Cities 11 Urban Geography 111

Urban Geography
Spatial development of towns/cities
Variations between cities
Variations within cities

Urbanism
Way of life
Attitudes/values
Patterns of behavior

“ Oldest” City:
Jericho, Israel
Dates back to 10,000 BC – or earlier!
Went through several periods of destruction
Many cities in Middle East, China, Andes, Mexico, also quite old—depends on latest findings

Oldest Continuously Inhabited City Damascus, Syria (8,000-10,000 BC)

Architecture and Place

European Urban History
Greeks (750 – 490 BC)
Romans (~100 BC – 600 AD)
Medieval Cities (450 – 1300 AD)
Mercantile Cities (1400 – present)
Colonial Cities (1498-1850)
Transportation Cities (1800 – present)
Modernism (1950 – present)

Ancient Greece, 750 to 490 BC Athens

The Roman Empire (~100 BC to 600 AD)

Parthenon Oracle at Delphi Classical Architecture from the Greeks and Romans Arches And Columns

The Forum (Rome)

The Coliseum (Rome)

Roman Aqueduct (Segovia, Spain)

Roman Bridge (Salamanca, Spain)

The Medieval City in Europe (450 to 1300)
Centered on Catholic Church
Defensive /Control structures: walls, turrets
Symbol of power
Cities unable to grow (walled in)

Medieval City Layout
Narrow, twisty streets
Buildings close together
Walled city (high pop density)
Boulevard around wall
Poor live
outside city wall
Located on water source
Metes and Bounds
Streets drawn
from point
to point
Not continuous
Vienna, Austria

Medieval Cities (Castles) Toledo, Spain

Tower of London

Neuschwanstein, Germany

Quebec City? (only walled city in North America Very Old!)

Gothic Architecture (Began in 12 th Century)
Often used for churches (Catholic)
“ Flying Buttresses”
Pointed Arches
Huge Stained Glass Window(s)
Cluster Columns
“ Skeletal” looking
Often in shape of cross from bird’s eye view

Notre Dame (Paris)

Westminster Abbey (London)

Mercantile ( Trade) Cities (1400’s-1600’s)
Port cities / Major Route Cities (coastal / on river)
Reflective of exploration interests
Many medieval cities / city-states grew due to…
TRADE!
Venice, Genoa, Pisa
Antwerp, Rotterdam, Amsterdam
Marseilles, Paris, Seville
London, Lisbon, Hamburg, Many others
Development of centralized trade centers in city
Radial street pattern
Baroque Architecture

Radial Patterned Cities Paris Arc de Triomphe

Crazy! Obnoxious!
Straight lines become curved
HIGHLY ornamented
Ornate carvings, sculptures, entryways
Often c o l o r f u l
Baroque Architecture Baroque church near Moscow Baroque Monastery in Ecuador

Venice, Italy

Seville, Spain

St. Peter’s Cathedral, Vatican City

Antwerp, Belgium

Colonial City
A city founded / claimed beyond the existing borders of a colonial power for Three Reasons:
Colonization = Land
Commercial = Trade (often a port)
Specific resource: coffee, gold, cacao, sugar, etc.
Administrative = Political
Americas, Asia, Africa—usually founded on coast (ocean)

Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Oldest Colonial City in the Americas

Hong Kong Owned by the United Kingdom (now China) until 1997 New Flag Old Flag

Boston

Most Major American Cities
Industrial Revolution:
Steel
Steam engine
Canals
Railroads
(Power) Loom
Cities all over the world evolved into transportation / industrial cities—even if they were established for other reasons
Transportation City (later evolved into Industrial City: ~1800 on)

Erie Canal Illinois and Michigan Canal
Canals acted like highways
Created direct shipping
routes with major cities
- NYC with Great Lakes
- Chicago with Gulf of Mexico

U.S. Railroads and Canals 1870

Chicago = Transportation

Grid Pattern Radial Pattern (U.S.) (Europe)

Washington D.C. Both Grid AND Radial Pattern!

Modernism
Reflection of:
Automobile-based society
Industrialization
Increased Urban / Suburban Population
* Appears in all parts of the world

Modernist Architecture
“ Function over Form” = Functionalism
Simple, less adornment
Rejection of past
Local: Horizontal Orientation (more land, fewer people)
Urban: Vertical Orientation (less land, more people)
Tampa, FL

Cleveland, Ohio Modernist Not Modernist

Communist Architecture
Square-shaped
No adornments
Functional
Extremely modernist

Modernist Homes
Horizontally Oriented
Unadorned
Squarish
Frank Lloyd Wright-esque
More suburban than urban

Suburbanization
Modernist / Function over form
City conveniences without the city
Began after WWII (mass production, cars)
Automobile dependent (shopping, banking, school, etc.)
Led to the decline of the city
Loss of “neighborhood” / community
Loss of private ownership (i.e. “Mom and Pop shop”) to corporate chains

Conflict: Urban Sprawl vs. the Environment
Encroachment into Wilderness
- Animal conflicts
Plants conflicts
Environmental Impacts
Water Pollution / Depletion
Overwatering of land (Las Vegas grass ban)
Golf courses: chemicals
Depletion of aquifers
Wetland / natural habitat destruction
Smog / Pollutants from vehicle emissions
Lack of exercise (car)

The American City (Models)
Three Major Models
Sector Model
Concentric Ring Model
Multiple Nuclei Model
Three Major Districts in a City
CBD (Central Business District)
Warehouse (Industrial) District
Residential Districts

Sector Model
Sectors / population built along transportation lines (rail, river, road)
Detroit: Population along railways CBD

Population “rings” expand throughout time (newest residential neighborhoods are furthest out)
New neighborhoods may precede transportation routes
Expands “equally” in all directions
Concentric Ring Model Chicago CBD

Multiple Nuclei Model
No CBD
Many smaller business districts scattered throughout city
Los Angeles Downtown

Cities of the World

Urban Growth
Although Tokyo is the largest city in the world today, the fastest growing “megacities” in the world are in the periphery or semi-periphery
Bombay, India
Lagos, Nigeria
Dubai
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Sao Paolo, Brazil
Mexico City, Mexico
Bombay, India

xxxxxx Number of Core Cities in Top 30 1950 21 1980 11 2010 5

World Urban Dwellers

Urban Percentage of Population

Urban Growth Rates 4/5 growth in Periphery; 50% under poverty line

Primate Cities
Many of the world’s largest cities are Primate Cities
Center of government (capital), culture, economy— EVERYTHING!
MUCH larger than any other city within the country
Primate City Pop #2 City Pop
London 7.6 Birmingham 2.3
Paris 9.6 Marseilles .8
Vienna 2.0 Graz .3
Mexico City 18.1 Guadalajara 4.6
Jakarta 9.8 Surabaya 3.0
Tokyo 28.0 Yokohama 3.5

Gateway City
El Paso (U.S-Mexico)
Buffalo (U.S.-Canada)
Hong Kong (China-World)
Tangier (Africa-Europe)
St. Petersburg
(Russia-Rest of Europe)
Link (door) to another country or region because of location

“ World” Cities
Disproportionate share
of global, cultural, and financial influence
“ Where world’s
business is done”
Centers of world’s three largest economies:
U.S., Europe, Asia

World Cities 3 Centers in Tripolar Economy: New York, London, Tokyo

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Cities 11 Urban Geography 111

by lwolberg on Nov 20, 2006

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Cities 11 Urban Geography 111 — Presentation Transcript