Redefining the Academic Library

Redefining the Academic LibraryManaging the Migration to Digital Information Services

5 Road Map for Discussion p 1 Transformational Change in the Information Landscape 2 From Just in Case Collections to Just in Time Services From “Just‐in‐Case” Collections to “Just‐in‐Time” Services 3 Overview of Best Practices© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D

7 Writing Our Own Obituary g y Library Professionals Themselves See Abrupt End to Traditional Models “A community of Associate University Librarians and Associate Library Deans challenging the traditional boundaries in libraries” By 2015... y 0 5 Patrons Go Elsewhere No Need for A Space for More for Information Traditional Librarians Than Just Books “Our users will meet more than “Successful libraries will be those “Most library space will be 90% of their information needs that have managed to turn over taken over by functions that from sources that are not directly the majority of their staff or have nothing to do with connected to the library.” h lb ” reassigned staff to different ff ff library collections or services.” lb ll ” roles within the library.”© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D Source: Taiga Forum 2010‐2011 Draft Provocative Statements.

8 This Time It’s Different Transformation of the Academic Library Likely to Happen on Your Watch The Four Horsemen of the Library Apocalypse Unsustainable Viable Declining g New Patron Costs Alternatives Usage Demands© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D

9 Too Rich Even for the Deepest Pockets p Even Top Institutions Pushing Back on “Best Library at Any Cost” Model Limits of the Ownership Model Limits of the Ownership Model 16.3 M 16 3 M Physical volumes “Given these potent trends, the Harvard libraries can no longer harbor delusions of b i d l i f being a completely l t l 100 K+ Serial titles comprehensive collection, but instead must develop their holdings more strategically. To do so, Harvard will need to embrace a model that ensures d b d l h Full‐time library 1,200 employees access to—not necessarily ownership of—scholarly materials needed by faculty, students, and other library users, now and in the future.” Annual operating $159 M expenditures Library Task Force Report Harvard University, 2009© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D Source: “Report of the Task Force on University Libraries,” Harvard University, Nov 2009.

10 Size Doesn’t Matter Librarians Struggling to Define Appropriate Performance Metrics Traditional Metrics Measure Evolving Metrics Aligned With Inputs and Size Value, but Hard to Quantify • Number of volumes held • Impact on student enrollment, retention and graduation rates • Number of current serial titles • Impact on student learning • Total expenditures • Contribution to faculty research productivity • Gate count Gate count • Impact on faculty grant proposals and funding • Reference requests • Support of faculty teaching • Presentations Accreditors Can Pull in Both Directions A New Proving Ground • Some libraries pressured to answer Community college, college, and university “Community college college and university to new, “value‐centric” standards t “ l ti ” t d d librarians no longer can rely on their stakeholders’ belief in their importance. • Others limited by collection and Rather, they must demonstrate their value.” staff size requirements Megan Oakleaf kl f • Rapidly changing; depends on idl h i d d “Value of Academic Libraries” agency and individual teams Source: Megan Oakleaf, “Value of Academic Libraries: A © 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D Comprehensive Research Review and Report,” ACRL, 2010.

Unsustainable Costs >> Viable Alternatives >> Declining Usage >> New Patron Demands 11 Journal Costs Crowding Out Books g Serials Costs Rising Faster Than Library Budgets Expenditures in ARL Libraries Median Values for 124 ARL Members, Median Shares of Total Library Budget for Unadjusted Millions of Dollars 124 ARL Members $8.0 7.1% CAGR 7 1% CAGR $7.0 51% 45% 44% $6.0 $5.0 30% $4.0 24% $3.0 $3.0 21% 2.5% CAGR $2.0 13% 12% 11% 11% 9% 8% $1.0 $‐ 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 Salaries Serials Operating Monographs Serial Expenditures Serial Expenditures 1989 1999 2009 Monograph Expenditures Source: “ARL Statistics: 2009‐2009,” Ed. Martha Kyrilladou and © 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D Shaneka Morris, Association of Research Libraries (2011).

12 Are Rising Journal Costs Justified? g Librarians and Publishers Increasingly at Odds Librarians Bemoan Publishers Point to Explosion Predatory Pricing P d Pi i in Scholarly Output i S h l l O • Prices outpacing inflation • Research output has increased significantly • Bundled deals limit ability to cancel titles • Cost per download has actually gone down • Risk losing access to back catalog • Bundles give institutions wider access at a discount • Publisher owns copyright • Transition to e‐journals required massive investment in new infrastructure • Costs would be lower in a non profit model Costs would be lower in a non‐profit model • “We are willing to try open access models as long • “Our faculty did the research, why should we as we can continue to cover our costs.” have to pay so much to access their work?” Prescription: Prescription: Support open access journals j l Find new sources of funding i d f f di© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D Source: Education Advisory Board interviews and analysis.

