Fellmann11e ch11

Human Geography Jerome D. Fellmann Mark Bjelland Arthur Getis Judith Getis

An Urbanizing World
Megacities
Conurbation
When metropolitan complexes eventually meet and bind together at their outer margins
Extensive metropolitan regions
Human Geography 11e
Merging Metropolises
Megalopolis
Regions of continuous urbanization made up of multiple centers that have come together at their edges
A nearly continuous urban string that stretches from Boston to southern Virginia

Settlement Roots
Brief Histories
People are gregarious and cooperative
Sense of community for protection and cooperative effort
Rural Settlements
Communal dwelling became the near-universal rule with the advent of sedentary agriculture
Human Geography 11e

Origins and Evolution of Cities
The Nature of Cities
Cities are among the oldest marks of civilization
The words “city” and “civilization” have the same Latin root, civis
Cities originated in – or diffused from – the culture hearths that first developed sedentary agriculture
Hinterlands are the productive areas surrounding a population center
Those individuals who were not involved in farming were free to specialize in other activities – metal working, pottery making, cloth weaving, perhaps – producing goods for other urbanites
Human Geography 11e

The Nature of Cities
All cities perform functions
Cities generate income necessary to support themselves
Each city is part of a larger economy that has reciprocal connections
Human Geography 11e Insert figure 11.9 © Pixtal/age fotostock RF

Origins and Evolution of Cities
The Location of Urban Settlements
Site Characteristics: Break-of-Bulk, Head-of-Navigation, Railhead, Defensive Elements
Situational Characteristics: Raw Materials, Markets, Agriculture
Human Geography 11e

The Location of Urban Settlements
In order to adequately perform the tasks that support it, the cities must be efficiently located:
Centrality
Physical characteristics of the site - water transportation was an important localizing factor when the major American cities were established
Before the advent of railroads in the middle of the 19th century, all major American cities were associated with waterways
Human Geography 11e

Origins and Evolution
The Economic Base
Basic Sector
Export activities
Money flowing into the community is the result
Non Basic Sector
Producing goods for residents of the urban unit itself
Do not generate new money
Responsible for the internal functioning of the urban unit
Human Geography 11e

Origins and Evolution, (cont.)
The Economic Base
Base Ratios
Multiplier Effects
As a settlement increases in size, the number of non-basic personnel grows faster than the number of new basic workers
Functional Classification
Transportation Centers
Special-function Cities
Human Geography 11e

Central Places
Walter Christaller
Develop a framework for understanding urban interdependence
Developed his theory in rather idealized circumstances:
A plain
Farm population would be dispersed in an even pattern
People would be uniform; that is, they would possess similar tastes, demands, and incomes
Human Geography 11e

Central Places
Walter Christaller
Results
A series of hexagonal market areas that cover the entire plain will emerge
There will be a central place at the center of each of the hexagonal market areas.
The largest central places will supply all of the goods and services the consumers in that area demand and can afford
The size of the market area of a central place will be proportional to the number of goods and services offered from that central place
Human Geography 11e

Systems of Cities
Urban Hierarchy
World Cities
Urban centers that are control points for international production and marketing, and for international finance
Rank-Size and Primacy
Urban Influence Zones
Network Cities
Human Geography 11e

Inside the City
Defining the City Today
Suburb
Central City
Urbanized Area
Metropolitan Area
Human Geography 11e Insert figure 11.19 Photo by Mark Bjelland

Inside the City
Patterns of Urban Land Use
The Central Business District
A single point at which the maximum possible interchange could be achieved
Outside the Central Business District
Models of Urban Form
Concentric Zone
Sector Model
Multiple-Nuclei Model
Peripheral Models
Human Geography 11e

Social Areas of Cities
Social Status
Family Status
Ethnicity
Institutional Controls
Human Geography 11e

Changes in Urban Form
Suburbanization
Metropolitan Growth
Ethnoburbs
Edge Cities
Exurbs and Sprawl
Decline of the Central City
Population Shift
Abandonment by Commerce and Industry
Different Experience in Western U.S.
Central City Renewal and Gentrification
Human Geography 11e Insert figure 11.32 Photo by Lynn Betts, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service

World Urban Diversity
Western Europe
Eastern Europe
Rapidly Growing Non-Western Cities
Colonial and Non-Colonial Antecedents
Urban Primacy and Rapid Growth
Squatter Settlements
Planned Cities
Human Geography 11e Insert figure 11.34 © Digital Vision/PunchStock RF

Fellmann11e ch11

by lschmidt1170

Accessibility

Categories

Upload Details

Usage Rights

1 Embed 23

Statistics