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DavidLyonsPeru
- 1. A Geographer’s Impressions David Lyons / Century College / Winter 2014
- 2. Purpos e Peru represents a part of the world whose environments and ways life I have been covering in classes for 20 years. Now I finally have the opportunitiy to observe and explore these worlds first-hand! It’s given me the confidence to embark on more adventures
- 3. Peru’s Size and Location Peru lies on the west coast of South America, bounded by Ecuador and Columbia in the north, Brazil and Bolivia to the east, and Chile to its south. Peru covers about 500,000 square miles. To compare, Alaska covers about 615,000 square miles and Texas about 270,000 square miles
- 5. GPS Breadcrumb Trail of our Trip Compiled by Jim Walsh
- 6. Peru’s Physical Geography The physical geography and type of environment found in any given place is determined by six climate controls. Peru is influenced by all six
- 7. Latitude: Peru is entirely within the tropics • Two seasons – rainy and dry, high sun is rainy season • Lying the southern hemisphere, its seasons are opposite of ours • Its longitude, and thus its daily time, matches that of the US East Coast
- 8. Elevation – much of Peru lies at high altitudes Altiplano – the world’s second largest plateau
- 9. Ocean Currents – the Humboldt Current controls Peru’s Pacifi coast • This cold west coast current sweeps up from Antarctica • Suppresses the atmosphere / Upwelling supports a productive marine ecosystem
- 10. Landform Barriers and Prevailing Winds • Easterly Trade Winds Blow across Peru and over the Andes Mountains • Result is windward rainforests and leeward dry zones rain shadowOrographic Uplift
- 11. Position Relative to Oceans Interestingly, this climate control, which so dominates Minnesota – e.g. our continental system, is the least important control for Peru
- 12. Peru has three major physical regions Peru’s west coast is a desert – except during El Ninos
- 13. Andes Mountains – complex geologically and environmentally
- 14. The Andes stretch the entire South American continent, reaching over 20,000 feet of elevation in places The Andes are a young and active range, the product of subduction
- 15. Any Questions? Photo by Jim Walsh
- 16. Stratified and faulted ash deposits Photo by Jim Walsh
- 17. Venting Volcano Photo by Jim Walsh
- 18. El Misti - “Goat Mountain” / classic stratovolcano / 19,000 feet / last erupted 1985
- 19. Cloud Forest – moist trade winds lifted up Andean slopes
- 20. Photo by Amy Hadiaris
- 21. Eastern Peru lies in the Amazon Rainforest
- 22. Three Drainage Regimes and Divides Western Peru drains to the Pacific and eastern Peru into the Atlantic via the Amazon The Altiplano of Peru and Bolivia has interior drainage into Lake Titicaca
- 24. Ethnic Composition • 45% Indigenous Amerindian • Largest groups Quechua and Aymara • Distribution – most concentrated in Andean region 37% Mestizo and 15% European Largest concentration in Lima Peru has also had significant migrations from China (mid-19th Century), Italy (early 20th Century), and Japan (after WWII)
- 25. Andean People of Peru
- 26. Andean People of Peru
- 27. Andean People of Peru
- 29. Andean People of Peru
- 30. Basic Demographics of Peru • Population: 30.5 million • Life Expectancy: 74 years • Birth Rate: 2.6 births / woman • Infant Mortality: 17 / 1000 • Rate of Natural Increase: 1.5% • A “Stage 3” Country
- 31. Peru – Pre-Inca History Peru has been occupied by humans for over 14,000 years and agricultural societies since 7000 BCE Moche Temple in Lima circa 200 A.D.
- 32. Peru History – the Inca The largest empire in pre-Columbian America / Rose in 13th Century and conquered by Spanish in 1572 / A Highlands empire
- 33. History: The Spanish and Catholicism Madonna and Child in hotel lobby – less concern about separation of church and state than U.S.
