OECD Information Technology Outlook 2008

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Technology Outlook

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OECD Information An
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Technology Outlook

2008

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ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION

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AND DEVELOPMENT

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The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies L e together
address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at
the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and
concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an
ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy
experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate
domestic and international policies.
The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea,
Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of
the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD.
OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and
research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and
standards agreed by its members.

This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The
opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official
views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries.

Also available in French under the title:
Technologies de l’information et des communications
Perspectives des technologies de l’information de l’OCDE
2008

Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/publishing/corrigenda.

© OECD 2008

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t E d FOREWORD
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Foreword

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he OECD Information Technology Outlook 2008 has been prepared by the OECD under the
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guidance of its Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy (ICCP), and in
particular the Working Party on the Information Economy (WPIE). This edition is the ninth in a
biennial series designed to provide member countries with a broad overview of trends and near-term
prospects in the information technology (IT) industry, analysis of the growing impact of IT on the
economy and society, developments and emerging applications in selected areas of information
technology, and a review of IT policies and new policy directions. The 2008 edition builds on previous
editions to further extend the economic and policy analysis. This edition has been extensively
updated through mid-November 2008 to take account of rapidly worsening macroeconomic
conditions.
The first two chapters provide an overview of the importance and growth of information and
communication technologies (ICTs) in national economies, describe recent market dynamics, give a
detailed overview of the globalisation of the ICT sector, and provide a thorough analysis of the
ongoing shift of production, trade and markets to non-OECD economies, particularly China and
India. The third chapter provides an overview of the importance of ICT R&D and innovation, the
leading role of the ICT sector in developing new sources of innovation and the growing importance of
ICT-related R&D in other sectors. Some of this activity is driven by changing use of the Internet and
broadband by consumers and users, which is analysed in the following chapter; the rise of digital
content and increasing online delivery in a range of content-rich industries are analysed in Chapter 5.
This is followed by a review of some of the economic implications of broadband adoption and use. The
last chapter provides a critical overview of IT policy developments and priorities in OECD countries.
National information technology policy profiles are also posted on the OECD website to enable their
widespread use (www.oecd.org/sti/information-economy).
The OECD Information Technology Outlook 2008 was drafted under the direction of Graham
Vickery, with Cristina Serra-Vallejo and Sacha Wunsch-Vincent of the Information, Computer and
Communications Policy Division of the Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry (DSTI);
Pierre Montagnier and Desirée van Welsum of DSTI, John Houghton of Victoria University
(Australia) and Arthur Mickoleit (consultants), with contributions from Verena Kroth and Adam
Masser (consultants). It benefited from review and valuable contributions by delegates to the
Working Party on the Information Economy, under the chairmanship of Jean-Jacques Sahel (United
Kingdom) and Daniela Battisti (Italy), particularly regarding national IT policy developments and
up-to-date national statistics on the production and use of IT goods and services. This report has
been recommended for wider distribution by the ICCP Committee.

OECD INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY OUTLOOK 2008 – ISBN 978-92-64-05553-7 – © OECD 2008 3

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Table of Contents

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Highlights: OECD Information Technology Outlook 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
An 15 r
Chapter 1. The IT Industry: Recent Developments and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Le c tu 23
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Recent developments in ICT supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Prospects in the near to medium term . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
ICT firms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Top 250 ICT firms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Individual firm performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Top 50 ICT firms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Semiconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Structural change in the ICT sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Value added . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Venture capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
ICT markets and spending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Annex 1.A1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Annex 1.A2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Chapter 2. Globalisation of the ICT Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Global trade in information technology products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
OECD trade in ICT subsectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Software goods trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Trade in ICT services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Globalisation of the ICT sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Foreign direct investment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Mergers and acquisitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Annex 2.A1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Chapter 3. ICT Research and Development and Innovation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
ICT R&D challenges and priorities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144


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ICT sector R&D expenditures and employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

