Linux-Fu for PHP Developers

About Me Lorna Mitchell Developer at Ibuildings European Rep for http://phpwomen.org Personal blog http://lornajane.net Compulsive keyboard user (for accessibility reasons)

Linux-Fu

Outline basic commands first utilities access permissions useful utilities

Linux Philosophy

Basic Commands

pwd Print Working Directory - shows you where you are lorna@taygete:~/Documents$ pwd /home/lorna/Documents

ls list files -a for all including hidden files lorna@taygete:~/Documents$ ls -a . jam_labels.pdf netball .. libmemcache_install_notes.txt tek_instruction advent_web_services.rtf linux-fu_geekup.txt using_the_commu girlgeek_post2.txt memcache.odt jam_labels.odt memcache.rtf

ls -l for long list ls -la lorna@taygete:~/Documents$ ls -la total 136 drwxr-xr-x 3 lorna lorna 4096 2009-04-24 09:37 . drwxr-xr-x 66 lorna lorna 4096 2009-04-23 17:33 .. -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 16790 2008-12-04 22:54 advent_web_services.rt -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 1263 2008-12-10 12:16 girlgeek_post2.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 10700 2008-12-20 16:08 jam_labels.odt -rw-rw-rw- 1 lorna lorna 6747 2008-12-25 21:35 jam_labels.pdf -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 316 2009-03-19 19:28 libmemcache_install_no -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 189 2009-02-08 16:02 linux-fu_geekup.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 33275 2008-12-04 11:37 memcache.odt -rw-r-xr-- 1 lorna users 28205 2008-12-04 11:37 memcache.rtf drwxr-xr-x 2 lorna lorna 4096 2009-04-24 09:37 netball -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 940 2008-12-09 09:43 tek_instructions.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 461 2008-11-28 22:49 using_the_community.tx

ls -t for list by time -r for sort in reverse order lorna@taygete:~/Documents$ ls -lrt total 128 -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 461 2008-11-28 22:49 using_the_community.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 33275 2008-12-04 11:37 memcache.odt -rw-r-xr-- 1 lorna users 28205 2008-12-04 11:37 memcache.rtf -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 16790 2008-12-04 22:54 advent_web_services.rtf -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 940 2008-12-09 09:43 tek_instructions.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 1263 2008-12-10 12:16 girlgeek_post2.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 10700 2008-12-20 16:08 jam_labels.odt -rw-rw-rw- 1 lorna lorna 6747 2008-12-25 21:35 jam_labels.pdf -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 189 2009-02-08 16:02 linux-fu_geekup.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 316 2009-03-19 19:28 libmemcache_install_not drwxr-xr-x 2 lorna lorna 4096 2009-04-24 09:37 netball

ls ls <path> to list contents of a different directory

cd Change Directory cd <dir> to enter a subdir lorna@taygete:~$ cd /etc lorna@taygete:/etc$ cd cron.d lorna@taygete:/etc/cron.d$ cd .. to go up a level lorna@taygete:/etc/cron.d$ cd .. lorna@taygete:/etc$

cd cd ~ to go home lorna@taygete:/etc$ cd ~ lorna@taygete:~$ pwd /home/lorna lorna@taygete:~$ cd - to go back to where you came from lorna@taygete:~$ cd - lorna@taygete:/etc$ pwd /etc

First Utilities

touch creates an empty file with current timestamp no feedback (this is *nix) lorna@taygete:~/talks/temp$ touch unicorns.txt lorna@taygete:~/talks/temp$ ls -lA total 0 -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 0 2009-04-24 09:50 unicorns.txt

cat outputs a file to your terminal cat <file> lorna@taygete:~/talks$ cat orange.txt Oranges are not the only fruit (name of a book) lorna@taygete:~/talks$

less/more pager for viewing longer content more <file> less <file> use less – it really is more in this case

stdin/stdout stdin quot;standard inquot; – input to a program, usually command line arguments stdout quot;standard outquot; – output, usually to your screen

stdin/stdout photo credit: ppdigital

pipe quot;chainingquot; operator output of one program pushed along the pipe to the input of the next

