The Middle Ages

The Franks The Conversion of Clovis (426) Carolingian dynasty (751) Charles Martel and the Battle of Tours (732) Charlemagne ascends the throne (768)

The Conversion of Clovis (426)

Carolingian dynasty (751)

Charles Martel and the Battle of Tours (732)

Charlemagne ascends the throne (768)

Charlemagne Administration of the realm Holy Roman Emperor (800) Aachen and the Carolingian Renaissance Alcun, the palace school, and the Seven Liberal Arts Carolingian miniscule Treaty of Verdun (843)

Administration of the realm

Holy Roman Emperor (800)

Aachen and the Carolingian Renaissance

Alcun, the palace school, and the Seven Liberal Arts

Carolingian miniscule

Treaty of Verdun (843)

Alfred the Great The Danes Alfred the Great and Wessex The Danelaw and the Danegeld The translation program Shires, writs, and the Witan

The Danes

Alfred the Great and Wessex

The Danelaw and the Danegeld

The translation program

Shires, writs, and the Witan

Characteristics of the East Money economy Urbanism Bureaucratic states Lay literacy Civil superiority over religious life

Money economy

Urbanism

Bureaucratic states

Lay literacy

Civil superiority over religious life

Early Byzantine Society 395 Final division of the Empire Justinian (527-565) and reconquest of the West Corpus Iuris Civilis and codification Ravenna and mosaic art The Iconoclastic Controversy

395 Final division of the Empire

Justinian (527-565) and reconquest of the West

Corpus Iuris Civilis and codification

Ravenna and mosaic art

The Iconoclastic Controversy

Later Byzantine Society Conversion of Kievan Rus Conflict with Islam Legacies of Byzantium Maintenance of Roman social structure Caesaro-papism Preservation of classical Greece Hagia Sophia

Conversion of Kievan Rus

Conflict with Islam

Legacies of Byzantium

Maintenance of Roman social structure

Caesaro-papism

Preservation of classical Greece

Hagia Sophia

Early Islamic Civilization Birth of Muhammad (570) The Hijrah – Islamic Year One (622) Conquest of Mecca (630) Death of Muhammad (632) Conquest of Palestine, Syria, and Persia (630s and 40s) Invasion of Spain (712 ) Defeated at Constantinople (717 ) Defeated in France (732)

Birth of Muhammad (570)

The Hijrah – Islamic Year One (622)

Conquest of Mecca (630)

Death of Muhammad (632)

Conquest of Palestine, Syria, and Persia (630s and 40s)

Invasion of Spain (712 )

Defeated at Constantinople (717 )

Defeated in France (732)

Islam: a Primer Creed: shahada – “ There is no God but God, and Muhammad is his prophet” Cult: Five Pillars of the Faith – Shahad, Daily prayer, Hajj, Sadaqa, Fasting during Ramadan Community: contemptuous toleration of older monotheisms

Creed: shahada – “ There is no God but God, and Muhammad is his prophet”

Cult: Five Pillars of the Faith – Shahad, Daily prayer, Hajj, Sadaqa, Fasting during Ramadan

Community: contemptuous toleration of older monotheisms

Accomplishments of Islamic Civilization Baghdad and Islamic culture Intellectual achievements of the Islamic world Trade and the Mediterranean

Baghdad and Islamic culture

Intellectual achievements of the Islamic world

Trade and the Mediterranean

Medieval Society The three Orders (Estates) Oratores (the clergy) Bellatores (the nobility) Laboratores (the peasantry) Major social organizations Catholicism Feudalism Manorialism

The three Orders (Estates)

Oratores (the clergy)

Bellatores (the nobility)

Laboratores (the peasantry)

Major social organizations

Catholicism

Feudalism

Manorialism

Manorial Agriculture The Manor Serf-lord relationship Nucleated villages and communal life Agricultural practice The cross plow system Non-human resources Crop rotation

The Manor

Serf-lord relationship

Nucleated villages and communal life

Agricultural practice

The cross plow system

Non-human resources

Crop rotation

Feudalism Pre-conditions of feudal order Vassal-lord relationship Investiture and the fief Subinfeudation and the feudal monarchy

Pre-conditions of feudal order

Vassal-lord relationship

Investiture and the fief

Subinfeudation and the feudal monarchy

Catholicism The Hierarchy Regular and secular clergy The Catholic Consensus Church as a source of divine truth Intercessory prayer Eucharist and Real Presence Sacraments as conveyors of grace

The Hierarchy

Regular and secular clergy

The Catholic Consensus

Church as a source of divine truth

Intercessory prayer

Eucharist and Real Presence

Sacraments as conveyors of grace

Church Controversy and Reform Cluny (founded 910) Clerical marriage Simony and pluralism The Investiture Controversy: Pope Gregory VII vs. Emperor Henry IV The Concordat of Worms (1122)

Cluny (founded 910)

Clerical marriage

Simony and pluralism

The Investiture Controversy: Pope Gregory VII vs. Emperor Henry IV

The Concordat of Worms (1122)

12 th Century Creativity Carthusians Cistercians Convents: Ursulines, Beguines, etc. Hybrid orders: Templars, Hospitallers, and Canons Heresy: Waldensians and Albigensians Innocent III and the 4 th Lateran Council

Carthusians

Cistercians

Convents: Ursulines, Beguines, etc.

Hybrid orders: Templars, Hospitallers, and Canons

Heresy: Waldensians and Albigensians

Innocent III and the 4 th Lateran Council

Early Feudal Monarchies The Case of Germany and Italy Iberia and the Reconquista France: accretion The Capetian dynasty and the Ile de France Phillip II and the Angevins England: the feudal revolution William of Normandy and the Battle of Hastings (1066) The Domesday Book Common Law

The Case of Germany and Italy

Iberia and the Reconquista

France: accretion

The Capetian dynasty and the Ile de France

Phillip II and the Angevins

England: the feudal revolution

William of Normandy and the Battle of Hastings (1066)

The Domesday Book

Common Law

Feudal Monarchies Mature Codification Assemblies of Estates England in Crisis: King John The Magna Carta (1215) Edward I and the Parliament France The Estates-General Phillip IV and clerical expropriation Spain Aragon and Castile Cortes

Codification

Assemblies of Estates

England in Crisis: King John

The Magna Carta (1215)

Edward I and the Parliament

France

The Estates-General

Phillip IV and clerical expropriation

Spain

Aragon and Castile

Cortes

Summary The Middle Ages in many ways represented a kind of “Primeval Europe.” During this era, the foundations of a distinctively European society were laid in the shadows of the ruins of Rome. The social order rested upon functional distinctions that stressed natural obedience, hierarchy, and tradition. Each person was appointed a place in a “Great Chain of Being” that stretched from God to the lowliest pauper. Meanwhile, the classical tradition continued in the East, albeit in new forms under the Byzantine and Islamic Empires.

The Middle Ages in many ways represented a kind of “Primeval Europe.” During this era, the foundations of a distinctively European society were laid in the shadows of the ruins of Rome. The social order rested upon functional distinctions that stressed natural obedience, hierarchy, and tradition. Each person was appointed a place in a “Great Chain of Being” that stretched from God to the lowliest pauper. Meanwhile, the classical tradition continued in the East, albeit in new forms under the Byzantine and Islamic Empires.