Unsustainable Costs >> Viable Alternatives >> Declining Usage >> New Patron Demands 13 Scale Beyond Imagining y g g Fastest Growth, Broadest Access Now Outside of Academic Libraries A Library to End All Libraries? 15 M Sca ed oo s Scanned Books g g “Google’s mission is to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful.” 7.5 M Print Titles 4.8 M Ebook Titles 3.5 M Articles 959 K Volumes 190 K 140 K 53 K Volumes Volumes Volumes Median Median Median Median Doctoral Masters Baccalaureate Associates University U i it University U i it College C ll College C ll (2002) (1995) (2008) (2001) Source: “ACRLs 2008 Academic Library Trends & © 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D Statistics,” Association of College and Research Libraries.

14 The Thousand Year Plan Why Academic Libraries Will Never Beat Google Estimated time to scan all A Devil s Bargain? A Devil’s Bargain? of their 7 M volumes “The prospect of mounting a book‐ 1,000 years digitization project at the scale of Google s never seemed within the Google’s never seemed within the capabilities of research libraries until an outside partner with seemingly limitless resources emerged. But this outside partner has often seemed more partner has often seemed more Actual time for Google to focused on its commercial interests scan 7 M volumes than on meeting scholarly needs.” 6 years 6 years R S h f ld Roger Schonfeld ITHAKA S+R Source: “Google Books – History, http://books.google.com/intl/en/googlebooks/history.html; © 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D Roger Schonfeld, “Conclusion,” The Idea of Order, CLIR (2010).

Unsustainable Costs >> Viable Alternatives >> Declining Usage >> New Patron Demands 15 With Us or Without Us Many Predict Libraries Will Be the Next Media Outlet to Be Disintermediated Local Physical Distribution Models Displaced Local Physical Distribution Models Displaced by Remote and Fully Digital Approaches Local L l Distribution Models 1990s Global Digital Models 2000s Cloud Based Convergent Media Services Convergent Media Services Models d l 2010s (music, video, books)© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D Source: Education Advisory Board interviews and analysis.

16 Even Librarians Concede “The new consumer utopia of instantly available digital books is leaving the library behind as a relic of a bygone age when users were not self‐sufficient and when the information or book a user wanted was not simply a click away. when the information or book a user wanted was not simply a click away ” Dennis Dillon, Associate Director for Research Services University of Texas at Austin Libraries© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D

Unsustainable Costs >> Viable Alternatives >> Declining Usage >> New Patron Demands 17 Patrons Switching Faster Than Libraries g Faculty and Students Already Looking Elsewhere for Search Help Where Do Students Start a Search? Where Do Faculty Start Their Research? n = 2,229 n = 3,025 Search Engine 83% A specific electronic 37% research resource 47% Wikipedia 7% Social Networking Site 2% A general purpose 21% search engine 32% E‐mail 1% E‐mail Subscription 1% Your online library 28% catalog 18% Online Database 1% Ask an Expert Site 0% 13% The library building Library Website 0% 4% 2003 2009 Source: “Faculty Study 2009: Key Strategic Insights for Libraries, Publishers, © 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D and Societies” Ithaka S+R; “Perceptions of Libraries, 2010,” OCLC.

18 The Lonely Reference Librarian y Circulation and Reference Requests Down Across All Institutional Types Declining Circulation Declining Reference Requests Average General Collection Circulation Average Weekly Reference Requests ‐34% 34% 185,287 ‐71% 2,031 122,850 ‐30% 30% ‐12% 12% ‐34% 34% ‐13% ‐21% ‐51% 592 35,878 15,766 23,726 375 17,270 12,164 298 259 184 13,928 146 186 Associates Bachelors Masters Doctorates Associates Bachelors Masters Doctoral 1998 2008 1998 2008 Source: “ACRLs 2008 Academic Library Trends & © 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D Statistics,” Association of College and Research Libraries.

