away from legal definitions green criminology gives a global perspective on environmental harm. Like Marxists argue that powerful interests, especially nation states and TNCs, are able to define in their own interests what counts and doesn’t count as environmental harm Bhopal Disaster: Notes the advantages for a company in locating their plant in a country with weak health & safety and environmental laws. TYPE OF GREEN CRIME 2: SECONDARY CRIMES Crimes that are generated by ignoring rules aimed at preventing or regulating environmental disasters. South divides these into: 1 STATE VIOLENCE AGAINST OPPOSITIONAL GROUPS States condemn terrorism but do it themselves. For example in 1985 the French Secret Service sank the Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior which was trying to prevent a green crime – testing of nuclear weapons in the south Pacific. 2 HAZARDOUS WASTE AND ORGANISED CRIME Safe and legal disposal of toxic waste from chemical/nuclear industries is costly. Criminal entrepreneurs do it cheaper e.g. in Italy eco-mafias. 28,500 barrels of radioactive waste lie on the seabed off the Channel Isles, dumped by the UK in the 1950s. Western businesses ship their waste to be processed in developing countries where it is cheaper and safety standards are often non existent. In the US to dispose of a ton of toxic waste costs around $2,500, in some poor countries cost is $3. TNCs also offload their banned products onto Third World markets. Banning products and regulating waste disposal in developing nations raises costs and offloads green crime into poor nations.