pipe cat orange.txt index.php | more lorna@taygete:~/talks$ cat orange.txt index.php | more Oranges are not the only fruit (name of a book) <?php class Response { public function output() { header('Content-type: text/xml'); echo '<?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?>'; echo quot;nquot;; } } --More--

file redirection operators a.k.a. quot;pointy bracketsquot; < and > > directs stdout to the named file >> appends to the file rather than truncating it before outputting

file redirection operators lorna@taygete:~/talks$ mysqldump --compact -u root -p test Enter password: SET @saved_cs_client = @@character_set_client; SET character_set_client = utf8; CREATE TABLE ùsers` ( ùser_id` int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment, `name` varchar(20) default NULL, PRIMARY KEY (ùser_id`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM AUTO_INCREMENT=2 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1; SET character_set_client = @saved_cs_client; INSERT INTO ùsers` VALUES (1,'lornajane');

file redirection operators lorna@taygete:~/talks$ mysqldump --compact -u root -p test > test.sql Enter password: lorna@taygete:~/talks$ lorna@taygete:~/talks$ mysqldump --compact -u root -p test | gzip > test.sql.gz Enter password: lorna@taygete:~/talks$

file redirection operators < directs the contents of the file to stdin lorna@taygete:~/talks$ mysql -u root -p test < test.sql Enter password: lorna@taygete:~/talks$

Access

telnet not now used much for server access useful for direct port access telnet <host> <port>

ssh Secure SHell prompts for password, you arrive at command prompt

scp secure copy copies files over a one-off ssh connection if you have ssh access, this is available scp <source> <target> source and/or target can be remote paths

scp lorna@taygete:~$ scp cherries.jpg lorna@rivendell.local:fruit.jpg lorna@rivendell.local's password: cherries.jpg 100% 162KB 162.3KB/s 00:00

scp lorna@taygete:~$ scp cherries.jpg lorna@rivendell.local: lorna@rivendell.local's password: cherries.jpg 100% 162KB 162.3KB/s 00:00

scp lorna@taygete:~$ scp -r talks lorna@rivendell.local:talks/ lorna@rivendell.local's password: thing.jpg 100% 162KB 162.3KB/s 00:00 credits.txt 100% 68 0.1KB/s 00:00 index.php 100% 167 0.2KB/s 00:00 cherries.jpg 100% 162KB 162.3KB/s 00:00 orange.txt 100% 44 0.0KB/s 00:00 misc.php 100% 59 0.1KB/s 00:00 long_file.txt 100% 2383 2.3KB/s 00:00 what.jpg 100% 162KB 162.3KB/s 00:00

sftp SSH File Transfer Protocol similar to FTP many FTP clients handle SFTP more secure easy to set up, part of SSH server

Permissions

Permissions 10 characters of information see in the output of ls lorna@taygete:~/Documents$ ls -la total 136 drwxr-xr-x 3 lorna lorna 4096 2009-04-24 09:37 . drwxr-xr-x 66 lorna lorna 4096 2009-04-23 17:33 .. -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 16790 2008-12-04 22:54 advent_web_services.rt -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 1263 2008-12-10 12:16 girlgeek_post2.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 10700 2008-12-20 16:08 jam_labels.odt -rw-rw-rw- 1 lorna lorna 6747 2008-12-25 21:35 jam_labels.pdf -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 316 2009-03-19 19:28 libmemcache_install_no -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 189 2009-02-08 16:02 linux-fu_geekup.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 33275 2008-12-04 11:37 memcache.odt -rw-r-xr-- 1 lorna users 28205 2008-12-04 11:37 memcache.rtf drwxr-xr-x 2 lorna lorna 4096 2009-04-24 09:37 netball -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 940 2008-12-09 09:43 tek_instructions.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 461 2008-11-28 22:49 using_the_community.tx