- 34. History: The Spanish and Catholicism The Spanish used pre-existing Inca foundations to build upon
- 35. The Spanish, Catholicism and Acculturation of Andean Peop “Guinea Pig Last Supper” in Cusco Cathedral Andean belief systems - a hybrid of Catholicism and local Animism
- 36. My first, and Last, Guinea Pig Supper
- 37. Peru Gained its Independence from the Spanish in 1821 The Battle of Ayacucho Bolivar did not embrace the same ideals as the U.S. Founding Fathers. He saw as risky the constitution and democratic system of government of the recently independent United States. In South America, authoritarian governments would become the norm.
- 38. The Trajectory of History Since Independence• After Independence, Spanish Peruvians would dominate the country politically and economically • Unlike in the U.S., where land would be plotted and parceled by government for wide distribution to settlers willing to toil and improve it, in Peru the Spanish crown selectively awarded vast amounts of land – as well as the labor of the indigenous living upon it – to a few loyal Spaniards who would build lavish estates (Haciendas). Land would be hereditarily passed on. • Indigenous peoples “campesinos” were often enslaved and given access to meager plots of land for subsistence activities. • Land reform movements and the breaking up of the Hacienda system did not start until the 1960s. • Peru’s Quechua Andean regions remain relatively poorer and more traditional
- 39. Recent History • 1970s-1990s: A communist insurgency terrorized Andean Peru • “The Shining Path” promised action to address Peru’s inequities, initially gathering support from rural poor • 1980 initiated its “armed struggle” and morphed into one of the most brutal of all late 20th Century Maoist guerilla movements • Ultimately defeated by government forces under President Fujimori, Guzman captured in 1992 • Estimated 63,000 casualties (Shining Path credited for half) Abimael Guzman, philosophy professor turned Maoist group leader
- 40. Politics in Peru • Three Independent Branches • Five year Presidency • Unicameral 130 Seat Congress • Multi-party System • Mandatory Voting President Ollanta Humala Quechua with Military Background Alberto Fujimori – President 1990-2000, credited with modernizing Peru and defeating Shining Path, now serving 25 year prison term Alan Garcia Perez –ran economy into ground in 1980s (inflation 2 million%). Apologized and got re-elected in 2006
- 41. 2014 is an election year
- 42. Peruvian Economy Primary Sector • Mining • Andean region is mineral rich • Major exporter of metals to China and US • Fishing • World’s leading exporter of fish meal • Agriculture • Irrigated export sector Secondary • Construction boom • Emerging manufacturing economy Tertiary • Tourism • Services: micro-entrepreneurs Characteristics • World Bank Designation: “Upper Middle Income” • Aggregate GNP: $330 billion (47th) • GNP PPP Per Capita: $10,200 • Rapid growth: >6.5% annually • Export-led development strategy • Fiscally Sound • Income Equality: Gini = 48 (similar to US) • Peru has cut its poverty rate in half from 50% to 25% in recent decades
- 43. GDP per capita in PPP 2012 Source: World Economic Outlook 2012
- 44. My Observations: a bee-hive of activity, construction everywhere, a hard-working and practical people, palpable optimism, but also lots of marginal small businesses
- 45. Small shops and niche producers everywhere
- 46. Specialization on products made from used tires
- 47. Peru Construction Techniques: clay bricks, hand-trowelled cement, and lots of rebar
- 48. A Country Under Construction: Add-on as finances allow and use lots of rebar
- 49. Local Markets in Peru – Vibrant and Colorful • Peru, like most less developed countries, has a large informal economy
- 50. • Peru, like most less developed countries, has a large informal economy Countless varieties of dried potatoes
- 51. Juliaca Markets
