5. Incorporation of the 14 th Amendment Judges must determine what protections, if any, are provided by the phrases : Due process of law Equal protection of the laws Privileges or immunities of citizens
6. Incorporation of the 14 th Amendment Incorporation The process through which the Supreme Court examines individual provisions of the Bill of Rights and applies them against state and local officials
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9. 1 st Amendment Rights The First Amendment Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
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11. 1 st Amendment Rights: Freedom of Speech Free speech laws must balance individual liberties and societal interests
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13. 1 st Amendment Rights: Freedom of Speech Symbolic Speech When people take an action designed to communicate an idea
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