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Trends in the organisation of ICT R&D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

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ICT-related R&D in other industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
ICT-related patents and R&D expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

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Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

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References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

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Annex 3.A1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

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Chapter 4. Broadband and ICT Access and Use by Households and Individuals. . . . . . 193 An r
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Access and use of broadband and selected ICTs: Recent developments. . . . . . . . . . 194
Time use and the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
From the digital access divide to the digital use divide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Annex 4.A1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Annex 4.A2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Chapter 5. Digital Content in Transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Broadband content markets and value chains: Cross-sector comparisons . . . . . . . 248
Broadband content developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Annex 5.A1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

Chapter 6. Economic Implications of Broadband . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
The expected economic impact of broadband. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Reliability of the infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Evidence on the productivity impacts of broadband . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Broadband and SMEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

Chapter 7. ICT Policy Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Overview of ICT policy priorities and developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
ICT policy environment: Co-ordination and priority setting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Specific ICT policies and programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Policy assessment and evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

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References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

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Annex A. Methodology and Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

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1.1. Methodology used to compile the 2006 ICT top 250. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

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1.2. ICT equipment manufacturing in Chinese Taipei and China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

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1.3. Fast-growing ICT firms in the top 250 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

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2.1. Depreciation of the US dollar against leading currencies: Impacts on ICT
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trade data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2.2. Communication equipment trade and missing trader inter-community fraud. . . 84
2.3. Measuring software trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2.4. Out of South Africa: Globalisation of ICT services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
2.5. Russian communication service providers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
2.6. Vietnam: A new centre for offshore assembly? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
2.7. ICT M&A targets and acquirers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.1. Examples of ICT R&D priorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
3.2. Defining the top ICT R&D spending firms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
3.3. Samsung R&D and innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
3.4. Semiconductor research collaboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
3.5. R&D activities of US affiliates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
3.6. Embedded systems in cars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
3.A1.1. When is software development R&D? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
3.A1.2. Definition of ICT patents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
4.1. France: The diffusion of ICTs compared to other technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
5.1. Prevalent pricing models in online advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
6.1. Open source software: User-driven innovation and the role of broadband
communication networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
6.2. Deep sea cable infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
6.3. The role of intangible capital and other complementary factors for ICTs . . . . . 293
6.4. Modelling the macro-impacts of broadband deployment and use
in the European Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
7.1. Achieving socio-economic objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
7.2. Government e-health projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
7.3. Open source applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
7.4. Venture finance policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
7.5. Business innovation in SMEs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
7.6. Supporting RFID applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
7.7. Increasing the appeal of ICT-related professions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
7.8. Policies for digital content development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
7.9. Public sector information and content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
7.10. Monitoring the Recommendation of the OECD Council on Broadband
Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
7.11. Open standards for information exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
7.12. Online identity theft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
7.13. Evaluation of ICT R&D in the European Commission’s 6th Framework
Programme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333


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Top ten ICT policy priorities, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

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1.1. Economies represented in the top 250 ICT firms, 2000 and 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

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1.2. Top 250 ICT firms by sector, 2000 and 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

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1.3. Top 50 ICT firms ranked by revenue in 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

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1.A1.1. Top 10 communications equipment and systems firms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

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1.A1.2. Top 10 IT equipment and systems firms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

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1.A1.3. Top 10 electronics firms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
1.A1.4. Top 10 specialist semiconductor firms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

