Urban Geography Spatial development of towns/cities Variations between cities Variations within cities

Spatial development of towns/cities

Variations between cities

Variations within cities

Urbanism Way of life Attitudes/values Patterns of behavior

Way of life

Attitudes/values

Patterns of behavior

“ Oldest” City: Jericho, Israel Dates back to 10,000 BC – or earlier! Went through several periods of destruction Many cities in Middle East, China, Andes, Mexico, also quite old—depends on latest findings

“ Oldest” City:

Jericho, Israel

Dates back to 10,000 BC – or earlier!

Went through several periods of destruction

Many cities in Middle East, China, Andes, Mexico, also quite old—depends on latest findings

Oldest Continuously Inhabited City Damascus, Syria (8,000-10,000 BC)

Architecture and Place

European Urban History Greeks (750 – 490 BC) Romans (~100 BC – 600 AD) Medieval Cities (450 – 1300 AD) Mercantile Cities (1400 – present) Colonial Cities (1498-1850) Transportation Cities (1800 – present) Modernism (1950 – present)

Greeks (750 – 490 BC)

Romans (~100 BC – 600 AD)

Medieval Cities (450 – 1300 AD)

Mercantile Cities (1400 – present)

Colonial Cities (1498-1850)

Transportation Cities (1800 – present)

Modernism (1950 – present)

Ancient Greece, 750 to 490 BC Athens

The Roman Empire (~100 BC to 600 AD)

Parthenon Oracle at Delphi Classical Architecture from the Greeks and Romans Arches And Columns

The Forum (Rome)

The Coliseum (Rome)

Roman Aqueduct (Segovia, Spain)

Roman Bridge (Salamanca, Spain)

The Medieval City in Europe (450 to 1300) Centered on Catholic Church Defensive /Control structures: walls, turrets Symbol of power Cities unable to grow (walled in)

Centered on Catholic Church

Defensive /Control structures: walls, turrets

Symbol of power

Cities unable to grow (walled in)

Medieval City Layout Narrow, twisty streets Buildings close together Walled city (high pop density) Boulevard around wall Poor live outside city wall Located on water source Metes and Bounds Streets drawn from point to point Not continuous Vienna, Austria

Medieval City Layout

Narrow, twisty streets

Buildings close together

Walled city (high pop density)

Boulevard around wall

Poor live

outside city wall

Located on water source

Metes and Bounds

Streets drawn

from point

to point

Not continuous

Medieval Cities (Castles) Toledo, Spain

Tower of London

Neuschwanstein, Germany

Quebec City? (only walled city in North America Very Old!)

Gothic Architecture (Began in 12 th Century) Often used for churches (Catholic) “ Flying Buttresses” Pointed Arches Huge Stained Glass Window(s) Cluster Columns “ Skeletal” looking Often in shape of cross from bird’s eye view

Often used for churches (Catholic)

“ Flying Buttresses”

Pointed Arches

Huge Stained Glass Window(s)

Cluster Columns

“ Skeletal” looking

Often in shape of cross from bird’s eye view

Notre Dame (Paris)

Westminster Abbey (London)

Mercantile ( Trade) Cities (1400’s-1600’s) Port cities / Major Route Cities (coastal / on river) Reflective of exploration interests Many medieval cities / city-states grew due to… TRADE! Venice, Genoa, Pisa Antwerp, Rotterdam, Amsterdam Marseilles, Paris, Seville London, Lisbon, Hamburg, Many others Development of centralized trade centers in city Radial street pattern Baroque Architecture

Port cities / Major Route Cities (coastal / on river)

Reflective of exploration interests

Many medieval cities / city-states grew due to…

TRADE!

Venice, Genoa, Pisa

Antwerp, Rotterdam, Amsterdam

Marseilles, Paris, Seville

London, Lisbon, Hamburg, Many others

Development of centralized trade centers in city

Radial street pattern

Baroque Architecture

Radial Patterned Cities Paris Arc de Triomphe

Paris

Crazy! Obnoxious! Straight lines become curved HIGHLY ornamented Ornate carvings, sculptures, entryways Often c o l o r f u l Baroque Architecture Baroque church near Moscow Baroque Monastery in Ecuador

Crazy! Obnoxious!