Unsustainable Costs >> Viable Alternatives >> Declining Usage >> New Patron Demands 19 The Library as a Social Learning Space y g p New Libraries Support a Range of Academic Activities Lemieux Library & McGoldrick Learning Commons, Seattle University Media Resources Learning Campus Commons Reading Room Connection Café 24/7 Media Study Lounge Development Lab E‐ Lobby© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D Source: Cannon Design.

20 Opportunity and Uncertainty Ahead pp y y Should Libraries Do All of These Things? Onsite Services Web Services • Teaching and Learning • Databases • Collaborative Study Traditional Core • Search • 24/7 Access • Chat reference • Tutoring • Mobile Access • Café Instructional Support Research Support • Multimedia Production Support • Copyright Advising • Instructional Design • Publication Support • I f Information Literacy ti Lit • D t C ti Data Curation© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D

21 Straddling Two Eras g Traditional Library Unsustainable, but Digital Services Still Unready for Prime Time Traditional Library Digital Services Unbundling Managing the Migration Maturity Books: Move to e‐formats and user‐driven acquisition more difficult than anticipated Journals: Rising prices spurring new, but unproven alternatives to the Big Deal Patron Space: Collections limit ability to Demand accommodate demand for learning space Staff: Tied up in traditional activities with declining demand Proprietary On Our Watch Digital Services Collections© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D

23 Road Map for Discussion p 1 Transformational Change in the Information Landscape 2 From Just in Case Collections to Just in Time Services From “Just‐in‐Case” Collections to “Just‐in‐Time” Services 3 Overview of Additional Best Practices© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D

Books >> Journals >> Space >> Staffing 25 From Ownership to Access p Reducing Collections While Expanding Access to Books Current State Preferred End‐State • Large collections of physical books Books • Ebook catalogs larger than previous in open stacks with low circulation in open stacks with low circulation physical collection physical collection • Duplicate book holdings at the • Physical books preserved (and accessible) institutional, system, consortial and through collections shared across regional level consortia and stored offsite • Books purchased prospectively “just • Ebooks purchased only when patrons in case” a patron might need them use them (patron‐driven acquisition) in the future Barriers to Change • Cop right pre ents access to orphan orks and scanned material Copyright prevents access to orphan works and scanned material • Ebook versions of academic monographs not yet universally available • Ebook procurement more complicated than traditional purchasing • Current DRM restrictions limit how patrons can use ebooks© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D Source: Education Advisory Board interviews and analysis.

26 The Ebook Tipping Point pp g With Commercial Take Off, Can Academic Ebooks Be Far Behind? Ebooks Sales on Amazon Ebooks as a Percentage of Academic Library Acquisition Budget Survey of 136 Colleges and Universities Survey of 136 Colleges and Universities 57% July 2010 y Ebooks outsell 40% new hardcovers Nov 2007 April 2011 15% 15% Kindle eReader Ebooks outsell 10% 9% launched all print books 4% 4% 4% 2% 1% 0% 0% 1%‐10% 11%‐25% 26%‐50% 51%‐75% >75% Currently In Five Years Source: Claire Cain Miller and Julie Bosman, “E‐Books Outsell Print Books at Amazon,” © 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D New York Times, May 19, 2011; “2009 Librarian eBook Survey,” HighWire Press, 2010.

27 The Promise of the Cloud Leveraging Ebooks and Shared Repositories to Reduce Local Holdings HathiTrust Offers Collaborative Digital Offers Collaborative Digital Scaled, Digital Collections Will Free Up Scaled, Digital Collections Will Free Up Library for the Academy Significant Local Resources • Began in 2008 as collaboration of CIC, the • Nearly 1/3rd of content purchased by University of California system, and the y y , y research libraries in the US has already been University of Virginia to establish a repository digitized and is preserved in HathiTrust to archive and share digitized collections • More than 60% of retrospective print • Now involves 52 partner libraries collections held in ARL libraries will be duplicated in HathiTrust by June 2014 duplicated in HathiTrust by June 2014 • Includes both in‐copyright and public domain materials digitized by Google, the Internet • Median space savings that could be achieved Archive, Microsoft, and in‐house initiatives at an ARL library is more than 45,000 assignable square feet (ASF). • Bibliographic and full‐text search are available for all volumes • Total annual cost avoidance that could be achieved is between $500,000 and $2 M per • Public domain volumes are freely accessible to ARL library the public and can be downloaded in their entirety with authentication by persons entirety with authentication by persons affiliated with partner institutions Source: Constance Malpas, “Cloud‐sourcing Research Collections: Managing © 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D Print in the Mass‐digitized Library Environment,” OCLC, 2011.