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1.A1.5. Top 10 IT services firms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
1.A1.6. Top 10 software firms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .L . e. c. 64
.. .. ..
1.A1.7. Top 10 Internet firms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
1.A1.8. Top 10 telecommunication services firms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
1.A2.1. Total ICT spending, 2003-08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
1.A2.2. Emerging economy ICT spending by segment, 2003-08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.1. Currency exchange rates, national units per USD, percentage changes
compared to 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.2. Growth in electronics goods production, trade and sales, 1995-2006. . . . . . . . . 93
2.3. US intra-firm trade in ICT goods and services, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
2.4. Foreign-owned enterprises in Sweden’s ICT sector, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
2.A1.1. World and OECD ICT goods trade, 1996-2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
2.A1.2. OECD trade in ICT goods, 1996-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
2.A1.3. Balance of OECD trade in ICT goods, 1996-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
2.A1.4. ICT goods trade, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
2.A1.5. OECD accession countries trade in ICT goods, 1996-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
2.A1.6. Emerging economies trade in ICT goods, 1996-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
2.A1.7. Direction of ICT goods exports, 1996-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
2.A1.8. Direction of ICT goods imports, 1996-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
2.A1.9. OECD trade in computer and related equipment, 1996-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
2.A1.10. OECD trade in electronic components, 1996-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
2.A1.11. OECD trade in communication equipment, 1996-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
2.A1.12. OECD trade in audio and video equipment, 1996-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
2.A1.13. OECD trade in other ICT-related equipment, 1996-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
2.A1.14. OECD trade in software goods, 1996-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
2.A1.15. Trade in ICT services, 1996-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
2.A1.16. Growth in the value of electronics production, 2005-2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
2.A1.17. Share of ICT goods in total merchandise exports, 1996-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
2.A1.18. Revealed comparative advantage in ICT goods exports, 1996-2006 . . . . . . . . . . 129
2.A1.19. Grubel and Lloyd Index for ICT goods, 1996-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
2.A1.20. ICT sector cross-border M&A deals, 1997-2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
2.A1.21. ICT sector cross-border M&A deal values, 1997-2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
2.A1.22. ICT sector cross-border M&A deals by target country, 1997-2007 . . . . . . . . . . . 132
2.A1.23. ICT sector cross-border M&A deals by country of acquirer, 1997-2007 . . . . . . . . 133
2.A1.24. ICT sector cross-border M&A deal values by target country, 1997-2007 . . . . . . . . . 134
2.A1.25. ICT sector cross-border M&A deal values by country of acquirer, 1997-2007 135
2.A1.26. ICT sector cross-border M&A deals by economy: Top 50 targets
and acquirers, 1997-2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136


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2.A1.27. ICT sector cross-border M&A deals by economy: Largest acquirers
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and targets, 1997-2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

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2.A1.28. ICT sector foreign affiliates operating in the United States, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . 138
2.A1.29. US foreign affiliates operating overseas, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

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2.A1.30. Country origin of foreign-owned enterprises in Sweden’s ICT sector, 2006 . . . 140

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2.A1.31. Swedish-owned ICT sector enterprises operating overseas, 2004. . . . . . . . . . . . 141

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3.1. Top ICT R&D spenders: Absolute expenditure, 2006 and 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

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3.2. Top ICT R&D spenders: Expenditure growth, 2000-07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

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3.3. Top ICT R&D spenders: R&D expenditures per employee, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

