From Web Accessibility to Web Adaptability Techshare 2009 conference, 17 September 2009 Brian Kelly UKOLN University of Bath Bath, UK UKOLN is supported by: http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/web-focus/events/conferences/techshare-2009/ This work is licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 licence (but note caveat) Acceptable Use Policy Recording/broadcasting of this talk, taking photographs, discussing the content using email, instant messaging, blogs, etc. is permitted providing distractions to others is minimised. Tag for del.icio.us ‘ techshare-2009 ' Email: [email_address] Twitter: http://twitter.com/briankelly/ Blog: http://ukwebfocus.wordpress.com/

About This Talk This talk: Reviews limitations of WAI’s approaches to ‘universal accessibility’ Describes development of a holistic approach to accessibility, developed for learning and cultural heritage contexts Introduces recent work on bringing previous work together under ‘Web Adaptability’ framework Argues importance of adaptability in today’s economic climate – mandating ‘universal accessibility’ can lead to services not being developed at all Introduction

This talk:

Reviews limitations of WAI’s approaches to ‘universal accessibility’

Describes development of a holistic approach to accessibility, developed for learning and cultural heritage contexts

Introduces recent work on bringing previous work together under ‘Web Adaptability’ framework

Argues importance of adaptability in today’s economic climate – mandating ‘universal accessibility’ can lead to services not being developed at all

Definition “ All people are disabled in some circumstances … disability is a social construct not an attribute of an individual. In particular, resource accessibility is an attribute of the matching, or otherwise, of a resource to a user’s individual needs and preferences, not an attribute of a resource ” (my emphasis) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, United Nations. <http://www.un.org/disabilities/default.asp?navid=12&pid=150>

“ All people are disabled in some circumstances … disability is a social construct not an attribute of an individual. In particular, resource accessibility is an attribute of the matching, or otherwise, of a resource to a user’s individual needs and preferences, not an attribute of a resource ”

(my emphasis)

The WAI Model WAI has been tremendously successful in raising awareness of Web accessibility and providing guidelines to achieve this. WAI guidelines are based on: WCAG (Web Content …) ATAG (Authoring Tools ..) UAAG (User Agents …) Simple model to grasp. But is it appropriate for the future? Does it reflect: Diversity of users & user environments Diversity of Web usage Real-world technical environment and developments Real-world political, cultural & economic contexts The Magic Formulae WAI Approach

WAI has been tremendously successful in raising awareness of Web accessibility and providing guidelines to achieve this.

WAI guidelines are based on:

WCAG (Web Content …)

ATAG (Authoring Tools ..)

UAAG (User Agents …)

Simple model to grasp. But is it appropriate for the future? Does it reflect:

Diversity of users & user environments

Diversity of Web usage

Real-world technical environment and developments

Real-world political, cultural & economic contexts

Limitations Of The Model This model: Requires all three components to be implemented in order for the WAI vision to be achieved Is of limited use to end users who have no control over browser or authoring tools developments Is confusing – as many think WCAG is WAI How does this model address: Delays in full conformance? Real-world reluctance to deploy new software (issues of inertia, testing, costs, …) Real world complexities Is there a plan B in case this model fails to ever take off? Is it desirable to base legal requirements on an unproven theoretical framework? WAI Approach

This model:

Requires all three components to be implemented in order for the WAI vision to be achieved

Is of limited use to end users who have no control over browser or authoring tools developments

Is confusing – as many think WCAG is WAI

How does this model address:

Delays in full conformance?

Real-world reluctance to deploy new software (issues of inertia, testing, costs, …)

Real world complexities

WCAG Conformance Page authors can only follow WCAG guidelines. Several surveys carried out using automated tools (which gives upper limit on accessibility) DRC report, 2004: 19% A, 0.6% AA conformance based on 1,000 UK Web sites UK Museums, Libraries and Archives report, 2004: 42% A, 3% AA conformance based on 124 Web sites UK Universities surveys (UKOLN, 2002, 2004): 43%/58% A, 2%/6% AA based on 160+ Web sites Note that these figures aren’t of accessible Web site, only conformance with automated tests Implications These low conformance levels can indicate: Organisations don't care Guidelines are difficult to implement Guidelines are inappropriate, misleading, wrong, … WAI Approach