Straight lines become curved

HIGHLY ornamented

Ornate carvings, sculptures, entryways

Often c o l o r f u l

Venice, Italy

Seville, Spain

St. Peter’s Cathedral, Vatican City

Antwerp, Belgium

Colonial City A city founded / claimed beyond the existing borders of a colonial power for Three Reasons: Colonization = Land Commercial = Trade (often a port) Specific resource: coffee, gold, cacao, sugar, etc. Administrative = Political Americas, Asia, Africa—usually founded on coast (ocean)

A city founded / claimed beyond the existing borders of a colonial power for Three Reasons:

Colonization = Land

Commercial = Trade (often a port)

Specific resource: coffee, gold, cacao, sugar, etc.

Administrative = Political

Americas, Asia, Africa—usually founded on coast (ocean)

Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Oldest Colonial City in the Americas

Hong Kong Owned by the United Kingdom (now China) until 1997 New Flag Old Flag

Boston

Most Major American Cities Industrial Revolution: Steel Steam engine Canals Railroads (Power) Loom Cities all over the world evolved into transportation / industrial cities—even if they were established for other reasons Transportation City (later evolved into Industrial City: ~1800 on)

Most Major American Cities

Industrial Revolution:

Steel

Steam engine

Canals

Railroads

(Power) Loom

Cities all over the world evolved into transportation / industrial cities—even if they were established for other reasons

Erie Canal Illinois and Michigan Canal Canals acted like highways Created direct shipping routes with major cities - NYC with Great Lakes - Chicago with Gulf of Mexico

Canals acted like highways

Created direct shipping

routes with major cities

- NYC with Great Lakes

- Chicago with Gulf of Mexico

U.S. Railroads and Canals 1870

Chicago = Transportation

Grid Pattern Radial Pattern (U.S.) (Europe)

Washington D.C. Both Grid AND Radial Pattern!

Modernism Reflection of: Automobile-based society Industrialization Increased Urban / Suburban Population * Appears in all parts of the world

Reflection of:

Automobile-based society

Industrialization

Increased Urban / Suburban Population

* Appears in all parts of the world

Modernist Architecture “ Function over Form” = Functionalism Simple, less adornment Rejection of past Local: Horizontal Orientation (more land, fewer people) Urban: Vertical Orientation (less land, more people) Tampa, FL

“ Function over Form” = Functionalism

Simple, less adornment

Rejection of past

Local: Horizontal Orientation (more land, fewer people)

Urban: Vertical Orientation (less land, more people)

Cleveland, Ohio Modernist Not Modernist

Communist Architecture Square-shaped No adornments Functional Extremely modernist

Square-shaped

No adornments

Functional

Extremely modernist

Modernist Homes Horizontally Oriented Unadorned Squarish Frank Lloyd Wright-esque More suburban than urban

Horizontally Oriented

Unadorned

Squarish

Frank Lloyd Wright-esque

More suburban than urban

Suburbanization Modernist / Function over form City conveniences without the city Began after WWII (mass production, cars) Automobile dependent (shopping, banking, school, etc.) Led to the decline of the city Loss of “neighborhood” / community Loss of private ownership (i.e. “Mom and Pop shop”) to corporate chains

Modernist / Function over form

City conveniences without the city

Began after WWII (mass production, cars)

Automobile dependent (shopping, banking, school, etc.)