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3.4. Top ICT R&D spenders: R&D intensity (R&D expenditure as share of sales), An r
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2000 and 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
162
3.5. ICT R&D promotion and public funding in selected OECD and non-member
economies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
3.6. R&D performed abroad by majority-owned foreign affiliates of US parent
companies, 2002-05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
3.7. Top 20 ICT patenting firms among patents granted (all industries)
by the USPTO number of patents, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
3.8. Position of ICT firms among the top 20 patent applicants (all industries)
at the European Patent Office, Japan Patent Office, and the PCT, 2007
or latest available year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
4.1. Speed of diffusion of selected ICT goods/services in selected OECD countries . . . 195
4.2. Average time spent using email, chat or Internet, per week, during leisure
time, in Finland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
4.3. Differences among high school pupils by socio-economic group in the use
of instant messaging for chatting, France, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
4.A2.1. Households and individuals with access to a home computer in selected
OECD countries, 1986-2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
4.A2.2. Households with access to the Internet in selected OECD countries,
1996-2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
4.A2.3. Households and individuals with broadband access to the Internet from
home in selected OECD countries, 2000-07. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
4.A2.4. Places where the Internet has been used by females and males, 2005 . . . . . . . 234
4.A2.5. Marginal effect of broadband on selected activities in Canada, 2005 . . . . . . . . 235
4.A2.6. Marginal effect of broadband on selected activities in EU countries, 2007 . . . . . . . 236
4.A2.7. Selected Internet broadband activities in EU countries, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
4.A2.8. Marginal effect of broadband on selected Internet activities in the
United States, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
4.A2.9. PC and Internet penetration rates, differences between top and bottom
income bands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
4.A2.10. Purposes of use of the Internet in Finland, spring 2004 and spring 2007. . . . . . 242
4.A2.11. Number of activities participated in by home Internet users during the
last 12 months, Canada, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
4.A2.12. Diversity of Internet activities in the Netherlands, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
4.A2.13. Number of different uses of the Internet in France, all types of connection
combined, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
5.1. Market size and growth, 2007 or latest available year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
5.2. Impact of broadband on value chains, competition and market structure . . . . 252


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5.3. New cross-industry participation in broadband content distribution . . . . . . . . 252
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5.4. Evolving sector-specific online business models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

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5.5. Digital content product characteristics and broadband functionalities. . . . . . . 255
5.6. Platforms for user-created content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

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5.7. Economic incentives and benefits for different UCC value chain participants. 260

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5.8. UCC platform business models: Citizen journalism and photos. . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

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5.9. Actual and projected online cinema product revenue, 2004-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

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5.10. Online full-feature film providers, selected examples from OECD countries,

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January 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

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5.11. Evolution of digital music sales and yearly per capita music spending, An r
selected countries, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .L . . . . . . t
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5.A1.1. Intellectual property provisions in terms of services of UCC sites . . . . . . . . . . . 282
7.1. Top ten ICT policy priorities, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
7.2. Summary of ICT policy replies, 2008, 2006, 2004 and 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
7.3. Summary of ICT policy priorities, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
7.4. Changing ICT policy priorities, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
7.A1.1. Ranking of ICT policy areas, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338

Figures
1.1. Growth in monthly shipments of ICT goods by segment in the United States,
December 2001-September 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.2. Growth in monthly production in selected ICT sectors in Germany,
December 2001-September 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.3. Growth in monthly turnover in selected ICT sectors in France,
December 2001-August 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.4. Growth of monthly sales of IT services industries in Japan,
December 2001-August 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.5. Trends in real output (GDP) in the Canadian ICT sector, Q1 2002-Q2 2008 . . . . 28
1.6. Top 250 ICT firms’ performance trends, 2000-07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.7. Top ICT firms’ revenue and net income trends, 2000-07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.8. Top 250 ICT firms’ revenue growth by economy of registration, 2000-06 . . . . . 34
1.9. Top 250 ICT firms’ revenue shares by sector, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.10. Top 250 ICT firms’ revenue trends by sector, 2000-06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.11. Top 250 ICT firms’ profitability by sector, 2000-06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.12. Top 250 ICT firms’ R&D intensity by sector, 2000-06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.13. Worldwide semiconductor market by region, 1990-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.14. Worldwide semiconductor sales by market segment, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.15. Worldwide semiconductor market by segment, 1990-2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.16. Share of ICT valued added in business sector value added, 1995 and 2006 . . . . 46
1.17. Share of ICT employment in business sector employment, 1995 and 2006 . . . . 47
1.18. Share of ICT specialist occupations in the total economy, narrow definition,
1995 and 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
1.19. Share of ICT-using occupations in the total economy, broad definition,
1995 and 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
1.20. Venture capital investments in ICT as a percentage of all venture capital
investment, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51


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1.21. Quarterly venture capital investments in the ICT sector in the United States,
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Q1 1995-Q3 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

