Native Americans & Early European Exploration in the Americas
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Native Americans & Early European Exploration in the Americas
- 1. • ―Native‖ Americans • Beringia – Eskimo – Northwest – Anasazi • Pueblos • Water conservation – Similarities • Diet – Hunt, farm, fish • Bows & arrows • No writing • Vs. Europeans – Less dense – No wheels or ships – Small animals only • Ericsson • Prince Henry • Bartolomeu Dias • Vasco da Gama breaks Mediterranean monopoly 1498 • Portugal inches along African coast – Slaves – Religion
- 2. • Cape Verde 1st plantations • Ottoman Turks – Genoa & Venice – Atlantic nations look west – Spain – Moors • Columbus – Bad with the ruler – San Salvador • Bahamas – Hispaniola • La Navidad – Returns with natives – 4 trips – Columbian Exchange • Goods, ppl & ideas • Treaty of Tordesillas – Portugal – Brazil only – de Gama 1498 • Cabot – Northwest Passage/ cod • Cabral
- 3. – Vespucci • Balboa • Magellan – West voyage not feasible • Conquistadores – Cortez • Aztec – Empire, tribute, sacrifice • Spain most powerful after – Pizarro • Inca • French – Verrazano – Cartier – Up to now – No settlements in America – Spanish Empire – Portugal to China – International fishing – Huguenots – Challenge to Spain – St. Augustine 1st • England
- 4. – John Hawkins Africa to Haiti • Factors encouraging exploration – Technological advances – Monarchs looking to enlarge, enrich – Gold, glory & the Gospel • England supplants Spain – Henry VIII – Elizabeth • Reform – Drake – Roanoke Island – Armada • Spain defends Cath. • English pond • England Colonizes in a Big Way
- 5. • Hakluyt – New trade partners – Ease unemployment • Pressure valve • 1530-1680 Pop doubled causing many to leave • Joint-stock company – VA London – VA Plymouth – Takes time for profit – Jamestown – License to poach – Terrible location • Swamp, drought – Gentlemen/servants – Search for gold • 38/144 – Malnutrition, disease, European traditions of labor – Could have done better if they learned to farm – John Smith • Harsh • ―The Starving Time‖ • Powhatan Confederacy – Aid led to survival
- 6. – Weapons for reinforcing • Lord de la Warr – Irish tactics • Raid, burn, steal • Natives inferior • Almost exterminated due to VA success • John Rolfe – Made VA a stable colony – Seals peace by marriage • Spread of the vile weed – Scattered settlements – Constant encroaching • Labor force – Indentured • Lack of labor • Poor, willing • Cheap, abundant • 2x or 3x pay • Most migrants to Chesapeake • Many premature deaths • Society of servants and ex-servants • Sometimes sold • Extended– legally
- 7. – Stole, ran away, pregnant – Women no marriage – Freedom dues – Headright • Wealthy gentry class – More land, more workers – New arrivals in 1619 • Africans & wives? • House of Burgesses – Series of harsh rulers – Representative self-government • Local laws only but, it set a precedent of self-government at local level in colonies • James hates tobacco and distrusted H of B. • Charter revoked 1624, reinstated 1629 • Maryland – Proprietary • Lord B’more • Sanctuary – But… conflict » Majority Protestants as yeoman » Catholics as gentry – Act of Toleration 1649 • Depended on tobacco & indentured servants
- 8. • Polarized society post 1649 – Land, money in east – Untamed in the west – Gov. Berkeley • No elections for 15 years • Only male landowners & heads of households • Monopolized fur trade w/ Indians • Bacon’s Rebellion – Big guys & little guys, Berkeley removed – New workforce • New England • Pilgrims – Separatists – Too corrupt – Holland – Mayflower Compact • Political body & legal auth • Will of majority – Squanto • Pilgrims as allies • Thanksgiving • Mass. Bay Colony – Covenant
- 9. • Contract for a mission – ―City Upon a Hill‖ • Reform the Church of Eng. – King’s puppet – Families, educated, college – Voting rights • Property owning males • Popular got big tracts • The sewer where the ―Lord’s debris‖ collected and rotted • Connecticut – Thomas Hooker – All males – Fundamental Orders of CT. • Rhode Island – Roger Williams • Land belonged to… • Freedom of religion – Newport 1658 – Anne Hutchinson • Comm. Directly with God • Relations with Indians • Pequot War of 1637 – White settlement disrupted trade
