LIM Technology - Scdi engine - fuel efficient engine

Description of the SCDi engine Single cylinder cutaway view of a Simple Cycle engine No exhaust valve Fuel Injector No camshaft Air input valve No valve train Cylinder Compressor Exhaust Ports (or Blower) Piston Interceptor ring Crank Case Crank Shaft Oil Patented by LIM Technology, L.L.C. 2 Copyright © 2008 LIM Technology LLC – All rights reserved - Unauthorized distribution or reproduction is forbidden

Main features Pressurized intake manifold, either turbocharged or supercharged Intake valves actuated by dynamic pressure differential between the cylinder and air supply manifold Exhaust ports around the cylinder just above the top of the piston-at-BDC Direct fuel injection Compression ignition No exhaust valves, no spark plug or glow plug, no camshaft mechanism 3 Copyright © 2008 LIM Technology LLC – All rights reserved - Unauthorized distribution or reproduction is forbidden

Major improvements 3 events - The sequences of a typical four-stroke engine are slightly modified, making the SCDi engine work in 3 events only: Ventilation, Compression, Power. Fewer parts - No exhaust valve, no camshaft, no valve train. New patented intake valve - Conventional valves are replaced by a new valve train developed by LIM. - No lubricant required for valve; no oil mixed with fuel. Uniflow air system management - Cylinder head is used for air intake only, whereas exhaust is through ports around the girth of the cylinder. - This co-axial ventilation tends to push more completely the waste products from the previous cycle out through the exhaust, as compared to loop scavenged conventional two stroke engines. - A cooler charge of air is delivered to the cylinder, and compressed more immediately after induction, promoting a cooler cycle. 4 Copyright © 2008 LIM Technology LLC – All rights reserved - Unauthorized distribution or reproduction is forbidden

The Simple Cycle step by step VENTILATION COMPRESSION COMBUSTION VENTILATION 40o past BDC 60o past BDC 120o past TDC 170o past TDC BDC TDC • Valves fully • Compression • Compression • Valves • Valves closed • Valves opening open begins well underway closed • Injection • Blow-down • Blow-down • Exhaust ports • Some air still • Air fully complete begins complete closing entering compressed • Power stroke • Air from cylinder • Air continues • Intake air still • Fuel is ending soon manifold • Valves begin pushing entering injected begins pushing exhaust out cylinder closing exhaust out • Combustion thru ports thru ports begins Intake valve Cylinder Exhaust port Piston Crankcase Crankshaft Oil Turbocharger 5 Copyright © 2008 LIM Technology LLC – All rights reserved - Unauthorized distribution or reproduction is forbidden

Temperature diagram within the cylinder Air flow circulation within the cylinder during air exchange Conventional four-stroke engine SCDi engine (Time for air exchange = 50% of cycle) (Time for air exchange = 30% of cycle) Ventilation – Ventilation – Exhaust Intake beginning end (25% of cycle) (25% of cycle) Piston Piston Piston Piston Caption Air intake cylinder Exhaust of waste products Hot Cold Air flow temperature Air flow circulation 6 Copyright © 2008 LIM Technology LLC – All rights reserved - Unauthorized distribution or reproduction is forbidden

Version 1 : spring valve The smart valve is mainly actuated by the air pressure difference between the manifold and the cylinder The spring brings an additional force to control timing at opening and closing. Patented by LIM Technology L.L.C. 7 Copyright © 2008 LIM Technology LLC – All rights reserved - Unauthorized distribution or reproduction is forbidden

Version 2 : pneumodromic valve Single cylinder cutaway view of a theoretical LIM type engine with a pneumodromic valve Fuel injector (hidden) Rotating disk “Air intake” pipe with a hole Pneumodromic valve Valve control chamber Cylinder Input manifold Exhaust Ports Compressor (or Blower) Piston Crank Case Crank Shaft Oil Patented by LIM Technology LLC 8 Copyright © 2008 LIM Technology LLC – All rights reserved - Unauthorized distribution or reproduction is forbidden