Page authors can only follow WCAG guidelines. Several surveys carried out using automated tools (which gives upper limit on accessibility)

DRC report, 2004: 19% A, 0.6% AA conformance based on 1,000 UK Web sites

UK Museums, Libraries and Archives report, 2004: 42% A, 3% AA conformance based on 124 Web sites

UK Universities surveys (UKOLN, 2002, 2004): 43%/58% A, 2%/6% AA based on 160+ Web sites

Note that these figures aren’t of accessible Web site, only conformance with automated tests

Implications

These low conformance levels can indicate:

Organisations don't care

Guidelines are difficult to implement

Guidelines are inappropriate, misleading, wrong, …

WCAG 1.0 Difficulties Certain Priority 2 and 3 guidelines cause concerns: 11.1 Use W3C technologies when they are available and appropriate for a task ... Promotes own technologies Appears to ignore major improvements in accessibility of non-W3C formats 11.1 … and use the latest versions when supported Goes against project management guidelines Logical absurdity: when XHTML 1 came out WAI AA HTML 4 compliant sites downgraded to A! 3.2 Create documents that validate to published formal grammars Dodgy HTML (<br />) can be rendered by browsers – this is an interoperability issue WAI Approach

Certain Priority 2 and 3 guidelines cause concerns:

11.1 Use W3C technologies when they are available and appropriate for a task ...

Promotes own technologies

Appears to ignore major improvements in accessibility of non-W3C formats

11.1 … and use the latest versions when supported

Goes against project management guidelines

Logical absurdity: when XHTML 1 came out WAI AA HTML 4 compliant sites downgraded to A!

3.2 Create documents that validate to published formal grammars

Dodgy HTML (<br />) can be rendered by browsers – this is an interoperability issue

Confusion SiteMorse’s automated accessibility survey of UK disability organisations’ Web sites generated heated debate (Jan 2005) SiteMorse: Low WCAG conformance found: Response: doesn’t matter, manual testing gives OK results What do such comments say about disability organisations’ views of WCAG ? Note that the RNIB have actively promote WCAG 1.0 guidelines – and also promote use of accessible Flash, without flagging any inconsistencies. WAI Approach

SiteMorse’s automated accessibility survey of UK disability organisations’ Web sites generated heated debate (Jan 2005)

SiteMorse: Low WCAG conformance found:

Response: doesn’t matter, manual testing gives OK results

What do such comments say about disability organisations’ views of WCAG ?

RNIB’s Alternative Approach “ Greenwood also said that there was &quot;no chance at all&quot; of all public sector websites achieving a Level AA rating by December 2009, as set out in 'Delivering inclusive web sites'. … The RNIB … largely positive about the report's findings, claiming that the figures do not necessarily represent a widespread lack of accessibility. … a new additional qualitative assessment system [commissioned by RNIB] …136 councils (33%) rated by RNIB as satisfactory or excellent [8% according to WCAG]” e-Access Bulletin, March 2009 Alternative Approach

“ Greenwood also said that there was &quot;no chance at all&quot; of all public sector websites achieving a Level AA rating by December 2009, as set out in 'Delivering inclusive web sites'. …

The RNIB … largely positive about the report's findings, claiming that the figures do not necessarily represent a widespread lack of accessibility.

… a new additional qualitative assessment system [commissioned by RNIB] …136 councils (33%) rated by RNIB as satisfactory or excellent [8% according to WCAG]”

e-Access Bulletin, March 2009

Nitpicking? “ This is just nit-picking! WCAG is valuable – don’t knock it! ” WCAG is valuable, but we need to: Build a robust framework for the future Reflect on experiences gained since 1999 Avoid dangers of inappropriate case law being set Nightmare Scenario Case taken to court in UK. Defence lawyers point out ambiguities & inconsistencies. Case lost, resulting in WCAG’s relevance being diminished. WAI Approach Today’s Scenario WCAG AA is too difficult to achieve so organisations fail to deploy Web solutions.