28 From Assets to Liabilities “Unless this transition is proactively managed by library directors and supported by the academic institutions they serve, there is a strong probability (not to say certainty) that the legacy print collections we have long cultivated as institutional assets will eventually be regarded local liabilities.” Constance Malpas “Cloud‐sourcing Research Collections”© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D

29 A Matter of Time Resistance to Ebooks Persists, But Likely to Fade as Technology Improves “The narrow path still leads, as it must, to crowded public rooms where the sunlight gleams on varnished tables, and knowledge is embodied in millions of dusty, crumbling, smelly, irreplaceable documents and books. crumbling smelly irreplaceable documents and books ” Anthony Grafton Professor of History, Princeton University Technology Won’t Be the Limiting Factor Ebooks’ Varied Formats Ebooks Varied Formats Make Citations a Mess Kindle for Scholars Software Update Patch #1: Pagination now Pagination now standardized, citations fixed Source: Anthony Grafton, “Future Reading,” The New Yorker, Nov 5, 2007; Tushar Rae, “E‐Books’ Varied Formats Make Citations a Mess for Scholars,” The Chronicle of Higher © 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D Education, Feb 6, 2011; Education Advisory Board interviews and analysis.

30 Ebooks Are Easy, Right? y, g Usage Restrictions from a Major Ebook Publisher Usage Restrictions from a Major Ebook Cannot download file more than 6 times Cannot move file to a different computer Cannot lend, sell, or give ebook to others Cannot copy the ebook Cannot copy or paste entire pages at a time Cannot copy or paste diagrams, figures, or artwork Cannot annotate text© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D

31 Copyright Law Biggest Obstacle to Widespread Access py g gg p Google Books Legal Setback Temporarily Derails Google Books Legal Setback Temporarily Derails Prospects for Massive Digital Text Distribution Original Settlement Settlement Rejected November 2008 March 2011 • Google paid authors lawyers and Google paid authors, lawyers, and • Court ruled that Google holds unfair Court ruled that Google holds unfair publishers $90 M for rights monopoly over digitized works infringements • “Opt out” system contradicts • Google continues to digitize books purpose of copyright on an “opt‐out” basis • Back to the drawing board… and an • Orphan works included, with $35 M opening for HathiTrust and others fund for “Book Rights Registry” to compensate claimants compensate claimants© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D

32 Locked Up p Vast Majority of Content Inaccessible Due to Copyright Restrictions Copyright Status of Volumes Copyright Status of Volumes Status of Volumes Held by Status of Volumes Held by Held by HathiTrust HathiTrust by Year of Publication 800,000 700,000 600,000 23% 27% 500,000 400,000 50% 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 1600‐1699 1800‐1809 1810‐1819 1830‐1839 1850‐1859 1870‐1879 1890‐1899 1910‐1919 1930‐1939 1950‐1959 1970‐1979 1990‐1999 Pre‐1500 In Public Domain Orphan Works (est.) p ( ) In Copyright Orphan Work: In copyright, out of In Public Domain In Public Domain In Copyright In Copyright print, and copyright holder unknown Source: http://www.hathitrust.org/statistics_visualizations© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D (statistics as of June 2, 2011)

33 From “Just‐in‐Case” to “Just‐in‐Time” Patron‐Driven Acquisition Offers an Alternative to Guesswork Traditional Collection Built From Traditional Collection Built From Tomorrow s Collection Built by Tomorrow’s Collection Built by Presumptions of Interest and Use Users Themselves Selected New Monographs Ebook Catalog Library Library Individual Approval contracts with Selectors Plans aggregator Virtual Collection Collection Books purchased only Patron when requested Requests by patron Patron Patron© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D Source: Education Advisory Board interviews and analysis.

Patron‐Driven Acquisition 34 Refining the Purchasing Algorithm g g g Triggers, Limits, and Mediation Standards Initial Pilot Settings Titles loaded into catalog • 50,000 Ebooks Avoid paying for brief browsing • < 5 minutes = free Most users spend only 5 to 15 minutes • > 5 minutes = 1‐day loan 5 i t 1d l in a book, and few books are used more in a book, and few books are used more (10‐20% of purchase price) than 3 times • Purchase on the 3rd loan Books used more than 3 times are more likely to be widely popular likely to be widely popular • Mediation on loans > $40 • Increased to 5 uses after analysis of savings threshold • Simultaneous access Avoid overly expensive purchases Avoid overly expensive purchases • Removed limit and mediation; cost savings not worth delay / oversight “Non Linear Lending” allows unlimited Non‐Linear Lending allows unlimited simultaneous access to all Ebooks© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D Source: Education Advisory Board interviews and analysis.

