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INTRODUCTION TO
   RESEARCH
UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH
AND ITS IMPORTANCE
•WHAT IS RESEARCH
   FOR YOU???
What is research???

• Process of collecting/gathering data and
  information by a scientific or logical
  procedure that aims to solve a
  particular scientific problem.
What is research???

• From a French word”CERCHIER”
  meaning “to seek or to search.”

• An attempt to solve or gain a solution
  to a problem.
What is research???

• A systematic, controlled, empirical and
  critical investigation of hypothetical
  propositions about the presumed
  relations among natural phenomenon.
  (Kerlinger, 1976)
What is research???

• Is an honest, scientific investigation
  undertaken for the purpose of
  discovering new facts or establishing
  new relationships among facts already
  known which will contribute to the
  present body of knowledge and can
  lead to an effective solution of existing
  problems.
WHAT ABOUT NURSING
    RESEARCH???
What is Nursing Research???


• Systematic study and assessment of
  • nursing problems or phenomenon;
  • finding ways to improve nursing practice and
    patient care through creative studies;
  • initiating and evaluating change; and
  • taking action to make new knowledge useful in
    nursing.
What is Nursing Research???

• Nursing Research includes
  • the breadth and depth of the discipline of
    nursing and the rehabilitative, therapeutic
    and preventive aspects of nursing as well
    as the preparation of practitioners and
    personnel involved in the total nursing
    sphere.
WHO NEEDS RESEARCH???
Who needs research???

• Research is for the:
  • Undergraduate students doing term papers.

  • Graduate students defending masteral
    thesis/doctoral dissertation

  • Doctors/nurses

  • Legislators needing information to formulate the
    right kinds of laws.
Who needs research???

• Technical staff of government officials providing
  the baseline reports.

• Supervisors, managers, top executives in both
  public and private sectors engaged in planning,
  decision-making evaluation and even in dealing
  with human behaviors.

• Consultants

• NGOs
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF
  RESEARCH THEN???
What is the purpose of
       research???

• Corrects perceptions

• Develops and evaluates concepts, practices and
  theories

• Gathers information on a certain phenomenon that
  are lacking in knowledge

• Obtains knowledge for practical purposes.

• Provides hard facts that serves as a basis for
  planning, decision-making, project implementation,
  monitoring and evalution.
What is the purpose of
   research???

• Finding answers to questions or solutions to
  problems.

• Discovering and interpreting new facts.

• Testing theories to revise accepted theories
  or laws in the light of new facts.

• Formulating new theories.
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF
NURSING RESEARCH???
What is the purpose of nursing
       research???

• Develop and evaluate new techniques for delivering
  care that is attuned to the health needs of our
  people.

• Develop tools for assessing the effectiveness of
  health services.

• Provide answers to problems concerning health.

• Prepare themselves not only as intelligent consumers
  of research but also as able initiators, participants or
  conductors of simple and objective researches
  themselves.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
    RESEARCH
Characteristics of Research

• Involves the gathering of new data from new sources
  or 1st hand information.

• Directed towards the solution of a problem.

• Characterized by carefully designed procedures
  applying rigorous analysis.

• Emphasizes the development of generalizations,
  principles, hypothesis and theories that may be
  helpful in predicting future occurences.

• Requires expertise
Characteristics of Research

• Demands accurate observation and description of
  what is being studied.

• Strives to be logical, applying every possible test to
  validate the procedures being employed.

• Characterized by patient and unhurried activities.

• Requires innovative approaches and determination to
  succeed.

• Carefully and accurately recorded and reported.
LIMITATIONS OF RESEARCH
Limitations of Research

• Result of faulty planning and implementation
  of the project

• The individual researcher

• The scope of knowledge or information
  available about the topic and the problem
  under study also must be considered.

• The tools of measurement may be inadequate
  or entirely lacking
TYPES OF RESEARCH
Types of Research

•   BASIC RESEARCH / PURE RESEARCH
    - a scientific investigation that involves the
    pursuit of “Knwledge for knowledge’s
    sake.”