- 10. – Narragansett allies – Heavily criticized • Tried to Christianize • Indians knew only unity stops encroachment • King Philip’s War – Encroachment • Surrounded Indian towns • Sassamon • Mohawk • Great Swamp • Sold into slavery • Debt, ruined frontier, hatred • Eunice Williams stayed • Mary Rowlandson– Redemption Rock • Trouble in New England • Salem – Tituba • Witchcraft • Specters – Causes • Continual disorder explained by blame – Indian attacks – Decline of Puritan society
- 11. – Ergot • The Other Colonies • New York – 1609 Hudson – Albany – New Netherlands – New Amsterdam • Manhattan • Patroonships • Headright – Diverse – Huguenots • Peter Stuyvesant • Duke of York– James • Pennsylvania – Wm. Penn – Quaker – Proprietary – Indians • Purchase land, deal fairly, respect claims • Those having probs elsewhere – Religious toleration • ―in the souls there is no sex‖
- 13. • Carolina – Restoration as others – Barbados in south • Charles Town • Slaves • Staple crops – Eliza Lucas – VA influence in north • Regulator – no reapportioning—not represented • Georgia – Oglethorpe – Buffer/Reform • Between two empires – Savannah • Navigation Acts – Mercantilism—raw materials – Only English/colonial ships – Enumerated – Designed to make money and stop competition – Board of Trade • Parliament passed rules but they didn’t affect the colonies unless stated – Salutary Neglect • Robert Walpole
- 14. – Ignoring leads to more wealth • Admiralty Courts • Crown attacks colonies charters – Mass Bay Colony charter revoked – Dominion of New England • Under direct English control • All land titles invalidated – Edmund Andros – Glorious Revolution • Influenced colonists to rise as well • Mass Bay restored with additions – Leisler’s Rebellion – Coode • More Indian Wars – New York • Beaver Wars • Iroquois – Needed to war to replenish since European disease killing them – North Carolina • Tuscarora—many enslaved – South Carolina • Yamassee – Abused by whites (sold into slavery)
- 15. – Threatened lands – Spanish intrigue • Slavery – Portuguese – Africans practiced violence • Europeans didn’t have to • Xtianized them instead – Triangular Trade • Products/ trade became basis of European economy • Middle Passage – Rebellion • Stono – Can’t overturn slavery; can’t win the fight for freedom. • Colonial experiences – The Great Awakening • First shared • Religious indifference – Convert non-believers and revive piety of believers – Most didn’t go to church • Revivals – Jonathan Edwards » Sinners… • Led to religious diversity
- 16. • Enlightenment – Liberty, liberty, property » John Locke • Right of rebellion » Peter Zenger – Religion » Deism » God the Clockmaker – Ben Franklin » Poor Richard’s • Work & wealth • The French in America – Champlain • Coureurs de bois • Black Robes—Jesuits – Robert de la Salle • Mississippi – No suppression of Indian – They liked European goods • Kept Spanish out • Wars with the French – King William/Queen Anne • Mostly European affairs
- 17. • Attacks on frontier towns by French/Indians told colonists that they still needed English protection – King George’s War – Louisbourg • Colonists furious – Boston widows • French and Indian War – Contested land • Ohio Valley • French forts • Gov. Dinwiddie – Washington » Surrenders » British retaliate • Nova Scotia – Albany Congress • Albany Plan for Union – Ben Franklin » Win Indians—they made no commitment » Colonists meet annually » Colonies & crown refused • Not enough or too much independence – General Braddock • Duquesne—war declared
- 18. • Colonists refused to fight • British thought colonists bear the responsibility • Indians side with French—less land-hungry – William Pitt—Great Commoner • Picked better commanders – Recruitment was local now • Finance thoroughly—but… leads to huge debt – Boon to colonies economy – Turning point • Focus on North America – Attack Quebec – Cripple France’s colonies – Plains of Abraham » Wolfe & Montcalm » Iroquois allied w/ GB – Treaty of Paris • Indians lose land as colonists mover west • England east, Spain west
- 19. – Colonial hangover • Colonists have military confidence • Colonist officers treated poorly – No promotions—British discipline brutal – Amateurs • British concerns – Americans traded with enemy – Americans begin to head west – Pontiac’s Rebellion • Refused to surrender lands • Britain raised prices • Several British forts attacked • Many lives lost, long time to quell • Britain retaliated with germ warfare – Proclamation of 1763 • Keep peace—no settling west • Stationed soldiers here for same • British problems – War debt – Colonists should help pay for empire – Pitt’s role – Standing Army (where?!?) – Quartering Act