Patron‐Driven Acquisition 35 Are Skeptics Right to Worry? p g y Lessons Learned from PDA Early Adopters Concern: Concern: Concern: “We’ll spend too much, “We’ll buy lots of titles “We’ll have a shallow, too quickly” we don’t really want” narrow collection” (The $1,000 book problem) (The Banana Book Problem) (The Barnes & Noble Problem) Assessment: Assessment: Assessment: Library retains control over Rent/buy triggers prevent Virtual ebook catalogs actually purchasing strategy purchasing strategy overzealous acquisition overzealous acquisition expand and revitalize the expand and revitalize the collection • Budget caps End‐users better judges of needs and value • Discoverability no longer guided • Catalog listings (filtered by by physical ownership, year, publisher, discipline, year publisher discipline • “Unused books are bad Unused books are bad proximity, or placement duplicates) books” • Catalog no longer subject to • Rent/buy triggers • Each PDA purchase has one‐time selector decisions demonstrated demand • Usa e definitions Usage definitions • University press ebook sales • User‐built collection well‐ • Price limits rescuing the “backlist” rounded and diverse, but • 90% at UNC‐Chapel Hill Press • Librarian unpredictable y • 87% at U of Kentucky Press l / di ti approvals/mediation • 70% at Johns Hopkins Press Source: “The E‐Reader Effect,” Inside Higher Ed, June 1, © 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D 2011; Education Advisory Board interviews and analysis.

Books >> Journals >> Space >> Staffing 36 Moving Beyond the “Big Deal” g y g Creating a Broader Range of Options for Scholarly Communication Current State Preferred End‐State • Researchers transfer copyright to • Authors retain certain aspects of Journals journal publishers journal publishers copyright and deposit copies of copyright and deposit copies of articles in open access repositories • Disciplinary societies contract with publishers for journal production • Subscription model coexists with on‐ demand services and open access • Publishers sell access to libraries in Publishers sell access to libraries in models bundles of journal titles • Researchers have outlets for making • Gaps in subscriptions filled by data accessible, sharing pre‐prints, and p inefficient and expensive inter‐ publishing non‐article forms of bli hi ti l f f library loan programs scholarship Barriers to Change • Faculty tenure and promotion guidelines favor publication in selective journals (typically produced by a handful of publishers) • Publishers hesitant to adopt open access models that threaten their financial viability f l bl© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D Source: Education Advisory Board interviews and analysis.

37 Pressure Mounting to Change the System g g y Gathering Calls for Large Publishers Institutions Unable to Open Access Skeptical of Alternatives Effect Change Alone Cornell Bans Non‐ Knowledge Explosion Vastly Disclosure Agreements Outstrips Purchasing Power Be Our Guest “If libraries and universities think they can manage peer U of California Stands Up review, editing, publication, to Nature Group marketing, and distribution themselves, then why don’t they? No one’s stopping Library Budgets them.” U U.K. Research Libraries e ea i a ie Executive Say “No” to Big Deals Major Publisher© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D Source: Education Advisory Board interviews and analysis.

On‐Demand Article Access 38 Emerging Pay‐Per‐View Models g g y User‐Driven Article Access Offers an Alternative to the “Big Deal” “Get It Now” Service DeepDyve p y An Alternative to Inter‐Library Loan Article Rentals for Knowledge Professionals • Can be directly user‐driven • Aggregates articles from partner or librarian‐mediated publishers • Full PDF e‐mailed to user • Users can browse and preview within 5 minutes abstract for free g p $ • Avg. cost per article: $24 • 24‐hour article rentals starting at g $0.99; Cannot print or download • Articles shareable if institution adopts CCC • Tiered monthly plans available, Annual Copyright License allowing longer access For this model to supplant subcriptions, publishers would have to… • Accept lower profits (“Big Deal” dismantled) • Migrate to usage micro‐charges or direct‐to‐user sales model© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D