Permissions

chmod change permissions chmod <class><operator><mode> <file> class: u,g,o,a (user, group, other, all) operator: +, -, = mode: r,w,x, or any combination

chmod add execute permission for group lorna@taygete:~/Documents$ chmod g+rx memcache.rtf lorna@taygete:~/Documents$ ls -lA total 132 -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 16790 2008-12-04 22:54 advent_web_services.rt lrwxrwxrwx 1 lorna lorna 22 2009-03-16 12:04 downloads -> /home/lor -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 1263 2008-12-10 12:16 girlgeek_post2.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 10700 2008-12-20 16:08 jam_labels.odt -rw-rw-rw- 1 lorna lorna 6747 2008-12-25 21:35 jam_labels.pdf -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 189 2009-02-08 16:02 linux-fu_geekup.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 33275 2008-12-04 11:37 memcache.odt -rw-r-xr-- 1 lorna lorna 28205 2008-12-04 11:37 memcache.rtf -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 9939 2009-03-09 15:23 netball_cancellation.p -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 940 2008-12-09 09:43 tek_instructions.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 461 2008-11-28 22:49 using_the_community.tx

chown chown lorna:users memcache.rtf lorna@taygete:~/Documents$ chown lorna:users memcache.rtf lorna@taygete:~/Documents$ ls -lA total 132 -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 16790 2008-12-04 22:54 advent_web_services.rt lrwxrwxrwx 1 lorna lorna 22 2009-03-16 12:04 downloads -> /home/lor -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 1263 2008-12-10 12:16 girlgeek_post2.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 10700 2008-12-20 16:08 jam_labels.odt -rw-rw-rw- 1 lorna lorna 6747 2008-12-25 21:35 jam_labels.pdf -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 189 2009-02-08 16:02 linux-fu_geekup.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 33275 2008-12-04 11:37 memcache.odt -rw-r-xr-- 1 lorna users 28205 2008-12-04 11:37 memcache.rtf -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 9939 2009-03-09 15:23 netball_cancellation.p -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 940 2008-12-09 09:43 tek_instructions.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 lorna lorna 461 2008-11-28 22:49 using_the_community.tx

root superuser don't log in as root log in, then su (substitute user) may need root privileges, to perform certain actions

sudo avoids using root account gives root for a single command

sudo http://xkcd.com/149/

Useful Utilities

cURL tool for talking to the world over http lorna@taygete:~$ curl http://localhost Example Home Page Array ( )

cURL <?php echo quot;Example Home Pagennquot;; print_r($_POST); ?>

cURL checking actual browser response headers/content curl -I http://localhost lorna@taygete:~$ curl -I http://localhost HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Mon, 16 Mar 2009 12:35:10 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.9 (Ubuntu) PHP/5.2.6-2ubuntu4.1 with Suhosin- Patch X-Powered-By: PHP/5.2.6-2ubuntu4.1 Vary: Accept-Encoding Content-Type: text/html (that's a capital i)

cURL posting variables lorna@taygete:~$ curl -X POST http://localhost -d fruit=apple -d user=lornajane Example Home Page Array ( [fruit] => apple [user] => lornajane )

wget web downloader lorna@taygete:~$ wget http://www.splitbrain.org/_media/projects/dokuwiki/dokuwiki-2009-02-14. --2009-04-24 10:40:16-- http://www.splitbrain.org/_media/projects/dokuwiki/dokuwiki-2009-02-14. Resolving www.splitbrain.org... 78.46.97.149 Connecting to www.splitbrain.org|78.46.97.149|:80... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 1770454 (1.7M) [application/octet-stream] Saving to: `dokuwiki-2009-02-14.tgz' 100%[=================================>] 1,770,454 1.39M/s in 1.2s 2009-04-24 10:40:18 (1.39 MB/s) - `dokuwiki-2009-02-14.tgz' saved [1770

wget to mirror a site wget -m http://lornajane.net to resume large downloads wget -c http://localhost

grep finding things (Global/Regular Expression/Print) grep [options] [pattern] [target]

grep discover functions lorna@rivendell:~/svndir/snapshot/lib$ grep function Service.class.php * This class holds the functionality of the out-ward facing part of * This function is called to add a new request to the queue. public function requestShot($accountID, $requestURL, $returnURL = N $height=75, $width=100) { function getShotStatus($accountID, $transactionID) { function getAccountStatus($accountID) { function getShotList($accountID, $status=NULL) { function getShot($accountID, $transactionID) {