- 20. • Sugar Act – Molasses Act – Rewards for capture • Stamp Act – Internal tax – James Otis • No rep in Parle • Direct rep here • Grenville virtual – Sons & Daughters • Boycott – VA Resolves • Patrick Henry • Caesar, Chas I and George – Stamp Act Congress • First successful union • 9 of 13 • Rights & Grievances – Tax and represent redux – Jury w/o trial – Restrict on trade • Prevent distribution – Andrew Oliver
- 21. » Effigy – Thomas Hutchinson » All resigned • Boycott worked • Declaratory Act • Townsend Acts – Revenue Act of 1765 – Customs collectors paid by crown – Tax on lead, glass, paint, tea – Writs of assistance – New York Assembly – Circular Letter • Sam Adams • Tax w/o consent? • VA Assembly agrees dissolved • Currently – Taxes – Houses searched – Troops stationed at the center of hotbeds • Boston Massacre – March 5, 1770 – Soldiers withdrawn – Townsend repealed
- 22. • Gaspée – Crown’s commission to find perpetrators – Committees of Correspondence • Cooperation to oppose • Boston Tea Party – British East India Tea Co. • Smuggled tea • Tax lowered • Favoritism • Hurt current suppliers • Hurt smugglers • ―Intolerable‖ Acts – 1. Boston Harbor – 2. Mass. Charter – 3. Trials in England – 4. New Quartering Act – 5. Quebec Act • New borders – Land granted to Catholics! – No precedent – General Gage • First Continental Congress – Rights & Grievances
- 23. • Hope for cooler heads in Parlement– no response • Continental Association – Manage boycott – Ben Franklin » ―we must hang together…‖ – Colonists forced to choose sides – Meet again in one year • Lexington & Concord 4/75 – Stockpiles – Paul Revere/Wm. Dawes – Sam Adams/John Hancock – Boston under siege • Second Continental Congress – G. Washington C-in-C – Mass Militia named Cont. Army • Bunker Hill – 3 attempts – Pyrrhic victory – Hessians – Ports closed – Halifax
- 25. • Ethan Allen • Canadian Invasion – Ben Arnold • Fawkes Day – Americans need European support • Common Sense/ Thomas Paine • Hessian = war’s unpopularity • Independence needed for European support – Richard Henry Lee – ―these colonies are and of right ought to be independent states‖ – Committee formed • Adams, Franklin, Jefferson et al • SC & GA edit – ―all men are… life, liberty and pursuit…‖ – Government purpose is to allow constituents… – Government derive their power – If government fails… • All signers… treason! – All states were encouraged to write const • All took power away from executive • Battle of New York – No pursuit – Lots of desertion
- 26. – The Crisis • Brit ad/disadvantages – Profession army – 3000 miles – Re-conquer w/o destroy • Divide and conquer • Tories • Keep allegiance • Americans – Good generals/ bad also – Home game – Bonus (land) for enlistment • Women – Nurses, domestic tasks, Robert Shurtleff, Molly Pitcher • New Jersey – Delaware River • Trenton • Princeton • Britain attempts to cut off NE – Howe – Philadelphia – Burgoyne – Saratoga
- 27. • One of the world’s biggest! • French – Repossess – Reconcile? • Home-rule • Philadelphia – Brandywine – Accomplished nothing – Fired-up colonists • Valley Forge – Baron von Steuben – Post Saratoga/Philadelphia new strategy • War in the west – Iroquois Alliance – George Rogers Clark – Indians neutral to British • War on the sea – John Paul Jones • Bonhomme Richard – Privateers • War in the South – Charleston/ Savannah • Put Tories in charge
- 28. • African-Americans • Nathaniel Greene – ―we fight, get beat, fight again – Guerrilla warfare » Francis Marion, Thomas Sumter » Drag British inland – Yorktown • De Grasse • Cut their loses – Treaty of Paris
- 29. • State Constitutions – Reduced power of governors – Most bi-cameral – Limited voting rights—25-50% of all males disenfranchised • South—at least you ain’t Black – VA had Bill of Rights • Republican government – Elected reps – Most favor weak central government – Articles of Confed. • 1st constitution – Conduct foreign affairs – Maintain armed forces – Borrow money – Issue currency » Could not » Regulate trade » Draft an army » Tax » To pass law—9 of 13 » To amend—all 13 » No exec, no judicial » Tariff tried but…