Open Access Publishing 39 Subsidizing Accessibility g y Four Ways to Unilaterally Encourage Open Access • Modeled on Compact for • KU “ScholarWorks” hosts Open‐Access Publishing Equity faculty e‐prints and data (COPE) • Available freely worldwide, • Any UF faculty, post‐doc, Google‐friendly (stable URL) student, or staff can apply • Allows tracking of output, • Up to $3,000 in fee support access, readership • Must be published in open Must be published in open Open Access Open Access Institutional Institutional • Can negotiate with publishers Can negotiate with publishers access journal Fee Subsidy Repository for faculty backfiles Disciplinary Open Textbook • ArXiv hosted by Cornell library hosted by Cornell library, • 2009 Florida legislation spurred 2009 Florida legislation spurred home to hard science e‐prints Repository Pilot open textbook taskforce • OpenFolklore hosted by • Introductory calculus textbook Indiana U. library, home to free commissioned by provost f lkl j l folklore journals • Free to download, $35 for print • A model platform for future • Study suggested faculty worried scholarly communication? about quality, recognition arXiv.org Open Folklore© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D Source: Education Advisory Board interviews and analysis.

40 Opening the Floodgates p g g Digitization Transformed the Music Industry in Less Than a Decade Digital Music Purchase Options Digital M sic P rchase Options Ad Supported Subscription Lessons from the Music Industry • Long tail thrives: Consumers have broader access and more purchase options • Every musician a producer: Musicians have more options for distributing their work • More music, less revenue: Total revenues from sales of CDs, vinyl, cassettes and digital downloads in the U.S. peaked at $14.6 B in d l d i th U S k d t $14 6 B i 1999, may fall as low as $9.2 B • Adapt or die: Record companies and music retailers have struggled to adapt gg p • Music wants to be free: Digital Rights Management (DRM) restrictions largely abandoned after 2007 Pay‐per‐Song (1999‐2001) (1999 2001) Free© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D Source: Education Advisory Board interviews and analysis.

Books >> Journals >> Space >> Staffing 41 The Most Valuable Space on Campus p p Converting Library Space to Meet Patron Needs Current State Preferred End‐State • Most library space taken up by • Ebooks and e‐journals provide instant physical books and journals in physical books and journals in Space access to needed resources access to needed resources open stacks • Physical volumes are removed when • Typically 50% of volumes have possible to free up space for never circulated (some collaborative learning and other activities institutions as many as 80%) • Other academic support services (e.g., teaching and learning centers) move into the library space Barriers to Change • Ebooks and discovery tools not yet an acceptable substitute for browsing open stacks • Vocal groups of faculty strongly oppose reducing onsite physical collection • Deselecting books and journals can be expensive and time‐consuming • Often expensive to renovate libraries to accommodate new uses Often expensive to renovate libraries to accommodate new uses© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D Source: Education Advisory Board interviews and analysis.

42 Majority of Library Space Is Devoted to the Print Collection j y y p Typical Space Allocation at a Mid‐Size University Library (i f t) (in square feet) 102,195 No Room to Read d “Library after library has sacrificed reader accommodation to the imperatives of shelving. The crowding out of readers by reading material is one of the most common and disturbing reading material is one of the most common and disturbing ironies in library space planning.” Scott Bennett University Librarian Emeritus, Yale University 29,188 11,790 10,000 1,161 397 Collections Study Space Information Instructional Writing Center Food Services Space© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D Source: Scott Bennett, “Libraries Designed For Learning,” CLIR, 2003.

43 A Long Tail in the Stacks g Most Volumes Rarely Circulate, If Ever A long‐known problem l k bl Now even worse University of Pittsburgh Cornell University “Use of Library Materials” “U f Lib M t i l” “Task Force on Print Collection Usage” “T k F P i t C ll ti U ” 1979 2010 • 40% of collection never circulated • 55% of books purchased since 1990 have never circulated • If a book did not circulate during first 6 years, chances of it ever • 65% of books purchased in 2001 had circulating were 1 in 50 not circulated by the end of 2009 Average annual Average annual Average annual Average annual 13% circulation rate from open stacks 1‐2% circulation rate from high‐density storage Source: Allen Kent et al., “Use of Library Materials: The University of Pittsburgh Study,” Marcel Dekker, 1979; “Report of the Collection Development Executive Committee Task Force on Print Collection Usage,” Cornell University Library, 2010; Paul Courant, “On the Cost of Keeping a Book,” The Idea of Order, CLIR, 2010; Lizanne Payne, “Library Storage Facilities and the Future of © 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D Print Collections in North America,” OCLC, 2007.