“ This is just nit-picking! WCAG is valuable – don’t knock it! ”

WCAG is valuable, but we need to:

Build a robust framework for the future

Reflect on experiences gained since 1999

Avoid dangers of inappropriate case law being set

Holistic Approach Kelly, Phipps & Swift 1 developed a holistic framework for e-learning accessibility The framework: Focusses on the needs of the learner Requires accessible learning outcomes , not necessarily e-learning resources 1 Developing A Holistic Approach For E-Learning Accessibility , Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, 2004, Vol. 30, Issue 3 An Alternative Approach This approach reflects an emphasis on blended learning (rather than just e-learning)

Kelly, Phipps & Swift 1 developed a holistic framework for e-learning accessibility

The framework:

Focusses on the needs of the learner

Requires accessible learning outcomes , not necessarily e-learning resources

Previous Work (1) Following on from first paper, a framework for applying WCAG in the real world (of flawed browsers, limited resources, etc) described at W4A 2005. e.g. WAI model flawed due to poor take-up of ATAG & UAAG, so need for pragmatic advice

Following on from first paper, a framework for applying WCAG in the real world (of flawed browsers, limited resources, etc) described at W4A 2005.

Previous Work (2) Application of our work in a wider context (e.g. cultural resources) described at W4A 2007. Paper: Prioritised people, policies & processes, rather than the resources Introduced the stakeholder model Coined the term ‘ Accessibility 2.0 ’ to describe this approach

Application of our work in a wider context (e.g. cultural resources) described at W4A 2007.

Paper:

Prioritised people, policies & processes, rather than the resources

Introduced the stakeholder model

Coined the term ‘ Accessibility 2.0 ’ to describe this approach

Universal Accessibility? Normal Cancer The Great Masturbator by Salvador Dali (1929) The Duck-Rabbit CRAFT BREWERY

WAI Limitations Limitations of WAI guidelines have been acknowledged (my emphasis): “ However, we recognize that standards are slow, and technology evolves quickly in the commercial marketplace. Innovation brings new customers and solidifies relationships with existing customers; Web 2.0 innovations also bring new types of professionals to the field, ones who care about the new dynamic medium. As technologies prove themselves, standardizing brings in the universality of the benefit, but necessarily follows this innovation. Therefore, this paper acknowledges and respects Web 2.0, discussing the issues and real world solutions.” Accessibility of Emerging Rich Web Technologies: Web 2.0 and the Semantic Web . Cooper, M. W4A 2007 An Alternative Approach

Limitations of WAI guidelines have been acknowledged (my emphasis):

WCAG In Context WCAG 2.0 states that Web resources must be: Perceivable • Operable Understandable • Robust But this should apply after we’ve decided what our purposes our, rather than constraining what we can or can’t do: “ Super Cally Go Ballistic, Celtic Are Atrocious ”: Not universally understandable , now universally accessible, culturally-specific … but witty Legislation: “take reasonable measure ..” Is bankrupting your company reasonable? Is failing to satisfy your user community reasonable? Is not providing resources reasonable? And the relevance of ATAG to authors is questionable: Flash, PDF, MS Word, … Are these formats essential to your corporate infrastructure and workflow? What does a ATAG-conformant PDF authoring tool mean?

WCAG 2.0 states that Web resources must be:

Perceivable • Operable

Understandable • Robust

But this should apply after we’ve decided what our purposes our, rather than constraining what we can or can’t do:

“ Super Cally Go Ballistic, Celtic Are Atrocious ”: Not universally understandable , now universally accessible, culturally-specific … but witty

And the relevance of ATAG to authors is questionable:

Flash, PDF, MS Word, … Are these formats essential to your corporate infrastructure and workflow? What does a ATAG-conformant PDF authoring tool mean?

Second Life A video clip shows Judith, a user with cerebral palsy, using Second Life with a headwand. “ Do you think that this will be a really useful tool for people who are unable to get around, who have problems of mobility in real life? ” “ Yes, because you can have friends without having to go out and physically find them ”. The danger is that organisations will ban SL as they feel if fails to comply with accessibility guidelines. Accessibility 2.0

A video clip shows Judith, a user with cerebral palsy, using Second Life with a headwand.