- 30. – One vote per state – Ratification problems » Western lands • March 1781 • Accomplishments – Won war – Foreign affairs – New states • Land Policy – Ordinance 1785 • First independent source of revenue • rectangular with 1 of every 36 for education • 640 acres each—$1 per acre • Public auction • Speculators – Ordinance of 1787 • Northwest Territory • 3 to 5 states • 60,000 • Equal to others • Bill of Rights • No slavery – Fugitive slave law included
- 31. • Problems with money – Soldiers wages – 1781 march on PHL – Paper $ worthless – Dept. of Finance created • Robert Morris • 5% on imports – Denied—A of C government could get too powerful • Depression – Rice crop destroyed – Farms confiscated for non-payment of state taxes – West Indies closed to trade (Britain) – Britain flooded • Shay’s Rebellion – Mass broke – Tax farmers – Judge taking lands – Shay leads rebellion to courts, arsenal – 4 killed by Bowdoin’s troops • Many feared future rebellions • A of C not strong enough • Slavery – Many states immediate to gradual in Northern states
- 32. – Manumission – All men…. Quok Walker • Only humans in South – NJ let free & women vote • Constitutional Convention – Annapolis Conference – Madison/Hamilton • Changes—A of C too weak • 55 delegates—most lawyers, all rich • Closed doors no notes – VA Plan & NJ Plan—how to satisfy big/small states • VA 2 house, both pop proportional, chief chose by legislature • People choose lower, lower chooses upper • NJ one house one vote per state • Plural execs – The Great Compromise • Roger Sherman • 2-house, H of Reps by pop, Senate (2 for all states) • 3/5 clause • Slavery not interfered with till 1808 • 9 of 13 states required to ratify • Ratification – Federalists
- 33. – Anti-Federalists • Fear of a distant power • Bill of Rights – Delaware • New Hampshire • Virginia – B of Rights to be added • New York – Federalist essays • Detailed failure of A of C • First Election – Washington • Adams • Dept of State—Jefferson • Dept of the Treasury—Hamilton • Dept of War • Cabinet (advisers) – Adams just presided of Senate • Judiciary Act of 1789 – Supreme Ct. – John Jay • Bill of Rights – Madison
- 34. – 12—10 – Nothing on who could vote • Financial Problems – Hamilton • Tariff – To protect/ foster – South no, North yes • Report on Public Credit • Fed debt (par) – Speculators—wealthy have stake • Assumption – States – South not happy – Washington • National Bank • Vault, loans, currency • Strict • Loose—Necessary & Proper • Political parties • Whiskey Rebellion – Hamilton’s programs • 25% • Barter = no cash
- 35. • Serious threat • Nationalize PA militia • Frontier Problems – Indians look to Britain/Spain – Anthony Wayne • Battle of Fallen Timbers 1794 • Treaty of Greenville 1795 – Ohio • European Problems – French Revolution – Neutrality – Citizen Genet – Jefferson resigns – British impress • Jay’s Treaty – Hamilton’s role – Northwest – Withdraw – Pay for ships – Allow trade w/ British W.I. – Freed slaves – French capture US ships • Executive Privilege
- 36. – Pinckney’s Treaty • Right of Deposit • Mississippi • Washington’s Farewell – Precedent – Party system – Foreign alliances • Election of 1796 – Adams/ Chas. Pinckney – Jefferson/ Burr – 71-68 – 12th Amendment • Adam’s Presidency – Problems w/ France • XYZ Affair – Shipping – Talleyrand • Undeclared war – Dept of Navy – Alien & Sedition Acts • Aimed at Republicans – 14 year naturalization • Sedition Act
- 37. – KY & VA Resolutions • Constitution a compact • Nullification
- 38. • Election of 1800 – Adams hurt by A/S & taxes to build navy – Jay’s Treaty – Whiskey Rebellion – Jeff called Jacobin etc – Fathered mulatto – Atheist – Jeff v. Burr – 26 ballots later – Deal made? – Hamilton role – VA threat to march on DC – Revolution of 1800—peaceful transition—―we are all Republicans, we are all…‖ • Jeff presidency – Weak gov’t • States center of power – Compact! • New capital • Pay down debt – Albert Gallatin – Warships decommissioned – Army downsized – Excise tax abolished
- 39. – Sedition Act expires—many freed – Repealed Naturalization Act – Kept par, assumption, tariff • Midnight Appts – Keep feds in power – John Marshall – Marbury v. Madison • Madison Secy of State*** – Writ of mandamus – Part of 1789 Act unconstitutional because only exec can enforce, not SC – Judicial Review – Sam Chase—big proponent of Sedition Act • Senate too Federalist • SC maintains its independence • Foreign Policy – Tripoli • Increased tribute refused by Jeff • War declared • Stephen Decatur – Louisiana Purchase • French get Louisiana back • Threat to Right of Deposit • French Empire here?