- 52. • Peru, like most less developed countries, has a large informal economy
- 53. Small local shops predominate but supermarkets and chain stores are becoming more common
- 56. Much of Peru’s highlands is dedicated to grazing
- 58. Vicuña The World’s Finest Natural Fiber Photo by Amy Hadiaris
- 59. A Picture is Worth ….. 1 Sol
- 60. Peru: Recently poor and rapidly changing
- 61. • Development has been uneven geographically and societally
- 62. Lima, a Modern City with Colonial Roots Dominates Peru politically, economically, demographically
- 64. Slum Sprawl of Self-Constructed Housing Marks Lima’s Outskirts • Lima’s newest migrants are insecure of land tenure, but have been gaining political power
- 65. Photo by Amy Hadiaris
- 66. Many recent urban residents are migrants from rural areas Push and Pull factors include agricultural modernization, Political Instability, Globalization, the lure of the city
- 67. Rapid Urban Growth and resulting Congestion
- 68. Getting Around in the City
- 69. Eating in Peru
- 70. Photo by Amy Hadiaris
- 72. Chef Gaston Credited with making Quinoa cool again
- 73. Peru – a Land of Weavers and Knitters
- 74. A Rural Co- op of Women Who Spin and Knit
- 75. Wilbur Quispe: Keeping Traditional Weaving Techniques Alive
- 76. Wilbur Quispe: Keeping Traditional Weaving Techniques Alive • Yarn is hand spun and natural dyes are used
- 77. One son has dedicated himself to the craft full time
- 78. The Men Knit on Isle Tequila
- 80. Visiting a Farm and Simple Way of Life Practicing a Diverse Mixed Farming System
- 81. Family Members
- 82. Photo by Amy Hadiaris
- 83. All the Trappings of Modern Life
- 84. Raised Beds System for Cropping and Pasturing
- 85. Monastery of Santa Catalina in Arequipa Where the Sisters had servants, private bedrooms and kitchens – the Vatican finally cracked down 300 years later
- 86. Monastery of Santa Catalina
- 87. Photo by Amy Hadiaris
- 90. Photo by Amy Hadiaris
- 91. High Altitude Bathroom Facilities
- 92. Lake Titicaca – World’s Highest Navigable Lake • Elevation 12,500 feet / Area 3,200 miles2 / largest lake in South America
- 93. Photo by Jim Walsh
- 94. The quiet life on an island in Lake
- 95. Photo by Jim Walsh
- 96. The City of Puno on Lake Titicaca
- 97. The Paradise of Colca Canyon
- 98. Colca Canyon
- 100. Photo by Jim Walsh
- 101. Colca Canyon
- 102. Colca Canyon: nice day for a
- 103. Left: remnants of indigenous settlement destroyed by Spanish. The Canyon’s scattered settlements deemed ungovernable Right: Town of Chivay built by Spanish to concentrate and Christianize the Colca people
- 104. Our Group and Our Digs in Colca Canyon
- 105. Andean Condors
- 106. Photo by Jim Walsh
- 107. A Simple Food Kitchen in Yanque
- 108. The City of Cusco, once the Inca capitol, now major tourist center
- 109. Photo by Amy Hadiaris
- 110. Cusco Main Square
- 111. Spanish built complex of Catholicism atop the razed Inca “Temple of Sun”
- 112. Inca Terraces
- 113. Inca Granaries destroyed by Spanish
- 114. Inca Engineering – Still Works!
- 115. Ollantaytamb o
- 116. The Inca in Peru Ollantaytambo
- 117. Chinchero
- 121. Machu
- 126. Inca Trail
- 127. Fancy Sundial
- 128. Inca Drawbridge
- 129. Our Group
- 130. Melanie – our trip leader Siverio – our Peruvian guide
- 131. Jose and Raul Our knowledgeable guide and trusty driver Photo by Jim Walsh
- 132. Puerto Maldonado Airport and its two gates
- 133. My Trip to the Jungle Bellying up in Puerto Maldonado
- 134. Heading into the Jungle along the Madre de Rios
- 135. Would OSHA approve?
- 137. My Trip to the Jungle A Strange World
- 139. Hiking to Sandoval Lake – five hours in mud
- 140. Our Fearless Guide Valeria Me Tarzan!
- 141. Our Fearless Guide Falls Out of the Canoe
- 142. Epiphytes – “Air Plants” Limiting Factors? What are limiting factors?
- 143. Wildlife Seen through a Pocket Camera
- 146. Extreme Riverbank Erosion and Oxisols Exposed
- 147. Harvest of Tropical Hardwood Awaiting Export
- 148. My Jungle Cohort