44 The Price of “Just‐in‐Case” Collections Attachment to Open Stacks Comes With Significant Costs The Cost of Keeping a Book Yearly Cost per Volume y p Books per Square Foot p q $4.26 150 $0.86 10 On‐Site Open Off‐Site High On‐Site Open Off‐Site High Shelving Density Shelving Density Source: Courant, Paul and Matthew Nielsen, “On the Cost of Keeping a Book”, The Idea of Order: Transforming Research Collections for 21st Century Scholarship. CLIR Pub#147. June © 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D 2010; Education Advisory Board interviews and analysis.

45 A Cathedral for Books University of Chicago Asserts the Continuing Importance of Print The Joe and Rika Mansueto Library Building a Beacon for Scholars “…[F]or all the talk about digitization [F]or digitization, our flow of printed material into the library hasn’t diminished at all … What if there were a dramatic move away from digitization? Our aim here was to be absolutely the top‐notch university library.” • Opened May 16 2011 Opened May 16, 2011 Richard Saller, Provost Ri hard Saller Pro ost • Construction cost $81 M University of Chicago • Space for 3.5 M volumes in Automated Storage and Retrieval System (ASRS) • Now houses more volumes (8M) under a Now houses more volumes (8M) under a single roof than any other university library © 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D

46 Repurposing the Warehouse p p g Top Trends in Next‐Generation Library Space Planning Fewer physical resources Wireless connectivity and outlet access d l Comfort and collaboration Integration of academic support services Flexibility and modularity Food and drink© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D

Books >> Journals >> Space >> Staffing 47 Coming Out from Behind the Desk g Library Staff Engaging Directly with Student and Faculty Needs Current State Preferred End‐State • Significant staff time devoted to Staffing • Librarians embedded in online courses, cataloging and processing physical departments, and research teams books and journals • Specialized staff lead campus efforts in Specialized staff lead campus efforts in • Declining utilization of circulation academic technology, e‐science, and and reference services digital information resources Barriers to Change • Some librarians lack skills, interest in providing new support services • Faculty do not always see librarians as a useful resource for teaching and research support© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D

Externalizing Low‐Impact Activity 48 Smarter Allocation of Staff Time Shelf‐Ready Acquisition Shelf Ready Acquisition Tiered Reference Services Tiered Reference Services Crowd‐Sourced Reference Crowd Sourced Reference • Cooperative, 24/7 reference Staff required to process 30,000 service staffed by librarians books in time for library opening Consulting by • Run by OCLC Appointment tise Required d 25 • Participating libraries contribute portion of staff Reference time Expert Desk D k $35 $4 Per Record Per Record Single Service Point Service Point • 24/7 reference service 2 funded by state of Ohio Front Desk • Free of charge In‐House Outsourced d • Staffed by Ohio librarians Before After© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D

Teaching and Learning 49 Information Literacy in the Age of Google y g g Tailoring Library Instruction to the “Instant Gratification” Generation If You Can’t Beat It, Make It Better If Y C ’ B I M k I B A Look Inside Google Search A L k I id G l S h Learning First Hand Behind the Curtain “Everyone in academe teaches. And the “Given their popularity with students, course provides an amazing moment, when knowing more about how search engines k i b th h i you work with advanced undergraduates or work is vital to understanding information grad students on writing assignments. What access in a digital age. Unfortunately, most if we make working on Wikipedia part of students do not understand how Google those assignments?” and other search engines rank results.” d h h i k l ” Mahzarin Banaji Paul Barron Psychology Professor Library Director Harvard University Harvard University George C. Marshall Foundation Source: Paul Barron, “How Google Works: Are Search Engines Really Dumb and Why Should Educators Care?” Internet@Schools, Jan 1, 2011; John Fischman, “Academics, In New Move, Begin to Work With Wikipedia”, The © 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D Chronicle of Higher Education, May 28, 2011.

Teaching and Learning 51 Going Where the Students Are g Embedded EBrarians Integrated into Online Courses Bucks County Community College Bucks County Community College My Online Campus Librarians COMP 111 (Fall Semester 2010) participate in participate in online chat and Announcements English Composition II – Dr. Updike discussions Assessments Assignments Calendar Start Here Start Here Course Work Course Work Resources Chat Discussions Learning Modules Library Research Guide Survey Mail Roster This guide has everything you need Search to start your research for course assignments and the final essay. Web Links© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D Source: Education Advisory Board interviews and analysis.

