INTRODUCTION TO Anatomy & physiologyby: adamlinobyHuman BodyWeek 1V 1.0

introductionAnatomyStudies of the body parts and their relationships.Study of large body structure.(e.g: heart, lungs, kidneys… etc.) can be further divided into:1. Regional Anatomy- all structures in one particular region.Macroscopic (Gross) Anatomy

can be further divided into:

Cont..2. Systemic Anatomy - system by system3. Surface Anatomy - study of internal body structuresMicroscopic Anatomy Very small structures that cannot be seen with naked eyes.1. Cytology - Study of body cells2. Histology - Study of body tissues

Cont..Developmental Anatomy Structural changes to the body throughout lifespan. 1. Embryology- Development which occur before birth

introductionPhysiology Study of the body functionSystem Physiology - study of body system’s functionComparative Physiology - study of various characteristics of living organismsMedical Physiology - study of physiological dysfunction and diseases

System Physiology

Comparative Physiology

Medical Physiology

STRUCTURAL LEVEL OF A BODYChemicalCombination of atoms to form molecules CellBasic living units; have common characteristics, differ in structure and functionTissueA group of cells with similar structure and function: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervousOrganTwo or more tissues work together perform one or more common function: eye, skin, stomach, heart.Organ SystemA group of organs of a common function: Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine,Cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive.

SYSTEM OF THE BODYIntegumentary System - External cover of the body (skin) - Protects deeper tissues from injury - Site of cutaneous, receptors, sweat and oil glands.Skeletal System - Bones - Protects and supports body organs

Cont..SYSTEM OF THE BODYMuscular System- muscles- produce body movementNervous System- consist of brain, sensory receptor, nerves, spinal cord- control homeostasis by stimulating particular muscles contraction and glands secretion

Cont..SYSTEM OF THE BODYEndocrine System- Hormones secretion to regulate body processes.Cardiovascular System - Transport blood to the bodyLymphatic/Immune System - Protect the body by attacking foreign substances entering body system

Cont..SYSTEM OF THE BODYRespiratory System - supply blood with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide.Digestive System - break down the food for absorption - indigestible food will be removed as feces

Cont..SYSTEM OF THE BODYUrinary System - regulation of water, electrolytes and acid-base balance in the body.Reproductive System - production of babies

HOMEOSTASISBody’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions although the external environment keep changing…3 components:-123Response(Output)Feedback

Cont..HOMEOSTASISNegative Feedback Mechanisms - Restoring back the body to its original state. - Cut-off the original stimulus and reduce the intensity - Make up most of the homeostasis control mechanisms - Avoid sudden and harmful changes to our body - e.g: Insulin will be secreted if the glucose level in blood is too high.- ve

Cont..HOMEOSTASISPositive Feedback Mechanisms- Triggering an enhance action from the original stimulus.- Commonly for activity that do not need further adjustment.- e.g: Blood clotting where platelets will pile up and clot at the injured side.+ve

ANATOMICAL POSITIONStanding position with the body erect facing forward, feet slightly apart, arms hanging and palms also facing forward.

DIRECTIONAL TERMSExplain and locate precisely where the body structure and it’s relation to another.

DIRECTIONAL TERMS

REGIONAL TERMSAxial Region- axis of our body- comprise of three parts: head, neck and trunkPerpendicular Region- limbs, or appendages- body parts that attached to the axis.

BODY PLANES AND SECTIONSSagittalplane - Vertical plane divide body into right and left- Sagittal plane that exactly cut in the middle called midsagittal or median plane. - Sagittalplane that offset from median line called parasagittalplane.Midsagittal Plane (Exact middle)Parasagittal Plane (Offset)

BODY PLANES AND SECTIONSFrontal Plane - vertical line that divide the body to anterior and posterior parts. Frontal Plane

BODY PLANES AND SECTIONSTransverse Plane- horizontal plane which divide body into superior and inferior.Transverse Plane

Terms of motion

BODY cavityDorsal Cavity – protects nervous system - two subdivisions:- 1. Cranial Cavity – brain 2. Spinal Cavity – spinal cordVentral Cavity – houses visceral organs- two subdivisions:-1. Thoracic Cavity – pleural (lungs), mediastinum(heart, esophagus, trachea, etc…) 2. Abdominopelviccavity – abdominal (stomach,intestines, spleen, liver, etc…), pelvic (bladder, reproductive system, rectum)