Led to the decline of the city

Loss of “neighborhood” / community

Loss of private ownership (i.e. “Mom and Pop shop”) to corporate chains

Conflict: Urban Sprawl vs. the Environment Encroachment into Wilderness - Animal conflicts Plants conflicts Environmental Impacts Water Pollution / Depletion Overwatering of land (Las Vegas grass ban) Golf courses: chemicals Depletion of aquifers Wetland / natural habitat destruction Smog / Pollutants from vehicle emissions Lack of exercise (car)

Encroachment into Wilderness

- Animal conflicts

Plants conflicts

Environmental Impacts

Water Pollution / Depletion

Overwatering of land (Las Vegas grass ban)

Golf courses: chemicals

Depletion of aquifers

Wetland / natural habitat destruction

Smog / Pollutants from vehicle emissions

Lack of exercise (car)

The American City (Models) Three Major Models Sector Model Concentric Ring Model Multiple Nuclei Model Three Major Districts in a City CBD (Central Business District) Warehouse (Industrial) District Residential Districts

Three Major Models

Sector Model

Concentric Ring Model

Multiple Nuclei Model

Three Major Districts in a City

CBD (Central Business District)

Warehouse (Industrial) District

Residential Districts

Sector Model Sectors / population built along transportation lines (rail, river, road) Detroit: Population along railways CBD

Sectors / population built along transportation lines (rail, river, road)

Population “rings” expand throughout time (newest residential neighborhoods are furthest out) New neighborhoods may precede transportation routes Expands “equally” in all directions Concentric Ring Model Chicago CBD

Population “rings” expand throughout time (newest residential neighborhoods are furthest out)

New neighborhoods may precede transportation routes

Expands “equally” in all directions

Multiple Nuclei Model No CBD Many smaller business districts scattered throughout city Los Angeles Downtown

No CBD

Many smaller business districts scattered throughout city

Cities of the World

Urban Growth Although Tokyo is the largest city in the world today, the fastest growing “megacities” in the world are in the periphery or semi-periphery Bombay, India Lagos, Nigeria Dubai Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Sao Paolo, Brazil Mexico City, Mexico Bombay, India

Although Tokyo is the largest city in the world today, the fastest growing “megacities” in the world are in the periphery or semi-periphery

Bombay, India

Lagos, Nigeria

Dubai

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Sao Paolo, Brazil

Mexico City, Mexico

xxxxxx Number of Core Cities in Top 30 1950 21 1980 11 2010 5

World Urban Dwellers

Urban Percentage of Population

Urban Growth Rates 4/5 growth in Periphery; 50% under poverty line

Primate Cities Many of the world’s largest cities are Primate Cities Center of government (capital), culture, economy— EVERYTHING! MUCH larger than any other city within the country Primate City Pop #2 City Pop London 7.6 Birmingham 2.3 Paris 9.6 Marseilles .8 Vienna 2.0 Graz .3 Mexico City 18.1 Guadalajara 4.6 Jakarta 9.8 Surabaya 3.0 Tokyo 28.0 Yokohama 3.5

Many of the world’s largest cities are Primate Cities

Center of government (capital), culture, economy— EVERYTHING!

MUCH larger than any other city within the country

Primate City Pop #2 City Pop

London 7.6 Birmingham 2.3

Paris 9.6 Marseilles .8

Vienna 2.0 Graz .3

Mexico City 18.1 Guadalajara 4.6

Jakarta 9.8 Surabaya 3.0

Tokyo 28.0 Yokohama 3.5

Gateway City El Paso (U.S-Mexico) Buffalo (U.S.-Canada) Hong Kong (China-World) Tangier (Africa-Europe) St. Petersburg (Russia-Rest of Europe) Link (door) to another country or region because of location

El Paso (U.S-Mexico)

Buffalo (U.S.-Canada)

Hong Kong (China-World)

Tangier (Africa-Europe)

St. Petersburg

(Russia-Rest of Europe)

“ World” Cities Disproportionate share of global, cultural, and financial influence “ Where world’s business is done” Centers of world’s three largest economies: U.S., Europe, Asia

Disproportionate share

of global, cultural, and financial influence

“ Where world’s

business is done”

Centers of world’s three largest economies:

U.S., Europe, Asia

World Cities 3 Centers in Tripolar Economy: New York, London, Tokyo