Accessibility 2.0 Need to build on WAI’s successes, whilst articulating a more sophisticated approach. Accessibility 2.0: User-focussed : It’s about satisfying user’s needs Rich set of stakeholders : More than the author and the user Always beta : Accessibility is hard, so we’re continually learning Flexibility : There’s not just a single solution Diversity : There is diversity in society’s views of accessibility (e.g. widening participation, not universal accessibility) Blended solutions : Focus on ‘accessibility’ and not just ‘Web accessibility’ Accessibility 2.0 An Alternative Approach

Need to build on WAI’s successes, whilst articulating a more sophisticated approach. Accessibility 2.0:

User-focussed : It’s about satisfying user’s needs

Rich set of stakeholders : More than the author and the user

Always beta : Accessibility is hard, so we’re continually learning

Flexibility : There’s not just a single solution

Diversity : There is diversity in society’s views of accessibility (e.g. widening participation, not universal accessibility)

Blended solutions : Focus on ‘accessibility’ and not just ‘Web accessibility’

Accessible Web in Context Web WCAG+ATAG+UAAG= universal accessibility The Pixel of Perfection WAI Motherhood and apple pie? Demonstrably flawed after 10 years e.g. Lilley: “ 99.99999% of the Web was invalid HTML. W3C pretended that didn’t exist. ” So 99.9999% of Web isn’t WCAG AA conformant!

Motherhood and apple pie?

Demonstrably flawed after 10 years e.g. Lilley: “ 99.99999% of the Web was invalid HTML. W3C pretended that didn’t exist. ”

So 99.9999% of Web isn’t WCAG AA conformant!

Kevin Kelly

Kevin Kelly

A Fresh Look At Accessibility We acknowledge that: Not everything on the Web will ever be accessible Accessibility may not cross cultural, linguistic, national and discipline boundaries An individual does not need a universally accessible resource; rather s/he wants a resource which is accessible to them Different communities may have different needs Same person may have different needs at different times and places Let’s not talk about the accessibility of a resource We find the term ‘ inclusivity ’ and ‘ inclusive approaches ’ more useful than ‘ accessible to people with disabilities ’ An Alternative Approach

We acknowledge that:

Not everything on the Web will ever be accessible

Accessibility may not cross cultural, linguistic, national and discipline boundaries

An individual does not need a universally accessible resource; rather s/he wants a resource which is accessible to them

Different communities may have different needs

Same person may have different needs at different times and places

Let’s not talk about the accessibility of a resource

We find the term ‘ inclusivity ’ and ‘ inclusive approaches ’ more useful than ‘ accessible to people with disabilities ’

Web Adaptability Term which acknowledges such diversity: Solutions Policies Definitions of disability Stakeholders and their varied requirements, priorities, … Change: policies, learning, evidence, … … Need for adaptability : Policy makers, trainers, authors : Yesterday JavaScript and proprietary formats were ‘banned’. Today they’re permitted. Legislators : Yesterday all Government Web site had to comply with WCAG 1.0. Today the same is true, as it takes years to change legislation. Web Adaptability

Term which acknowledges such diversity:

Solutions

Policies

Definitions of disability

Stakeholders and their varied requirements, priorities, …

Change: policies, learning, evidence, …

…

Need for adaptability :

Policy makers, trainers, authors : Yesterday JavaScript and proprietary formats were ‘banned’. Today they’re permitted.

Legislators : Yesterday all Government Web site had to comply with WCAG 1.0. Today the same is true, as it takes years to change legislation.

Putting The User First The way we were: The rules The solution The user Example “ UK Government requires all government Web sites to comply with WCAG AA” Web Adaptability The context The user Optimal solution The guidelines Where we should be: Example Involve user in design process Recognise the context Then seek to apply guidelines

The way we were:

Example

Involve user in design process

Recognise the context

Then seek to apply guidelines

Web Adaptability Framework The framework embraces: The intended use of the service The intended audience The available resources Technical innovations Organisational policies Definitions of accessibility … Alternative to a one-size-fit-all approach To avoid adaptability meaning doing whatever you fancy (e.g. IE-only sites) the adaptation needs to be implemented with context of a legal framework, reasonable measures, reputation management, social responsibility, … Web Adaptability

The framework embraces:

The intended use of the service

The intended audience

The available resources

Technical innovations

Organisational policies

Definitions of accessibility

…

Who’s Using These Approaches? (1) Public library example: Talk at national Public Library event (May 2004) “ And here’s a Flash-based game we’ve developed. Easy to do, and the kids love it” “ What about accessibility?” “ Oh, er. We’ll remove it before the new legislation becomes into force” Blended approach: “ What’s the purpose of the game?” “ To keep kids amused for 10 mins, while parents get books” “ How about building blocks or a bouncy castle as an alternative? This is an alternative approach to problem, which doesn’t focus on disabilities” Web Adaptability

Public library example:

Talk at national Public Library event (May 2004)

“ And here’s a Flash-based game we’ve developed. Easy to do, and the kids love it”

“ What about accessibility?”

