Energy Risk in Emerging Markets

Energy Risk in Emerging Markets by Erik L van Dijk, LMG Emerge

Your Lecturer Page 3 Erik L. van Dijk
Principal ; strong network in the international investment community including Emerging and Frontier Markets and Islamic Finance
Erik has 19 years experience in institutional investment management both as asset manager (CEO of Palladyne Asset Management from 1997-2000; and as head of Quantitative Strategies at Fortis Investments from 1995-1997) and as implemented consultant at LMG and Harry Markowitz Company
From 1987-1990 Erik worked as Asst. Professor of Finance at the Free University in Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Since 1997 Dr. van Dijk has worked closely together with Noble Prize Laureate Dr. Harry Markowitz. Their work on optimization and risk management has been published in the Financial Analysts Journal (March/April 2003) and other publications. In 2007 MIT Professor Mark Kritzman showed the value of the Markowitz – van Dijk approach in an independent test.
Erik has published dozens of academic and professional articles and one book on quantitative investment management.
Advisor to the Centre for Energy and Value Issues (CEVI)
The American CFA Institute incorporated the Markowitz – Van Dijk work in a webcast that is part of their permanent education program
Part of Erik’s strong network in Emerging Markets in general and Eastern Europe-Russia in particular is related to his active involvement with Chess, including (2007-09) a representation of Holland at the board level with the FIDE, the world chess federation

Table of contents Page  Energy Risk in Emerging Markets Introduction: The World Has Changed A New Balance of Power in International Capital Markets International Money Flows: What to Expect? The Pivotal Role of the Physical Energy Sector Macro Sensitivities of Countries/Sectors to Energy Risk Factors 1 2 3 4 5 From Macro/Physical to Financial Energy Risk Sensitivities Evaluation 6 7

1.Introduction: The World Has Changed I
Up until the 1990s Emerging Markets as a group did not really outperform developed markets in a structural manner
True, there were great periods and individual countries with strong developments, but sooner or later negative surprises in combination with excess volatility / risk would cause disappointments
But since the beginning of this century things seem to be different, with the BRIC nations developing into a true global growth catalyst.
This has also positively affected growth in other Emerging and Frontier Nations (compare for instance GSAM‘s Next-11 concept)
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1.Introduction: The World Has Changed II Page 
When looking at the available production factors, we see that:
Situation in Developed Nations has deteriorated
Situation in Emerging Countries has grown better
Globalization works as a catalyst for this trend
Energy situation is most worrisome when comparing prod. factors

2.A New Balance of Power in International Capital Markets
Globalization , ‘Securitization’, Demographics, Geopolitical Factors and Diversification have changed the balance of power in international capital markets
Relative financial advantage of Developed Nations at the government level has deteriorated
Larger role for institutional investors and sovereign wealth funds
Growing interest in foreign direct investments and cross-border portfolio investments
Reduced dependence of Emerging Nations on loans from banks
Dambisa Moyo & Muhamad Yunus/Micro Finance Movement: Economic Support instead of (Dead) Aid
And let’s not forget: to a large extent it is mean-reversion back to a situation similar to the one before the Industrial Revolution!
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2. The ‘Old World’ of the Large Institutional Investors Page  Based on market values of investable assets

2. The New ‘Three Bloc World’ Page  Distribution of Global Wealth based on GDP

2. The EM’s do now have the money! Page  Large Gold and Foreign Currency Reserves Financial Position
12 of the 20 richest countries in the world when looking at Gold and Foreign Currency Reserves are now Emerging!
The Chinese Gold and Foreign Currency Reserves are 3-4 times larger than what the US needed to rescue its financial system in the 2008-09 Global Crisis!
And it is definitely not only China.
But what about debts? (see next slide)

2. The former ‘Rich Nations’ are now the ones with large debts! Page  Debt Positions after Correction for Gold and Foreign Exchange Reserves Net External Debt Position
All big Debtor Nations are ‘Developed’!
These countries do still have larger economies to bear those debts, but the gap is getting smaller and ‘debts are debts!’
Emerging Nations as a group have far lower debt levels (i.e. possibility for more leverage) and faster growing economies (5-10% per annum versus 1-4% per annum)

3. International Money Flows – What to Expect? Page  Sources: LMG Emerge Country Classification, Goldman Sachs Asset Management, Morgan Stanley Asset Management

3. Income Inequalities in EM’s still larger but economic growth has positive effect Page  The Gini Coefficient is a widely used measure of income inequality. Larger scores indicate a larger inequality. Inequalities in the USA have also remained high!