- 40. • Eli Whitney • Robert Livingston, James Monroe mission • Haitian Revolt – Toussaint L’Ouverture – Malaria killed 1000s of French soldiers – War w/ GB financed by sale • Federalists oppose—losing influence to South & West – Strict v. loose – Louisiana 1812 – Doubled size – Lewis & Clark » Foster good relations » Flora/fauna » Water route to Pacific » Claim to Oregon » Sacajawea • Scout/translator • Domestic – Essex Junto » New England, NY & NJ • NE threatened by Louis. Purchase » Burr as governor of NY » Hamilton remarks
- 41. » Duel » Burr flees • Southwest Empire? • Acquitted of treason • 2nd Term – Problems w/ Britain & France • Continental system • Orders in Council • Impressment – 6,000 from 1808-1811 • Chesapeake v. HMS Leopard – 3 dead, 18 wounded • Embargo Act – Disaster – Smuggling – GB not as reliant as hoped – Feds in Northeast hating on Jeff – Started Industrial Revolution as US became self-sufficient • 1809 Non-Intercourse Act – Every nation except GB/FR • Election of 1808 – Madison but Feds gain seats in Congress – Macon’s Bill Number 2
- 42. • Hope both drop restrictions • Napoleon deceives – War Hawks • Henry Clay • John C Calhoun • Andrew Jackson • Anti-British – Tippecanoe • William Henry Harrison • Prophet/Tecumseh • Federation • Tecumseh flees to Canada • Causes for War – War Hawks push for declaration of war and attack on Canada – Attack Florida – Impressment – Federalists opposed – Sectional vote – Orders in Council suspended but news travels slow • War of 1812 – Ad: GB tied up w/ Napoleon • Home game • Canada real target & not heavily populated
- 43. – Dis-ad: • Small army & old • ―Mr. Madison’s War‖ – Invasion of Canada • William Hull & Detroit • NY militia – Lake Erie • Oliver Hazard Perry • Retreating British (former loyalists) at Thames/Tecumseh by Harrison • York – Naval Victories • USS Constitution • Mostly fought on inland lakes • Privateers very successful • British impose blockade – Economy crippled – Treasury broke – Bank allowed to expire – 1814 Napoleon defeated • British invade Chesapeake – Washington – Baltimore 8/14 » Francis Scott Key
- 44. • British invade from Canada – Macdonough » Plattsburgh 9/14 » Too costly • Southwest Campaign – Andrew Jackson – Horseshoe Bend – Treaty of Ghent • Status Quo Ante Bellum • Battle of New Orleans • Hartford Convention – Feds last hurrah • Openly traded w/ GB • Militia refused to leave states – 3/5 Clause—60 day embargo—1 term President—no successive Pres. From same state—2/3 vote for new states – Delegation arrives same time as news of Jackson victory • Era of Good Feelings – Nationalism high – BUS re-chartered 1816 • Local banks printed worthless • War effort hurt – Tariff of 1816 • Protect
- 45. – Florida • Adams- Onis – 1816 Election • James Monroe – Rush-Bagot/Convention of 1818 • Demilitarized Great Lakes • To the Rockies • 49th
- 46. • Panic of 1819 – Westward migration • Steamships • Land speculation • Wildcat banks • Couldn’t redeem notes • 1st panic ever • Many people lost $$$ • Led to distrust of BUS – MD tried to tax BUS out of existence – McCulloch v. MD • MO Compromise – Whitney and LA Purchase – Slavery to foreground • Profitable & expanding – Balanced Senate • Tallmadge Amendment – Gradual abolition – Dangerous precedent for rest of LA Purchase » Dangerous for South too – Comp reached • Clay • MO slave, Maine free, 12-12
- 47. • No slavery north of 36-30 • Foreign Policy under Monroe cont’d – Monroe Doctrine • US with GB help • Closed • US stays out of European affairs • Britain maintains trade & Canada • Election of 1824 – Caucus system breaks down • One party • Crawford—Clay—Adams—Jackson • Jackson wins pop & electoral but – Plurality – House – Clay’s role – ―Corrupt Bargain‖ • Adam’s Presidency – Internal improvements • National road • Canals – Chesapeake & Ohio – Erie—private • National University?
