Lattice Energy LLC-High-temperature Superconductivity in Patches-Addendum-Sep 11 2012

Lattice Energy LLC Commercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe CO2-free Energy Low Energy Neutron Reactions (LENRs) Addendum to August 23, 2012 Lattice presentation re:Evanescent HT or RT superconductivity in heavy-electron ‘patches’?September 5, 2012: Shukla & Eliasson posted an excellent new paper on arXiv: “Clustering of ions at atomic dimensions in quantum plasmas”Supports our speculative conjecture about Cooper pairing of protons in Widom-Larsen ‘patches’ Strongly-correlated, Q-M entangled SP electron and proton Lewis Larsen Strongly-correlated, Q-M entangled SP electron and proton subsystems in many-body patches President and CEO subsystems in many-body patches September 11, 2012 lewisglarsen@gmail.com 1-312-861-0115 Quantum critical point Quantum critical point “I have learned to use the word ‘impossible’ with the greatest caution.” HTSC? Wernher von Braun RTSC?September 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 1

Lattice Energy LLCNeutron capture products correlate with surface structures Background and objectives of this presentationLocal melting and crater-like features suggest intense heat production Source: “Light induced Superconductivity in a Stripe-ordered Cuprate,” A. Dienst et al., Science 331 pp. 189-191 (2011) – “Side view of a layered copper-oxide insulator, exhibiting one- dimensional “stripes” of aligned spins and trapped charges within a buckled lattice. By irradiating one such striped compound with light it has transformed from an insulator to a superconductor within one millionth of a millionth of a second, freeing electrons from their traps and making it possible for them to tunnel in pairs between second neighboring planes” September 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 2

Lattice Energy LLC Background and objectives of this presentationShukla & Eliasson’s new mechanism provides an attractive forceMain Lattice reference to examine is a 92-slide August 23, 2012, PowerPoint presentation:“Speculation: evanescent ‘exotic’ superconductivity (some form of HTSC) in heavy-electron ‘patches’?” http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-hightemperature-superconductivity-in-patchesaug-23-2012  For all the specific details, please see discussion on Slides #49 - 90 in above document  Briefly summarizing from that document: conceptually, once local nuclear strength E-fields form in a given μ- scale patch, we have two many-body, ~2-D disk-shaped, Q-M entangled, strongly-correlated subsystems of oppositely charged particles that are mutually coupled to each other via E-M fields and to ‘underlying’ substrate subsystem; if Cooper pairs of electrons and protons were to form, these two particle subsystems could be viewed as ‘mirror’ quantum condensates (see Slide #14 herein and Slide #81 in Aug. 23 document)  Attractive force between positively-charged ions would help facilitate formation of proton Cooper pairs: while it is not terribly difficult to imagine creation of Cooper pairs of entangled electrons in an SP electron patch subsystem, the issue of comparable pairing for protons is somewhat unfamiliar - more problematic. Like electrons, the problem with Coulomb repulsion between protons is obvious. That being the case, viewing the proton patch subsystem as a quantum plasma, is there an attractive force between protons (p+) that might plausibly facilitate the formation of bosonic Cooper pairs in a W-L patch? It turns-out that there may well be such a force; please see:  Cited on Slide #17 herein and on Slide #84 in August 23 document: “Novel attractive force between ions in quantum plasmas” P. Shukla and B. Eliasson Physical Review Letters 108 pp. 165007 - 165012 (2012) http://arxiv.org/pdf/1112.5556v7.pdf September 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 4

Lattice Energy LLC Background and objectives of this presentationShukla & Eliasson’s conclusions support idea of p+ Cooper pairs Please see preprint of their latest paper concerning the very novel “SE force” ion attraction mechanism:  “Clustering of ions at atomic dimensions in quantum plasmas” P. Shukla and B. Eliasson September 5, 2012 (version #2 --- revised preprint published on Sept. 7, 2012) http://arxiv.org/pdf/1209.0914v2  Directly quoting their abstract: "By means of particle simulations of the equations of motion for ions interacting with the newly discovered Shukla-Eliasson (SE) force in a dense quantum plasma, we demonstrate that the SE force is powerful to bring ions closer at atomic dimensions. Specifically, we present simulation results on the dynamics of an ensemble of ions in the presence of the SE force without and with confining external potentials and collisions between the ions and degenerate electrons. Our particle simulations reveal that under the SE force, ions attract each other, come closer and form ionic clusters in the bath of degenerate electrons that shield the ions. Furthermore, an external confining potential produces robust ion clusters that can have cigar-like and ball-like shapes. The binding between the ions on account of the SE force may provide possibility of non-Coulombic explosions of ionic clusters for inertial confined fusion (ICF) schemes when high- energy density plasmas (density exceeding 1023 per cubic centimeters) are produced by intense laser and relativistic electron beams. At such high plasma densities, the electrons will be degenerate and quantum forces due to the electron recoil effect caused by the overlapping of electron wave functions and electron tunneling through the Bohm potential, electron-exchange and electron correlations associated with electron-1/2 spin effect, and the quantum statistical pressure due to the Fermionic nature of degenerate electrons play a decisive role in producing the novel phenomena we describe in this paper.”  Quoting directly from their conclusions: “Specifically, we stress that the Cooper pairing of ions at atomic dimensions shall provide possibility of novel superconducting plasma based nanotechnology, since the electron transport in nanostructures would be rapid due to shortened distances between ions in the presence of the novel SE attractive force.”  Lattice comment thereon: while further investigation and calculations must certainly be undertaken, it appears that the newly discovered SE force between ions embedded in quantum plasmas may provide a mechanism that could potentially help facilitate the formation of Cooper pairs of protons in certain types of condensed matter systems as well as Widom-Larsen heavy electron patches as conjectured by this author September 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 3