3. What about Corruption in EM’s? Economic Growth will have positive effect Page  Compare study LMG Emerge, 2009 Passau (GER) Transparency International Seminar Measurement Issue: Who to blame? Donor or Receiver?

3. EM’s ‘too dangerous’? Again: economic growth will have positive impact Page  Based on number of murders per year, the darker the more dangerous a country US sad exception to the rule

3. Large Institutional Investors will diversify internationally and increase EM allocations Page  Large Differences in Types (DB, DC) and Size (Large, Small) per country

3. Almost USD 20 trillion available Page  Institutional Investors
Western Pension Plans still dominate
But Sovereign Wealth Funds grow faster
Demographics work against Pension Plans
LT Goals of SWFs give them the opportunity to achieve higher growth rates

3. SWF’s mainly an EM phenomenon Page  Sov Wealth Funds
Asia and Middle East dominate
Energy Wealth and Excess Economic Growth
SWF’s Oil and Gas related Wealth = 60 percent; other 40 percent

3. The World’s Largest SWFs Page 

3. Trends in Money Flows
Within the new three-bloc world order we can expect the following trends:
Structural – but volatile - long-term inflow of portfolio investment capital into EM and FM countries
Structural – but less volatile – growth in Foreign Direct Investments in EM and FM countries
Tensions when large EM and FM corporations and investors want to expand in Developed Countries
Geopolitical nervousness
Within EM and FM shifts (= changing comparative advantages)
Commodity Producers versus Consumers
Development of the Financial Services Sector
Development of Domestic Consumer Markets
‘ Africa Middle East’? And ‘Asia from Emerging to Developed?’
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4. The Pivotal Role of the Physical Energy Sector Page  Problem: Increased Energy Efficiency Developed Markets + Increased Production Primary Energy Sources ≤ Consumption Growth (mainly due to demand in EM Countries)

4. Increasing scarcity when looking at three main primary energy sources Page  Developed Nations have a huge energy problem Energy as key ‘bottleneck’
Developed Nations consume too much, notwithstanding the fact that their ‘energy efficiency’ improved
Developments in Renewable Energy not fast enough
Dependency of fossil fuels (Oil and Gas) grows, taking into account environmental resistance against Coal and Nuclear Energy
Will Asia continue its growth path? Odds in favor of Middle East, Russia and Africa?

4. So far so good, when looking at developments per primary energy source?
When looking at trends for main primary energy sources, things seem to look reasonably OK:
But:
Reserve positions still OK – even in Oil and Gas – due to price increases in the market, which made it economically feasible to start new explorations
Doubts if process can continue at same pace, even with price increases due to availability limitations and growth in EM’s
Page 

4. More Alarming Story 1: Crude Oil Price Development Page  Annual Averages; except 2010-11(Jan) EOP

4. More Alarming Story 2: Reserve Positions Oil and Gas Grew, but Prices Went Up! Page 

4. More Alarming Story 3: Coal Looks Like Solution, but what about the Environment? Page 

4. Coal - 1: Discovered by EM’s as cheapest prime energy source Page 
JAP and USA only densily-populated Developed Countries that resist Environmentalist Pressures
Energy-hungry Asia Pacific largest market

4. Coal - 2: Limited Cross-border Trading, with exception of Japan Page 
Large Consumer JAP largest importer, irrespective of Environmental problems
Turkey and Vietnam deplete resource to benefit from relatively low prices

4. Coal – 3: Expected Trends Page 
USA still the biggest, but can the government resist environmentalist pressures? Or will they use them to increase their nuclear program?
Definitely a huge asset for RUS, KAZ, UKR, SAF and AUS
Will population density issues stop CHN and IND from exploiting this cheap resource to the fullest?

4. Nuclear Energy: If we don’t want coal, can we then resist increased nuclear programs? Page 
USA and FRA dominating world leaders
JAP, KOR, CAN rising ‘stars’
What to expect from CHN?
Is the Iranian program as illogical as Westerners suggest?

4. Hydro Energy: Still relatively unimportant, but does it have sufficient growth potential? Page 
Still relatively unimportant
‘ Hidden’ growth potential mainly in EM’s: BRA, CHN
But what about USA, CAN, RUS, IND, NOR, VEN?