grep look for class names in source tree lorna@rivendell:~/svndir/phergie$ grep -R '^class ' * | grep -v .svn | Phergie/Event/Response.php:class Phergie_Event_Response Phergie/Event/Request.php:class Phergie_Event_Request Phergie/Driver/Streams.php:class Phergie_Driver_Streams extends Phergie bstract Phergie/Plugin/Drink.php:class Phergie_Plugin_Drink extends Phergie_Plu act_Command Phergie/Plugin/ModuleList.php:class Phergie_Plugin_ModuleList extends P ugin_Abstract_Command Phergie/Plugin/Debug.php:class Phergie_Plugin_Debug extends Phergie_Plu act_Command Phergie/Plugin/Twitter/twitter.class.php:class Twitter { Phergie/Plugin/Twitter/laconica.class.php:class Twitter_Laconica extend {

grep Recursive and case insensitive lorna@rivendell:~/svndir/snapshot$ grep -Ri 'select * from' * lib/Model/Miscinfo.class.php: $row = $dbh->read('select * fro lib/Model/Transaction.class.php: $row = $dbh->read('select * >quote($transaction_id).' limit 1'); lib/Model/Transaction.class.php: $row = $dbh->read('select * >quote($transaction_id).' and account_id = '.$dbh->quote($account_id).' lib/Model/Transaction.class.php: $sql = 'select * from trans lib/Model/Transaction.class.php: $sql = 'select * from trans lib/Model/File.class.php: $row = $dbh->read('select * from fi lib/Model/Account.class.php: $row = $dbh->read('select * fro lib/DBL/Database.class.php: * $rows = $db->read('select * from aTable')

find powerful quot;grepquot; using file metadata rather than content can search by name find . -name .htaccess also by modified time, by size, etc ...

diff shows differences between files, doesn't show you what is the same lorna@taygete:~/talks$ diff misc.php.old misc.php 3c3 < $link = mysql_connect('localhost','app_user','yorkshirepud'); --- > $link = mysql_connect('localhost','lorna','candyfloss');

diff Unified diff format lorna@taygete:~/talks$ diff -u misc.php.old misc.php --- misc.php.old 2009-04-24 10:56:08.000000000 +0100 +++ misc.php 2009-04-24 10:56:51.000000000 +0100 @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ <?php -$link = mysql_connect('localhost','app_user','yorkshirepud'); +$link = mysql_connect('localhost','lorna','candyfloss'); $rhyme = quot;Mary Had A Little Lambquot;; echo $rhyme;

grep lorna@taygete:~/talks$ diff -u misc.php.old misc.php > patch.txt

patch patch applies diff files

patch lorna@taygete:~/talks$ cat example.php <?php $link = mysql_connect('localhost','app_user','yorkshirepud'); ?> lorna@taygete:~/talks$ patch example.php < patch.txt patching file example.php lorna@taygete:~/talks$ cat example.php <?php $link = mysql_connect('localhost','lorna','candyfloss'); ?> lorna@taygete:~/talks$

tar Tape ARchive for gluing together files, for transfer lorna@taygete:~/talks$ ls cherries.jpg example.php long_file.txt orange.txt temp test.s credits.txt index.php misc.php patch.txt test.sql thing. lorna@taygete:~/talks$ tar -zcf talks.tgz * lorna@taygete:~/talks$ ls cherries.jpg example.php long_file.txt orange.txt talks.tgz test. credits.txt index.php misc.php patch.txt temp test. lorna@taygete:~/talks$

nano widely available lightweight editor designed as a non-pine equivalent to pico (PIne COmposer) instructions are on-screen

wc word count for counting lines lorna@taygete:~/tek09$ wc -l linux-fu_content.txt 283 linux-fu_content.txt

tail looking at the end of a file tail -n50 access.log tail -f access.log

screen opening several sessions in one window can detach, log out, come back

screen protects against connection dropping saves logging into the same server many times use .screenrc for config

screen

man man pages are the manual man <command> name synopsis (example arguments) description (all the switches) examples, if you are lucky some tools use quot;infoquot; instead

man lorna@taygete:~$ man pwd PWD(1) User Commands NAME pwd - print name of current/working directory SYNOPSIS pwd [OPTION] DESCRIPTION Print the full filename of the current working directory. --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit NOTE: your shell may have its own version of pwd, which usually Please refer to your shellâÀÙs documentation for details about t