“ Oh, er. We’ll remove it before the new legislation becomes into force”

Blended approach:

“ What’s the purpose of the game?”

“ To keep kids amused for 10 mins, while parents get books”

“ How about building blocks or a bouncy castle as an alternative? This is an alternative approach to problem, which doesn’t focus on disabilities”

Who’s Using These Approaches? (2a) Tate’s i-Map project: early example of an award-winning approach to providing access to paintings for visual impaired users Note this work was described in an award-winning paper on “ Implementing A Holistic Approach To E-Learning Accessibility ” paper by Kelly, Phipps and Howell (ALT-C, 2005) It used Flash … … to allow users to ‘participate’ in the creation of the painting

Tate’s i-Map project: early example of an award-winning approach to providing access to paintings for visual impaired users

It used Flash …

… to allow users to ‘participate’ in the creation of the painting

Who’s Using These Approaches? (2b) I-Map project also used a blended approach, through provision of access to raised images

I-Map project also used a blended approach, through provision of access to raised images

Who’s Using These Approaches? (3) Wolverhampton Art Gallery are using a user-focused development approach to providing access to information about Bantcock House Yes, it uses YouTube Deaf users involved in design processes (e.g. benefits of signers in context of museum)

Wolverhampton Art Gallery are using a user-focused development approach to providing access to information about Bantcock House

Yes, it uses YouTube

Deaf users involved in design processes (e.g. benefits of signers in context of museum)

Who’s Using These Approaches? (4a) Videoing and audio recording and publishing is now cheap due to consumer products, network effect, ... Is it better to publish the video & audio now: Enhances impact or ides & diversity enriches access Without resource, won’t be able to exploit future technological innovation, crowd-sourcing, … Or suppress publication as this can infringe WCAG? Web Adaptability

Videoing and audio recording and publishing is now cheap due to consumer products, network effect, ...

Is it better to publish the video & audio now:

Enhances impact or ides & diversity enriches access

Without resource, won’t be able to exploit future technological innovation, crowd-sourcing, …

Or suppress publication as this can infringe WCAG?

Who’s Using These Approaches? (4b) Slidecast (slides and synched audio) of rehearsal of this talk Benefits: Backup in case I lose my voice, travel delays, … Delegates can view after event Can be shared with others Richer than slides on their own Enhances accessibility But (a) no text transcript and (b) not WCAG compliant. So delete in order to achieve maximum WCAG-rating?

Slidecast (slides and synched audio) of rehearsal of this talk

Benefits:

Backup in case I lose my voice, travel delays, …

Delegates can view after event

Can be shared with others

Richer than slides on their own

Enhances accessibility

A Challenge For You! You have: An institutional repository An open access policy, which encourages take-up by others of your research reports and data & teaching & learning resources But: Research papers are in non-conformant PDFs & learning resources are mostly PowerPoints & other proprietary formats. What do you do: Mandate use of HTML in repositories? Switch off services until workflow issues resolved? Or something else? Web Adaptability

You have:

An institutional repository

An open access policy, which encourages take-up by others of your research reports and data & teaching & learning resources

But:

Research papers are in non-conformant PDFs & learning resources are mostly PowerPoints & other proprietary formats.

What do you do:

Mandate use of HTML in repositories?

Switch off services until workflow issues resolved?

Or something else?

Conclusions There’s a need: For accessibility researchers & policy makers to gather evidence on proposed solutions to accessibility To explore ways in which changes in our understandings can be adopted and deployed This talk: Explores limitations of current approaches Suggests alternative approaches Future work: Need to critique the critique Need to develop better models for change control Need to learn from the past

There’s a need:

For accessibility researchers & policy makers to gather evidence on proposed solutions to accessibility

To explore ways in which changes in our understandings can be adopted and deployed

This talk:

Explores limitations of current approaches

Suggests alternative approaches

Future work:

Need to critique the critique

Need to develop better models for change control

Need to learn from the past

Questions Questions are welcome

Questions are welcome