52 LibGuides Video Tutorials COMP 111 LibGuide Your Librarian Search the Need help searching Library Catalog EBSCOhost? Ask a Librarian Need help with citation?© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D Source: Education Advisory Board interviews and analysis.

Teaching and Learning 53 There’s an App For That pp Mobile Information Services at Students’ Fingertips As the world becomes NCSU Libraries Mobile increasingly digital and mobile… brings library to devices • Students expect perpetual and • Search the catalog instant access to resources • Locate available computers in p y • The line between physical and y library virtual interaction becomes • Locate available work space blurred – GroupFinder • Adoption costs come down, expanding user base di b – S d R Study Room Reservations R i • Social networks make • Real‐time chat with librarians collaborative learning the • Hours and Locations of library norm branches • Networks enable new • Check the coffee shop line possibilies for “augmented using live webcam reality”© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D

54 Getting the Most Out of Special Collections g p Vendor Partnerships in Digitization, Preservation, and Marketing Special Collections Special Collections • Holocaust • World War I Adam Matthew Publications • Publishers digitize, describe, market, and host 25‐30,000 items for each project • McMaster retains ownership, gets free digital access and copies of scans • Portion of revenue from publishers returns to McMaster • Non‐compete agreement allows publishers a negotiated period of exclusivity, after which the collections become public after which the collections become public© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D

55 Starting from Scratch g Building an Academic Library Based on Future Needs Rather than Past Precedent Minimal Physical Collection Minimal Physical Collection Outsourced Technical Services Outsourced Technical Services • 93 K print books • Use YBP Library Services • 632 K digital books • Receive shelf‐ready books that are • 56 K digitized journals already cataloged and labeled • Sends gift book to OCLC for cataloging Sends gift book to OCLC for cataloging Large Collaborative Collection Virtual Reference • Rapid access to 36 M physical • No reference desk books and 1.7 M digitized books • Outsourced reference service held in UC libraries through phone, e‐mail, chat, • CDL handles licensing e‐resources workshops Patron‐Driven Acquisition Automated Circulation • Most purchases selected by patrons • Self‐checkout • No subject librarians on staff • RFID tags on all books Source: “The Story of the Library,” UC Merced, © 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D http://ucmercedlibrary.info/about‐the‐library/the‐story‐of‐the‐library

56 Transforming the Library g y Defining and Removing On‐Campus Barriers to a Preferred End‐State An Unsustainable Keys to Inclusive and The Digital Information Present State Orderly Migration Services Future Proprietary collections Collaborative collections Preserving Access and Service Quality arms race and digital access Acquisitions focused on A i iti f d Acquisitions informed by A i iti i f db Rightsizing Proprietary Print Collections collection building usage data No alternatives to journal No alternatives to journal Incentives for and promotion Incentives for and promotion Open Scholarship Support publishers of open access models Focused on “commodity” Trading up to unique circulation and reference circulation and reference Evolving Library Service Mix Evolving Library Service Mix student and researcher student and researcher activity support services Space tied up in low‐ Space used for Redeploying Staff and Space p y g p demand activities demand activities collaborative learning collaborative learning© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D

57 Road Map for Discussion p 1 Transformational Change in the Information Landscape 2 From Just in Case Collections to Just in Time Services From “Just‐in‐Case” Collections to “Just‐in‐Time” Services 3 Overview of Additional Best Practices© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D

58 Redefining the Academic Library g y Managing the Migration to Digital Information Services Sustainable Collection Management Redeploying Library Staff I II III IV V Rightsizing the Aligning Purchasing Reducing Scholarly Externalizing Lower‐ Embedding High‐ Print Collection with Demand Publishing Costs Value Activity Value Local Services • Usage‐Based g • Patron‐Driven • Centralized Licensing g • Shelf‐Ready y • Embedded eBrarian Deselection Acquisition Structure Acquisition (The Walmart Model) • Multimedia Support • Collaborative • Print‐On‐Demand • Tiered Reference Collection Books • On‐Demand Article Services • Departmental Planning Purchasing Informationist (The iTunes Model) • Integrated IT • Item‐Level Faculty Services • Data Curation Appeals • Open Access Publishing • Shared Specialists Shared Specialists (The Linux Model)© 2011 The Advisory Board Company • www.educationadvisoryboard.com • 22852D

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Redefining the Academic Library

by ted lin on Dec 02, 2011

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