Less mass, simpler structure Reciprocating mass of the smart valve assembly is about 1/4th that of the conventional assembly, with proportionally less friction. Camshaft Rocker arm Hydraulic compensator Size comparaison between a smart valve and a LR6 battery (1.5V) Spring Spring Valve Valve Smart valve Conventional valve assembly 9 Copyright © 2008 LIM Technology LLC – All rights reserved - Unauthorized distribution or reproduction is forbidden

SCDi advantages compared to a conventional 4 stroke engine Total weight reduced about 40% Smaller and Fewer parts (no camshaft, no exhaust valve…) lighter engines Smaller and lighter intake valve (1/4th) Less friction, smaller inertial losses More power, less Torque and horsepower increased up to 100% fuel consumption Slower idle (50% less) At least 15% less fuel consumption Variable valve timing provides better control Environment over internal combustion friendly Less CO2 and pollutants (NOx, PM…) emissions Less noise Lower production cost (about 30% less) Lower costs Lower operating and maintenance cost Engine downsizing Any type of fuel (diesel/gasoline/biofuels) Flexible technology 10 Copyright © 2008 LIM Technology LLC – All rights reserved - Unauthorized distribution or reproduction is forbidden

Less Is More ! SCDi engine is just « simpler, smaller and smarter » ! Four-stroke SCDi A A B B Engine C D E E F F Capacity 2.5 L 2L Cylinders V6 4 Yes Camshaft No (Dual overhead) Valves 24 16 Power 185 HP 200 HP Total Cost > $ 2 500 ~ $ 1 800 Cost of 1 HP $ 13.5 $9 Over 30% savings on the production cost of 1 HP 11 Copyright © 2008 LIM Technology LLC – All rights reserved - Unauthorized distribution or reproduction is forbidden

Our 2.6L prototype configuration Main features - 3 cylinders, 2605 cc - 4 intake valves per cylinder - Bosch fuel pump and injectors – digital management by TECAT - Supercharger : Eaton 90 cu.in. Roots type Rough prototype - Conversion of a Detroit Diesel 3-53 - many components diverted from their original usage » and therefore not always adequate, resulting in lower performances 12 Copyright © 2008 LIM Technology LLC – All rights reserved - Unauthorized distribution or reproduction is forbidden

Prototype performance Peak Fuel Economy Peak Power Output Speed rpm 1800 2150 Indicated Power ch DIN 172,4 235,2 Brake Power ch DIN 130,1 166,1 Supercharger Power ch DIN 24,5 45,1 Indicated Power Kw 126,5 172,8 Brake Power Kw 95,7 122,2 Supercharger Power Kw 18,0 33,2 Torque N.m 507,5 542,7 BMEP atm 12,1 12,8 Engine ISFC g/Kwh 166,7 155,1 Next target : < 200 System BSFC g/Kwh 220,1 230,5 (Current results obtained from a rough prototype) Air Flow Kg/s 0,1453 0,1858 Fueling Rate Kg/s 0,0058 0,0078 Coolant Heat Rejection kW 82,7 109 Exhaust Gas Temp °K 638 696 Boost Pressure atm 2,39 2,91 Peak In-Cyl Pressure atm 170 190 13 Copyright © 2008 LIM Technology LLC – All rights reserved - Unauthorized distribution or reproduction is forbidden

Next steps Partner with an engine manufacturer to achieve R&D development Short term objective : design and test a brand new prototype - With dedicated parts (die cast block…) - Including new features Turbocharger for higher boost » pressure New devices for better valve » management (timing and lift control) Ports optimization » EGRetention » - Anticipated results BSFC : below 200 g/Kwh » 14 Copyright © 2008 LIM Technology LLC – All rights reserved - Unauthorized distribution or reproduction is forbidden

Interested ? We look for Investors Help us to develop our new clean and fuel efficient engine and get a fantastic return on investment Contact: Contact: Jeffrey F. Klein Jeffrey F. Klein CEO CEO +1 410-760-8801 +1 410-760-8801 jklein@limtechnology.com jklein@limtechnology.com www.limtechnology.com www.limtechnology.com www.fuel-efficient-engine.com www.fuel-efficient-engine.com 15 Copyright © 2008 LIM Technology LLC – All rights reserved - Unauthorized distribution or reproduction is forbidden

LIM Technology - Scdi engine - fuel efficient engine

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