- 48. • Naval College? • Election of 1828 – Jackson • Democratic Republicans (Democrats) – Property qualifications dropped (RI 1842 Dorr) • Rachel • Opposed to all things Adams – Adams • National Republicans • Jackson’s Presidency – Inauguration • ―King Mob‖ – Spoils System • Loyalists • Beginnings of patronage in a two-party system • Jackson & the Tariff of 1828 – Inherited – Abominations – South manufactured little – South sold worldwide so could be penalized – Real crux—slavery could be interfered with by feds • MO Compromise rekindled • Denmark Vesey Rebellion 1822
- 49. • SC Exposition • Calhoun • KY & VA Resolutions – Nullies • Tariff of 1832 – Not enough – Declared null & void – Threatened secession – Jackson… ―Hang the first…‖ – Clay compromise » 1833 tariff drops to 1816 levels » Force Bill • Repealed nullification & nullified Force Bill • Indian Removal—Trail of Tears – Cherokee Americanized • Sequoya alphabet • Slave owners • GA refused to recognize them • Supreme Court ruled them a sovereign nation • Worcester v. GA • ―John Marshall has made his decision…‖ • West to save them • Sauk/Fox led by Black Hawk
- 50. – Davis/Lincoln • Seminole/Osceola • Eaton Malaria – Peggy Eaton—wife of Sec’y of War – Floride Calhoun – Rachel??? – Entire cabinet resigned – Martin Van Buren sympathetic – Becomes frontrunner for VP • The Bank War & Election of 1832 – BUS controlled economy – Private & answerable to few – Controlled gold & silver – Nicholas Biddle – Clay/ Webster try to re-charter in 1832 • Charter not up till 1836 • Force the issue w/ Jackson to beat him • Vetoed (as he did more than any other Pres.) • Clay as Nat-Rep – 1st National Nominating Conventions (no more caucus) with platforms • Third Party—Anti-Mason – William Wirt/ William Morgan (former Mason) – Anti- Jackson party
- 51. – Later morphed into Whigs • Killing the Bank – Roger Taney – BUS calls in loans to create crisis – ―Pet‖ banks • Wildcats again – Specie Circular • Public lands in ―hard‖ currency to counter wildcats • Led to less speculation but another panic in 1837 that cost his successor • Whig Party origins & the Election of 1836 – Anti-Jacksonians—King Andrew I • Only last so long • South hates tariffs • North hates slavery • Clay hates Jackson • Westerners for Clay & the American System • Anti-Masons – Election of 1836 • Van Buren • Whigs—―Favorite Sons‖ – Wm. Henry Harrison • Van Buren’s Presidency – First born in ―America‖
- 52. – ―Machine-made‖ – Other Dems resented – Trouble in Maine • Aroostook • Webster-Ashburton 1842 – Abolitionism in full swing – Panic of 1837 • Land spec. • Wildcats • Specie Circular • Wheat crop fail • Pet banks failed • Government $$$ • Buren– laissez faire • Independent Treasury Bill – Trail of Tears 1838
- 53. • Election of 1840 – Tippecanoe & Tyler too! • Military hero (figurehead) & lackey for votes • Whigs (Clay) to pull puppet strings • ―Log Cabin Campaign‖ – Democrats playbook – ―Van, Van is a used up man‖ – Martin Van ―Ruin‖ – Economy cost him dearly • Panic of 1837 • John Tyler – More an anti-Jackson Democrat – His Accidency – Anti-Bank, Anti- Tariff, Anti-Internal Improvements • All at odds with Clay – Whig Congress • Ended Independent Treasury Bill • Passed new Bank of US – Vetoed – Mass resignations – Expelled by Whig caucus » Pres. w/ no party – Webster stayed on as he was negotiating W-Ash.