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1.22. Worldwide ICT spending by market segment, 2003-08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
1.23. OECD ICT spending by market segment, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

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1.24. Fastest ICT spending growth, 2003-07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

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2.1. World trade in ICT goods, 1996-2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

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2.2. United States ICT goods trade growth, March 2001-March 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

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2.3. China ICT goods export trade growth, April 2000-April 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

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2.4. Top importers and exporters of ICT goods, 1996-2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

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2.5a. ICT goods exports, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 r
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ICT goods imports, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .L . . . .c. t 79
2.5b. ..
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2.6. Direction of OECD ICT goods trade, 1996-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
2.7. OECD computer equipment trade, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2.8. OECD electronic components trade, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
2.9. OECD communication equipment trade, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2.10. OECD audio and video equipment trade, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
2.11. OECD software goods trade, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2.12. OECD and major emerging economies’ computer and information services
trade, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
2.13. OECD and major emerging economies’ communication services trade, 2006 . . 90
2.14. Electronics production, 2005 and 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
2.15. Growth in the value of electronics production, 2005-2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
2.16. Share of ICT goods in total merchandise exports, 1996-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
2.17. Revealed comparative advantage in ICT goods, 1996-2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
2.18. Value of cross-border M&A deals in ICT and non-ICT sectors, 1995-2007 . . . . . 99
2.19. Cross-border M&As deals in the ICT sector, 1995-2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
2.20. Cross-border M&As deals in the ICT sector, 1995-2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
2.21. ICT sector cross-border M&As deals by region, 1995-2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
2.22. ICT sector cross-border M&As deals by region, 1997-2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
2.23. Foreign affiliates’ share of turnover in ICT manufacturing, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
2.24. Foreign affiliates’ share of employment in ICT manufacturing, 2005 . . . . . . . . . 104
2.25. Foreign affiliates’ share of turnover in IT services, 2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
2.26. United States cross-border and affiliate services sales, 1990-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.1. ICT R&D priorities (clusters of topics and subtopics). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
3.2. Socio-economic applications of ICT research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
3.3. Business R&D spending, 1996-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
3.4. Growth of the largest R&D-spending sectors in the OECD area, 1993-2005 . . . . 150
3.5. ICT sub-sector R&D expenditures as a share of total OECD area ICT R&D,
1993-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
3.6. Business R&D expenditure for ICT goods and services, as a share of GDP,
1997 and 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
3.7. Share of selected OECD countries in total OECD area ICT sector R&D expenditures,
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
3.8. R&D expenditures in the United States, the EU15, Japan and Korea by ICT
sub-sectors, 1996, 2003 and 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
3.9. R&D expenditures in the computer services and software sector, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . 154
3.10. ICT R&D researchers, 2006 or latest available year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155


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3.11. Share of ICT R&D researchers in total R&D researchers, 2006 or latest
w

n
o
available year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

D Br

y
nl
3.12. Top ICT firms, growth of revenue and R&D expenditure, 2000-06 . . . . . . . . . . . 157
3.13. R&D expenditures of top ICT firms, 2006 (left: in USD billions, right: in percentage

O

u le
of total) and growth of R&D expenditures of top ICT firms, 2000-06 (bottom,

d
EC
in percentage, current terms) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

ea
3.14. Reported R&D expenditures of top 100 ICT R&D spending firms, by sector,

se
R
2000 and 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

O
3.15. Average R&D intensity of top ICT firms by sector, 2000 and 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