Questions? http://joind.in/201

File Locations

log files /var/log /var/log/apache2/access.log

apache config ubuntu, debian /etc/apache2/sites-available redhat /etc/httpd/httpd.conf

/usr/local for stuff that you've installed/added

Processes

ps Process Status shows what is running, pid, user

ps ps ax ps aux use with grep 6761 ? Ss 0:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start 8009 ? S 0:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start 8010 ? S 0:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start 8011 ? S 0:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start 8012 ? S 0:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start 8013 ? S 0:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start 24209 pts/4 S+ 0:00 grep apache

top show current top processes sort by zxc z for colour x for column highlight c to show full command < > to change which column we're sorting by ** q to quit

check apache is running use grep - look for quot;apachequot; or quot;httpdquot; if not: apache2ctl restart service httpd restart

check mysql is running use grep if not: /etc/init.d/mysql start

Basic Commands

mkdir mkdir make directory lorna@taygete:~/temp$ ls lorna@taygete:~/temp$ mkdir examples lorna@taygete:~/temp$ ls examples

mv and cp move and copy files lorna@taygete:~/temp$ ls cherries.jpg lorna@taygete:~/temp$ mv cherries.jpg oranges.jpg lorna@taygete:~/temp$ ls oranges.jpg lorna@taygete:~/temp$ cp oranges.jpg cherries.jpg lorna@taygete:~/temp$ ls cherries.jpg oranges.jpg lorna@taygete:~/temp$ cp /etc/php5/cli/php.ini php-cli.ini lorna@taygete:~/temp$ ls cherries.jpg oranges.jpg php-cli.ini

rm remove files/directories cherries.jpg examples oranges.jpg lorna@taygete:~/temp$ rm oranges.jpg lorna@taygete:~/temp$ touch examples/dewdrops.txt lorna@taygete:~/temp$ rm examples/ rm: cannot remove `examples/': Is a directory lorna@taygete:~/temp$ rmdir examples rmdir: failed to remove `examples': Directory not empty lorna@taygete:~/temp$ rm -rf examples lorna@taygete:~/temp$ ls cherries.jpg

ln link - creates a symlink or alias between directories temp mcached-0.26.tar.gz ZendFramework-1.7.6-minimal _andean_explorer_large.jpg ZendFramework-1.7.6-minimal.tar.gz resenter-screen-linuxintel.oxt

cURL great for services flickr example curl -X POST http://api.flickr.com/services/rest/ -d method=flickr.photos.getRecent -d api_key=853b05c9... -d per_page=5

cURL <?xml version=quot;1.0quot; encoding=quot;utf-8quot; ?> <rsp stat=quot;okquot;> <photos page=quot;1quot; pages=quot;200quot; perpage=quot;5quot; total=quot;1000quot;> <photo id=quot;3359907386quot; owner=quot;24259661@N03quot; secret=quot;abcd3374c4quot; server=quot;3593quot; farm=quot;4quot; title=quot;Sandford 2009quot; ispublic=quot;1quot; isfriend=quot;0quot; isfamily=quot;0quot; /> <photo id=quot;3359907364quot; owner=quot;12383345@N06quot; secret=quot;0e5637d188quot; server=quot;3607quot; farm=quot;4quot; title=quot;DSC00159quot; ispublic=quot;1quot; isfriend=quot;0quot; isfamily=quot;0quot; /> <photo id=quot;3359907350quot; owner=quot;84656095@N00quot; secret=quot;3ca7085d12quot; server=quot;3461quot; farm=quot;4quot; title=quot;greenquot; ispublic=quot;1quot; isfriend=quot;0quot; isfamily=quot;0quot; /> <photo id=quot;3359088077quot; owner=quot;20633056@N04quot; secret=quot;3d03f2b935quot; server=quot;3654quot; farm=quot;4quot; title=quot;03cquot; ispublic=quot;1quot; isfriend=quot;0quot; isfamily=quot;0quot; /> <photo id=quot;3359088059quot; owner=quot;33581202@N07quot; secret=quot;efa70c71f0quot; server=quot;3607quot; farm=quot;4quot; title=quot;DSCF4768quot; ispublic=quot;1quot; isfriend=quot;0quot; isfamily=quot;0quot; /> </photos> </rsp>

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Linux-Fu for PHP Developers

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