- 54. • Texas – Mexico wanted to populate after independence – Stephen Austin • 300 Rom. Cath. Families • Failed to become ―Mexicanized‖ • Some one step ahead of American law • Mexico emancipated 1830 – Forbid any more American colonization – Forbid any more slavery importation – Stephen Austin to Mex. Cy. • Santa Anna tosses him in jail 1833 • Santa Anna suspends all local rights 1835 – Raises army • Lone Star Republic – 1836 Independence – Sam Houston as C in Chief – Alamo • Davy Crockett/Jim Bowie—martyrs • San Jacinto • Santa Anna forced to terms – Texas Independence – Rio Grande as border – Anna repudiated when released
- 55. – Texas asks for annexation – Jackson recognized them, but northern cries of ―slavocracy‖ – Mexico considered them a province in revolt • Texas attracts attn of all Europe, esp. Britain – Cotton, no tariffs • Election of 1844 – Texas big issue – Clay—Whig—no platform v. • Clay waffled on Texas – Polk—Democrat—pro-Texas, pro-annexation • 54’40 or fight, California – Anti-slavery Liberty Party caused Democrat win in NY – Polk win meant mandate for Tyler • But, joint resolution – Mexico left Texas (& US) little choice • European intrigues draw US into war? • Oregon – Britain (Hudson Bay Co. losing population race • Robert Gray, Lewis & Clark – Manifest Destiny takes root – Polk cooled to 54’40 when we got Texas • At war too • South not excited for Oregon now
- 56. • Oregonians sour on South too • Problems with Mexico – Polk wants California – Mexico recalled ambassador after annex – Nueces (prior to annex) v. Rio Grande • Nueces Rio Grande no man’s land – Slidell to Mexico to buy California • Not received • Zack Taylor to Rio w/ 4,000 • American blood shed on American soil – US declared war – ―spot resolutions‖—precise spot – Northerners not happy » HD Thoreau—―Civil Disobedience‖ – Britain ready to seize CA • War with Mexico – Polk hopes for quick victories – Polk & Santa Anna • Reneged & rallied – Taylor heads south • Buena Vista – Winfield Scott from Veracruz • Must capture Mex. City
- 57. – Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – NM & CA • Effects of war – 1st invasion – 13,000 lives—mostly disease – Lots of experience for the upcoming CW • Slavery issue rekindled – Wilmot Proviso – Southern ―Slavocracy‖ • Election of 1848 – Democrats—Lewis Cass • Popular sovereignty, but no stand in territories – Whigs—Zack Taylor—slaveholder, no stand in territories – Free-Soil Party—Van Buren • Against slavery, pro-Wilmot • Racists who didn’t want to share new lands • abolitionists • ―free soil, speech, labor, men‖ – NY again! • California dreaming – John Sutter—49ers – Grows fast! – Most anti-slavery, many lawless
- 58. – Government badly needed – Taylor encourages bypass territory and come in free – Still tied—nothing on horizon for South • California as precedent for rest of Mexican cession? • Compromise of 1850—Clay urges North/South to compromise—aided by Taylor’s death – Fugitive Slave Law • Underground RR – Harriet Tubman—―Moses‖ – California—balance permanently tilted – NM & Utah—pop. Sovereignty • North Opposition to FSL – $5 if freed, $10 if returned – Aid in escape?—fines and jail – Personal liberty laws • Denied use of jails, hampered fed officials • Massachusetts refused to enforce (nullification) – The one saving grace for South is being quashed in North • Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852—Harriet Beecher Stowe • Election of 1852 – Democrats—Franklin Pierce—deadlock led to ―dark-horse‖ • Pro-slavery northerner • ―the hero of many a well-fought bottle‖ – Whigs—no Fillmore—need another war hero
- 59. • Winfield Scott • No consistent support from sectional Whigs – End of the Whig Party • Pierce Presidency – Expansionism – Wm. Walker—Nicaragua—overthrown – Cuba—Ostend Manifesto—word leaked to Northerners – Gadsden Purchase • West coast difficult to get to • Secy of War J. Davis sent Gadsden (S. Car.) • Terminus in South – Kansas-Nebraska Act • North wants Terminus • Stephen Douglas • Nebraska split into 2 territories – Popular sovereignty » Voided MO Comp. » Voided 1850 FSL in practice in North » New Republican Party • Prevent spread of slavery • Democratic Party becoming very Southern • Republicans not a factor in South •