    - PURPOSE: to generate and refine theory
    and build constructs thus, the findings may
    not be directly useful in practice.
Types of Research

II. APPLIED RESEARCH / PRACTICAL
  RESEARCH

 - knowledge is not the sake but seeking
 new applications of scientific knowledge
 to the situation of a problem.
Types of Research
II. APPLIED RESEARCH / PRACTICAL
  RESEARCH

 PURPOSE:
    - to solve a problem

    - to make a decision

    - to develop a new program, product, method or
          procedure

    - to evaluate a program,product or procedure.
Types of Research

III. OPERATIONAL RESEARCH

    - aims to discuss and study a
 recurring problem in an organization
 which may involve a study of
 concretization of the organization’s
 mission, vision, philosophy and goals.
Types of Research

IV. ACTION RESEARCH

    - undertaken to address a recurring
 problem in an organization
 immediately, usually a part of a major
 problem is addressed in this type of
 research.
Types of Research

V. TYPES OF RESEARCH ACCORDING
 TO TIME ELEMENT:

 • HISTORICAL research means “what was”

 • DESCRIPTIVE research refers to “what is”

 • EXPERIMENTAL research describes as
   “what will” when certain variables are
   carefully controlled and manipulated.
WHAT IS THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF A
GOOD RESEARCHER???
Characteristics of a GOOD
 RESEARCHER

• INTELLECTUAL

• PRUDENCE

• HEALTHY CRITICISM

• INTELLECTUAL HONESTY
WHAT DO YOU THINK ARE THE
  QUALITIES OF A GOOD
     RESEARCHER???
Qualities of a
GOOD RESEARCHER ARE:

    R   - Research oriented
    E   - Efficient
    S   - Scientific
    E   - Effective
    A   - Active
    R   - Resourceful
    C   - Creative
    H   - Honest
    E   - Economical
    R   - Religious
ETHICS IN RESEARCH
Ethics in Research

1. A permit to conduct the study must be properly
   sought from authority. Willingness of the
   prospective respondents must also be considered.

3. The researcher must assure the respondents of
   confidentiality of the data that will be gathered and
   used in the study.

5. The researcher must be willing to share the
   findings of the study with the institution where the
   respondents belong.
Ethics in Research

4. The researcher must maintain integrity in the
  publication of the findings and results of the study.

5. The researcher must not inflict harm to the
  respondents especially during an experimental
  research.

6. The researcher must consider the potential benefits
  that the respondents may get from the study.

7. The researcher must observe intellectual honesty in
  undertaking such research.

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Chapter 1-INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH

  • 1. INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
  • 3. •WHAT IS RESEARCH FOR YOU???
  • 4. What is research??? • Process of collecting/gathering data and information by a scientific or logical procedure that aims to solve a particular scientific problem.
  • 5. What is research??? • From a French word”CERCHIER” meaning “to seek or to search.” • An attempt to solve or gain a solution to a problem.
  • 6. What is research??? • A systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relations among natural phenomenon. (Kerlinger, 1976)
  • 7. What is research??? • Is an honest, scientific investigation undertaken for the purpose of discovering new facts or establishing new relationships among facts already known which will contribute to the present body of knowledge and can lead to an effective solution of existing problems.
  • 8. WHAT ABOUT NURSING RESEARCH???
  • 9. What is Nursing Research??? • Systematic study and assessment of • nursing problems or phenomenon; • finding ways to improve nursing practice and patient care through creative studies; • initiating and evaluating change; and • taking action to make new knowledge useful in nursing.
  • 10. What is Nursing Research??? • Nursing Research includes • the breadth and depth of the discipline of nursing and the rehabilitative, therapeutic and preventive aspects of nursing as well as the preparation of practitioners and personnel involved in the total nursing sphere.
  • 12. Who needs research??? • Research is for the: • Undergraduate students doing term papers. • Graduate students defending masteral thesis/doctoral dissertation • Doctors/nurses • Legislators needing information to formulate the right kinds of laws.
  • 13. Who needs research??? • Technical staff of government officials providing the baseline reports. • Supervisors, managers, top executives in both public and private sectors engaged in planning, decision-making evaluation and even in dealing with human behaviors. • Consultants • NGOs
  • 14. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF RESEARCH THEN???
  • 15. What is the purpose of research??? • Corrects perceptions • Develops and evaluates concepts, practices and theories • Gathers information on a certain phenomenon that are lacking in knowledge • Obtains knowledge for practical purposes. • Provides hard facts that serves as a basis for planning, decision-making, project implementation, monitoring and evalution.
  • 16. What is the purpose of research??? • Finding answers to questions or solutions to problems. • Discovering and interpreting new facts. • Testing theories to revise accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts. • Formulating new theories.
  • 17. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF NURSING RESEARCH???
  • 18. What is the purpose of nursing research??? • Develop and evaluate new techniques for delivering care that is attuned to the health needs of our people. • Develop tools for assessing the effectiveness of health services. • Provide answers to problems concerning health. • Prepare themselves not only as intelligent consumers of research but also as able initiators, participants or conductors of simple and objective researches themselves.
  • 19. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
  • 20. Characteristics of Research • Involves the gathering of new data from new sources or 1st hand information. • Directed towards the solution of a problem. • Characterized by carefully designed procedures applying rigorous analysis. • Emphasizes the development of generalizations, principles, hypothesis and theories that may be helpful in predicting future occurences. • Requires expertise
  • 21. Characteristics of Research • Demands accurate observation and description of what is being studied. • Strives to be logical, applying every possible test to validate the procedures being employed. • Characterized by patient and unhurried activities. • Requires innovative approaches and determination to succeed. • Carefully and accurately recorded and reported.
  • 23. Limitations of Research • Result of faulty planning and implementation of the project • The individual researcher • The scope of knowledge or information available about the topic and the problem under study also must be considered. • The tools of measurement may be inadequate or entirely lacking
  • 25. Types of Research • BASIC RESEARCH / PURE RESEARCH - a scientific investigation that involves the pursuit of “Knwledge for knowledge’s sake.” - PURPOSE: to generate and refine theory and build constructs thus, the findings may not be directly useful in practice.
  • 26. Types of Research II. APPLIED RESEARCH / PRACTICAL RESEARCH - knowledge is not the sake but seeking new applications of scientific knowledge to the situation of a problem.
  • 27. Types of Research II. APPLIED RESEARCH / PRACTICAL RESEARCH PURPOSE: - to solve a problem - to make a decision - to develop a new program, product, method or procedure - to evaluate a program,product or procedure.
  • 28. Types of Research III. OPERATIONAL RESEARCH - aims to discuss and study a recurring problem in an organization which may involve a study of concretization of the organization’s mission, vision, philosophy and goals.
  • 29. Types of Research IV. ACTION RESEARCH - undertaken to address a recurring problem in an organization immediately, usually a part of a major problem is addressed in this type of research.
  • 30. Types of Research V. TYPES OF RESEARCH ACCORDING TO TIME ELEMENT: • HISTORICAL research means “what was” • DESCRIPTIVE research refers to “what is” • EXPERIMENTAL research describes as “what will” when certain variables are carefully controlled and manipulated.
  • 31. WHAT IS THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCHER???
  • 32. Characteristics of a GOOD RESEARCHER • INTELLECTUAL • PRUDENCE • HEALTHY CRITICISM • INTELLECTUAL HONESTY
  • 33. WHAT DO YOU THINK ARE THE QUALITIES OF A GOOD RESEARCHER???
  • 34. Qualities of a GOOD RESEARCHER ARE: R - Research oriented E - Efficient S - Scientific E - Effective A - Active R - Resourceful C - Creative H - Honest E - Economical R - Religious
  • 36. Ethics in Research 1. A permit to conduct the study must be properly sought from authority. Willingness of the prospective respondents must also be considered. 3. The researcher must assure the respondents of confidentiality of the data that will be gathered and used in the study. 5. The researcher must be willing to share the findings of the study with the institution where the respondents belong.
  • 37. Ethics in Research 4. The researcher must maintain integrity in the publication of the findings and results of the study. 5. The researcher must not inflict harm to the respondents especially during an experimental research. 6. The researcher must consider the potential benefits that the respondents may get from the study. 7. The researcher must observe intellectual honesty in undertaking such research.