e
3.16. R&D intensity of ICT firms, by country/region, 2002-06 (only top ICT firms An r
reporting R&D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .L . . . . . . t
u
..
e c 163
3.17. Co-operation of innovative firms with universities or higher education
institutions per industry sector, four EU countries (France, Germany, Spain
and the United Kingdom), 2002-04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
3.18. Share of R&D expenditure under foreign control in the ICT sector, 2005. . . . . . 172
3.19. Japanese ICT R&D expenditures, in ICT and non-ICT sectors, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . 174
3.20. Software development in industrial R&D, United States, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
3.21. ICT-related patents filed under the PCT, by country, 1994-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
3.22. Share of countries in ICT-related patents filed under the PCT, 2005 . . . . . . . . . 178
3.23. ICT-related patents as a percentage of national total, PCT filings, 2003-05 . . . . 179
3.24. ICT-related patents granted at the USPTO versus R&D expenditures . . . . . . . . . 181
3.25. ICT-related patent applications at the EPO versus R&D expenditures . . . . . . . . 181
4.1. Households with access to a home computer in selected OECD countries,
1994-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
4.2. Household access to the Internet in selected OECD countries, 1996-2007 . . . . . 196
4.3. Households with broadband access in OECD countries, 2003-07. . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
4.4. Diffusion of PC and Internet in Sweden by level of education, 1994-2005 . . . . . 198
4.5. Internet access by high, medium and low education level in selected
OECD countries, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
4.6. Broadband access and selected Internet activities among students
and pensioners in Finland, 2002-06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
4.7. Gender differences for selected Internet activities in selected
OECD countries, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
4.8. Broadband uptake among households with or without children in Finland,
Norway and the United Kingdom, 2003-07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
4.9. PC and Internet diffusion and use in the United States and Japan,
by employment status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
4.10. Non-business-related use of the Internet at the workplace in Luxembourg,
2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
4.11. Frequency of use of the Internet in Mexico and the United Kingdom . . . . . . . . 205
4.12. Impact of broadband on selected Internet activities, selected
OECD countries, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
4.13. Internet activities of adults in the United Kingdom, 2000-06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
4.14. Weekly Internet access hours in Korea, 2004-06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
4.15. Broadband diffusion and time spent on the Internet in Norway, 2000-07 . . . . . . . 210
4.16. Media consumption by Internet users in France, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
4.17. US adult Internet users who use other media while online, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . 211


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4.18. Internet users listening to Web radio/watching TV, selected
w

n
o
OECD countries, 2002-07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

D Br

y
nl
4.19. Evolution of inequalities in possession of selected products in France . . . . . . . 213
4.20. Number of purposes of use of the Internet in Finland, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

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u le
4.21. Broadband effect on variety of home Internet use in Finland, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . 215

d
EC
4.22. Number of activities participated in by home Internet users during the last

ea
12 months, Canada, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

se
R
4.23. Number of activities participated in by Internet users during the last month,

O
France, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

e
4.A1.1. Diffusion of PCs among households by income level in Japan, 1992-2007 . . . . . 222 An r
Internet access or use by educational attainment in selected OECD countries. c. t
u
4.A1.2. L e . . 223
4.A1.3. Internet usage in Finland, 2001 and 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
4.A1.4. Internet usage pattern by gender and age in Korea, 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
4.A1.5. Selected online activities by level of education in Sweden, 2003-07 . . . . . . . . . . 226
4.A1.6. Minutes using the Internet at home in leisure time per week in Finland,
2001-06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
5.1. Broadband growth, OECD total, 2003-08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
5.2. Global consumer Internet traffic 2005-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
5.3. Digital broadband content value and distribution chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
5.4. Digital broadband content business models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
5.5. Bandwidth requirements of selected digital content types, in Mbit/s, 2008 . . . . . . 255
5.6. Blog readers, bloggers, and minihompy owners in Korea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
5.7. Major film market revenues, 2006 (excluding TV market) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
5.8. Value of global music sales, 1984-2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
5.9. Growth of worldwide advertising spending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
5.10. Worldwide shares of advertising expenditure by medium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
5.A1.1. Market size and growth, 2007 or latest available year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
6.1. The 23 600 mile SEA-ME-WE 3 Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
7.A1.1. ICT policy framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

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OECD Information Technology Outlook 2008

OECD Information Technology Outlook 2008

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