The document provides historical information about Afghanistan and the United Nations involvement in the country over several decades. It discusses the UN response to the Soviet invasion in 1979, humanitarian aid efforts during periods of conflict and civil war, peace negotiations and agreements brokered by UN envoys, as well as two important conferences - the Bonn Conference in 2001 that established an interim government, and the Tokyo Conference in 2002 that secured funding for reconstruction. The UN has played a key role in Afghanistan for many years through peace efforts, humanitarian assistance, overseeing elections, and development projects aimed at stability and prosperity.

1. Matiullah
Reg-237-fss/Bs P&I.R/f10
14-5-2013

2. Afghanistan location

3. Afghanistan
 Afghanistan, a mountainous country of approximately
652,000 square kilometers, shares borders with China, Iran,
Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and a sector
of the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir that is
controlled by Pakistan. About half of its territory is more
than 2,000 metres above sea level.
In 2000, the United Nations Population Fund estimated the
population of Afghanistan at some 22.7 million (the most
recent census was in 1979, when the population was
reported to be about 15.5 million) It is said that the
population of Afghanistan is more then 30 million now . The
major languages are Pashto and Dari/Farsi.

4. Un involvement in Afghanistan
 Afghanistan has long suffered from great power
rivalry and foreign military intervention, including
the bitter Anglo-Afghan wars of the nineteenth
century. Beginning in 1979, the country again
descended into a prolonged period of devastating
conflict. A Soviet military intervention (1979-1988)
took a heavy toll, as US-backed Islamic militants
fought a bitter conflict against the Soviet occupiers.
There followed a period of civil war and warlordism
from 1988 to the mid-1990s, then rule by a government
organized by the Islamic Taliban, and finally in 2001 a
military intervention by the United States followed by
further violence, instability and civil war.

5. Modern history

Modern history
The Afghan nation began to emerge in the late eighteenth
century. It was ruled, with brief interruptions, by a
succession of monarchs whose consolidation of power was
constantly undermined by civil wars and foreign invasions.
The current borders of Afghanistan were delineated in the
nineteenth century, as a result of the "great game" rivalry
between Russia and Britain. Britain exerted some influence
over Afghan foreign policy from the late nineteenth
century until the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919.
Afghanistan joined the UN in 1946.

6. The un contributions through out
the history from 1980’s
 The 1980s
Early in 1980, the Security Council met to consider a
response to the Soviet intervention, but a draft resolution
condemning it was not passed, due to the negative vote of
the USSR.
 The matter was then taken up in the General
Assembly, which held an Emergency Special Session on
Afghanistan over five days, from 10 to 14 January 1980. The
Assembly adopted the first of a series of 'Situation in
Afghanistan' resolutions (resolution ES-6/2), in which it
deplored the armed intervention in Afghanistan, called for
the withdrawal of all foreign forces, asked States to
contribute humanitarian assistance, and asked the
Secretary-General to keep it informed of developments

7. USSR withdrawal in result of an
agreement

Following the exercise of the UN Secretary-General's good offices,
Afghanistan, Pakistan, the USSR and the United States signed
Agreements on the Settlement of the Situation Relating to Afghanistan
under United Nations auspices on 14 April 1988. These provided for an
end to foreign intervention in Afghanistan, and the USSR began
withdrawing its forces. With the Security Council's agreement on 25
April 1988 (and subsequently authorized in resolution 622 of 31
October 1988), Secretary-General Javier Perez de Cuellar set up a
mission to monitor the withdrawal of foreign forces - the United
Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan
(UNGOMAP) - and made plans to support the anticipated repatriation
of refugees. The Soviet withdrawal was completed in February 1989.The
rebels, however, who had not signed the agreements, maintained their
fight against Najibullah's government and the civil war continued."

8. 1990’s
 Following the May 1987 agreement, the UN had begun strenuous
efforts to coordinate humanitarian assistance. Afghanistan had
long been designated by the UN as one of the world's least
developed countries and war only made it more difficult to
respond to the challenge of reconstruction and development.
The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
estimated that the area under agricultural cultivation in
Afghanistan fell by 40 per cent between 1979 and 1991.
In 1991, responsibility for Operation Salam - the UN's emergency
relief programme for Afghanistan - was taken over by the
Secretary-General's Personal Representative at the time, Benon
Sevan. In that year, WFP provided 60,000 metric tons of food to
needy Afghans, while FAO provided 6,800 tons of seed and more
than half a million fruit and poplar saplings

9. 1990’s peace effort fails
 On 22 October, the Security Council adopted resolution 1076
(1996), calling on all Afghan parties to end hostilities and engage
in a political dialogue aimed at achieving national reconciliation.
It repeated its deep concern that the conflict provided fertile
ground for terrorism and drug trafficking and called on the
parties to halt such activities. The General Assembly, along with
the Council, condemned the abduction from United Nations
premises in Kabul of former President Najibullah and his brother
on 26 September, and their subsequent brutal execution by the
Taliban (Assembly resolution 51/108, Council statement
S/PRST/1996/40). Najibullah had taken refuge there four years
earlier, but repeated calls by the Secretary-General
to allow his safe departure from the country had been ignored.