4. Oil - 1: Oil-hungry North America and Europe get company: Asia Pacific Page 
Still the most important fossil fuel
Europe and Asia Pacific full of users without sufficient production or reserves
USA still by far largest consumer, but EM giants catch up quickly

4. Oil - 2: Oil production; Middle East dominates Page 
Middle East dominates; but geopolitically very tense region
Can the rest of the world catch up, when price increases make search for new reserves worthwhile?
USA still important, but gradually losing its prime position

4. Oil - 3: Oil Reserves; Middle East dominates Page 
USA eating its reserves with high current production and consumption
Main players: KSA, IRN, IRQ, VEN, KUW, RUS
Africa has potential

4. Gas - 1: Global Consumption growing rapidly in both Developed and EM Countries Page 
Second most important fossil fuel; reasonably dispersed across regions
To what extent can it fill the gap caused by growing scarcity of oil?

4. Gas - 2: North America and Europe largest producers; but others are catching up Page 
USA and RUS still dominate
CAN, NOR, IRN other giants
UZB, QAT, KSA, ALG, CHN, IDN rising EM producer stars

4. Gas - 3: Growth potential almost completely in Emerging Markets Page 
RUS and ME producers have the future
VEN, NIG, IDN other rising EM stars
Former stars NED and NOR eating their reserves and USA has to take care

5. Forecasted Trend Extrapolation: Energy Winners versus Losers Page 
Ideas to remove RUS from BRIC do totally forget the energy situation; if anything we have to worry about BRA first.
Developed nations in Europe and Japan most endangered
Energy Risk in EM’s less of a problem than in Developed Markets
Increased investments in Renewable Energy and Nuclear Energy a MUST for many countries

6. From Physical Risk to Financial Risk: What about Stock Markets? Page 
Academic Paper Basher-Sadorsky (2006)
Daily Data; December 1992 – October 2005
Table 1 : Base Data
Picture not immediately clear MULTI-FACTOR APPROACH

6. Are Kurtosis and Skewness Important Risk Factors next to Beta and Volatility? Page 
Basher – Sadorsky (2006) do look at the following risk factors:
Market Beta (Systematic Risk) – including a squared BETA
Oil Beta – including a squared Oil BETA
Volatility (Total Risk)
Kurtosis
Skewness
Exchange Rate Risk (Trade Weighted vis-à-vis USD)
High Kurtosis (-) = Platykurtic = More outliers make average less informative
Positive Skewness (+) = Positive Surprises in the Tail
Squared BETA factors to test for non-linearities

6. Oil Price Sensitivity? Positive Factor for EM’s as a group Page 
Positive constant : EM’s good, already in tough period
Conditional models work best
Positive link with Oil Prices
Conditional link with BETA
Non-linearities

6. Oil Price Risk in Developed Markets? So far , not a big impact on Stock Markets Page 
Developed Markets more efficient when looking at tested variables
Conditional models work best
Impact of Oil Prices so far not big
But scarcity clock ticks against Dev Markets

6. But things are changing: Developed Markets performing poorly during last 10 years Page 
Average LMG Energy Category indicates ‘issues’ in the future
Poor overall performance during the last 10 years
Energy ‘Winners’ CAN, NOR, AUS among best performers
SIN, DEN, HKG and SWE amazing positive exceptions

6. Main Emerging Markets didn’t derive performance 2001-2011(1) from Energy Page 
Average LMG Energy Category indicates ‘issues’ in the future
And: lots of EM’s less energy efficient than Developed Countries
Good overall performance not really Energy-related so far
But ‘Energy Winners’ COL, RUS, IDN and to a lesser extent MLY didn’t do bad
Energy Losers more volatile

6. Frontier Markets: Is this where the winners are in an Energy-scarce future? Page 
Frontier Markets better equipped for an Energy-scarce future
But due to illiquidity and lack of market structure their performance so far not better than EM’s
Goldman Sachs’ Next-11 (IRN, KSA, IRQ)
Mean-reversion patterns plus ongoing developments in main EM’s make Energy-rich FM’s most likely winners of the future

7. Evaluation
Trends in Energy Market will favor Energy-rich EM’s and especially FM’s
Quest for increased Energy Efficiency and focus on sectors that consume less Energy remain important for Developed Nations and EM’s alike
Energy-poor EM’s and FM’s are the most volatile group with high (negative) sensitivity to Energy Market trends
These countries need to specialize in other directions
And/or: provide services to potential winners (e.g. Turkey as logistical partner for Energy-rich countries like IRN, IRQ, RUS)
Renewable and Nuclear Energy might mitigate things, but most likely only in the longer run
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Page  Contact: LMG Emerge Zeist Tel: +31 30 695 3828 [email_address] http://www.lmg-emerge.nl http://www.facebook.com/NewEconomies Any Questions? ? ? ?

Energy Risk in Emerging Markets

by Erik L van Dijk on Jun 04, 2011

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Energy Risk in Emerging Markets — Presentation Transcript