10. United nations continued the
efforts

 Fighting continued between the Taliban and Northern Alliance
groups between 1997 and 2000, but military positions changed
little. In July of 1997, the Secretary-General appointed Lakhdar
Brahimi, the former Foreign Minister of Algeria, as his Special
Envoy for Afghanistan, to consult with interested and relevant
countries and parties and make recommendations on UN
peacemaking activities there. He visited Afghanistan as part of a
13-nation tour and in October, with the Under-Secretary-General
for Political Affairs, convened a series of informal meetings with
what became known as the "Six plus Two" group - composed of
the six States bordering Afghanistan (China, Iran, Pakistan,
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) plus the United States
and Russia.

11. Lakhdar ibrahimi in Kabul

12. Attacks on us embassies in Kenya
and Tanzania
 Following the 7 August terrorist bomb attacks on United States
embassies in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania,
which claimed hundreds of lives, the Council adopted resolution
1193 (1998) on 28 August, which repeated its concern at the
continuing presence of terrorists in the territory of Afghanistan.
It condemned attacks on UN personnel in Taliban-held areas,
including the killing of two Afghan staff members of the World
Food Programme and the UN High Commissioner for Refugees
in Jalalabad, and of the Military Adviser to UNSMA in Kabul. It
also condemned the capture of the Consulate-General of Iran in
Mazar-e-Sharif. On 8 December, by resolution 1214 (1998), the
Council demanded that the Taliban stop providing sanctuary
and training for international terrorists and their organizations
and that all Afghan factions cooperate in bringing indicted
terrorists to justice.

14. 2000 and beyond
 united nations focused on humanitarian efforts more
than the conflict because of the Taliban government
policies were not much in cooperating , and there were
many other reasons involved , like Taliban were not
able to bring their soft image in front of the world and
whole world became against them
 their sanctuary for the al Qaida can also be counted as
a very major reasons for the worst situation

15. WFP aids

16. Refugee problems and returning
process
 Between 1988 and 2000, more than 4.6 million Afghan
refugees returned to their homes with UNHCR
assistance, but as the fighting continued they were
soon replaced by new refugees; themselves in need of
clothing and housing from UNHCR and their host
countries. All told, by the end of 2001 UNHCR had
spent at least $1.2 billion for refugee operations in
Pakistan, $352 million in Iran, and $72 million inside
Afghanistan. As the year ended, some 2 million
refugees remained in Pakistan and 1.5 million in Iran.

17. While returning

18. Post 11 September
 In the escalation of the conflict in Afghanistan
following the 11 September terrorist attack on the
United States by the Afghan-based Al Qaeda group,
the Security Council expressed support for the efforts
of the Afghan people to replace the Taliban regime,
once again condemned for allowing Afghanistan to be
used as a base for the export of terrorism and for
providing safe haven to Osama bin Laden.."

19. United nations contribution in
financial sector for the afghan
government and people
 On 1 October 2011, in his address to a special week-long
session of the General Assembly on terrorism, Secretary-
General Kofi Annan said, "As we summon the will and the
resources needed to succeed in the struggle against
terrorism, we must also care for all the victims of terrorism,
whether they are the direct targets or other populations
who will be affected by our common effort. That is why I
have launched an alert to donors about the potential need
for much more generous humanitarian assistance to the
people of Afghanistan

20. Financial support
 That new alert called on the international community to
provide $584 million to meet the humanitarian needs of
some 7.5 million Afghan civilians over the following six
months, with particular concern to ensure adequate food
supplies ahead of winter setting in. Unfortunately,
increasing conflict in Afghanistan, including the military
response to the terrorist attacks on the US, compelled UN
agencies to withdraw international staff from the country,
and the flow of food and other essentials into the country
was slowed or halted.

22. peace efforts starts again
 As the situation unfolded, the UN continued its role in
promoting dialogue among Afghan parties, aimed at
establishing a broad-based, inclusive government. On
3 October, the Secretary-General reappointed Lakhdar
Brahimi, who had resigned two years earlier, as his
Special Envoy for Afghanistan.

23. New York meeting
 On 12 November, the "Six plus Two" group met in New York under the
chairmanship of the Secretary-General, agreeing on the need for a
broad-based and freely chosen Afghan government and pledging
continued support for UN humanitarian efforts in Afghanistan, as well
as in refugee camps in neighbouring States. On 27 November, a
conference on Afghanistan's reconstruction sponsored by UNDP, the
World Bank and the Asian Development Bank, opened in Islamabad.
Over 300 participants attended, including many from Afghanistan.
Issues discussed included the role of women, the importance of
education and the creation of a comprehensive health system.
A further donor conference -- focusing on the immediate and longer-
term needs of the country -- was held in Berlin in early December.

24. As a first step security for the up
coming government
 As a first step, the Afghan Interim Authority was
established. On 20 December, the Security Council, by
resolution 1386 (2001), authorized the establishment
of an International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) to
help the Authority maintain security in Kabul and its
surrounding areas.

25. A historical moment on Bonn
conference by the efforts of united
nations
 On 22 December, in Kabul, the internationally
recognized administration of President Rabbani
handed power to the new Interim Afghan
Administration, established in Bonn and headed by
Chairman Hamid Karzai. Special Representative
Ibrahimi moved to Kabul to commence his activities in
support of the new Afghan Administration. At the
same time, the first of the ISAF troops were deployed,
under British control

26. Humanitarian efforts starts again
by ease in situation
 With the easing of hostilities, WFP was able to deliver
a record 114,000 metric tones of food aid in December
- enough to feed 6 million people for two months. Still,
by 20 December, only some $358 million of the nearly
$662 million being sought for UN relief work in
Afghanistan had been received, and the needs of only
one agency - the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) - had
been fully covered. And while the WFP had achieved
81 per cent of its funding requirements, UNHCR had
secured only 59 per cent. As in the past, funds were
mostly being donated for emergency relief, with very
little for reconstruction and rehabilitation

27. Tokyo conference of the donors
 To maintain the momentum for international assistance to
Afghanistan generated by the political process an
International Conference on Reconstruction Assistance on
Afghanistan was held in Tokyo on 21 and 22 January 2002.
Addressing the Conference, Secretary-General Kofi Annan
said such assistance would require $10 billion over a 10-year
period, including $1.3 billion to cover immediate needs for
2002. That latter covers recurrent costs of the Interim
Authority, as yet unfunded humanitarian assistance, and
$376 million for quick impact and recovery projects "that
are ready to go.“


28. Tokyo donor conference

29. Kofi Annan visit to Kabul

 Secretary-General Kofi Annan visited Kabul on 25
January to offer moral support to the new Interim
Administration and to thank members of the United
Nations staff in Afghanistan for their sustained effort
to provide humanitarian assistance to the Afghan
people.

30. The first milestone of the Bonn
 Agreement was achieved with the announcement that same day
of the composition of the Special Independent Commission for
the Convening of the Emergency Loya Jirga (Pashto for grand
council -- a traditional forum in which tribal elders can come
together and settle affairs).
The Commission is composed of 21 members. It has the final
authority for determining the procedures for and the number of
people who will participate in the Emergency Loya Jirga, which
will elect a Head of State for the Transitional Administration and
will approve proposals for the structure and key personnel of the
Transitional Administration. The Bonn Agreement sets out that
free and fair elections must be held within two years of the
establishment of the Loya Jirga.

31. Bonn conference

32. What happened after Bonn
 After Hamid karzai become the president after , he
completed the temporary term ,
 He went for elections , and wins the elections
 The elections held by the help and assistance of the
United Nations UNAMA
(united Nations assistance mission in Afghanistan))
 The providing assistance financially and technically
united nations paid their part which can be counted
the most important effort in the history of Afghanistan

33. What is the united nations focus
today
 They are working on rehabilitation and providing the afghans
with their basic needs , and development projects , paying a
huge amount of money to the ministry of development
 And UN habitat , and many huge projects like mille paiwastoon
 helping the people with cash to start their businesses and also to
grow up economically
 Health projects , helping addicts , awareness about the diseases
and many
 All these got one goal behind this , preventing the youth and all
from destructive activities and motivating them towards the
constructive


34. What brings Bonn conference for
Afghanistan
 The Bonn conference resulted the Afghanistan to have
a government recognized by world and base that
afghans are now able to build upon
 though there are many problems with it , but this the
fact of bitterness on development of relations ,
infrastructure , and from many other aspects


35. Thank you all
Questions are will come