Lattice Energy LLCNeutron capture products correlate with surface structuresFollowing was extracted from August 23, 2012 PowerPointLocal melting and has been included to suggest intense context so that This information crater-like features provide sufficient heat production readers are not compelled to immediately refer to the earlier document Source: “Light induced Superconductivity in a Stripe-ordered Cuprate,” A. Dienst et al., Science 331 pp. 189-191 (2011) – “Side view of a layered copper-oxide insulator, exhibiting one- dimensional “stripes” of aligned spins and trapped charges within a buckled lattice. By irradiating one such striped compound with light it has transformed from an insulator to a superconductor within one millionth of a millionth of a second, freeing electrons from their traps and making it possible for them to tunnel in pairs between second neighboring planes” September 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 5

Lattice Energy LLC Overview of W-L theory in condensed matter systemsWeak interaction is crucially important in neutron-catalyzed LENRsSeptember 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 6

Lattice Energy LLC Chemical and nuclear realms interconnect at nm-μ scalesHTSC may be occurring at dynamic ‘borderlands’ between the two realms ‘Borderlands’ between nuclear and chemical phenomena Evanescent high-temperature superconductivity herein? September 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 7

Lattice Energy LLC Collective many-body Q-M effects important in ‘patches’Just before ‘going nuclear, does ‘patch’ become an evanescent HTSC? Evanescent high-temperature Nuclear events create surface ‘craters’ Evanescent high-temperature superconductivity herein? seen in post-experiment SEM images superconductivity herein? Intense heating by local nuclear processes destroys ‘patch’ Q-M coherence along with its evanescent HT superconductivitySeptember 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 8

Lattice Energy LLC Many-body collective effects key to Widom-Larsen theoryHow might we now conceptualize quantum systems found in ‘patches’?  Herein we have described how the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs operates in nm- to μ-scale collectively oscillating many-body, ~homogenous ‘patches’ of Q-M entangled protons, deuterons, or tritons (i.e., p+, d+, or t+) found on condensed matter surfaces (see Slides # 8 – 48). For the purpose of discussion, let us conceptually idealize such: (1) hydrogenous ‘patches’ as being ~contiguous 2-D proton monolayers in an ~circular shape, i.e. a thin disk of strongly-correlated positive charges; and (2) surface plasmon electrons as being an essentially ‘flat’ ~2-D layer of collectively oscillating, many-body Q-M entangled particles that intrinsically cover an entire substrate surface, i.e. a ‘thin film’ of strongly-correlated negative charges  Thanks to local breakdown of Born-Oppenheimer approximation in such ‘patches,’ we have approximately circular surface regions with diameters ranging from several nm to ~100 microns in which electromagnetic coupling is established between ~2-D disks of hydrogenous ions and ‘film’ of surface plasmon electrons ‘covering’ a substrate. Once B-O breakdown and local proton-electron E-M coupling occur: (1) proton-coupled SP electrons situated in patches can be conceptualized as thin, ~2-D circular disks; and (2) nuclear-strength local electric fields that are created and established within spatial dimensions of disk-like patches will in turn create local populations of ‘heavy’ mass-renormalized SP electrons that are also located within such patches  In case of hydride-forming metallic substrates (e.g., certain metals such as Pd, Ni, Ti, etc.), it is known that ~2-D, island-like surface structures comprised of hydrogenous ions can form spontaneously once interior, material-specific interstitial sites in bulk lattice have become fully saturated or ‘loaded’ with ionized hydrogen isotopes. Conceptually, once local nuclear strength E-fields form in a given patch, we have two many-body, ~2-D disk-shaped, Q-M entangled, strongly-correlated subsystems of oppositely charged particles that are mutually coupled to each other via E-M fields and to ‘underlying’ substrate subsystem  We will begin exploring some possible consequences of such conceptualization in the Slides to follow September 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 9

Lattice Energy LLC Idealized conceptual elements of a Widom-Larsen ‘patch’ Patch comprises two many-body subsystems of interacting particles:(1) Surface plasmon electrons and (2) surface protons, i.e. hydrogenous ions p+, d+, or t+Particles in subsystems oscillate collectively and are entangled so Q-M wave functions are delocalized Dimensions randomly range from several nm up to perhaps ~100 microns SP electron SP electron and - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Many surface plasmon electrons - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - subsystem proton subsystems form a many-body Born-Oppenheimer approximation breaks down in this region W-L ‘patch’; it can Proton also reside on nanoparticles subsystem + + + + + + + + + + + Many surface protons (hydrogen) + + + + + + + + + + + + + attached to surface - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ‘Thin film’ of surface plasmon electrons - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ‘Layer‘ of positive charge + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Substrate: in this example, is hydride-forming metal, e.g. Palladium (Pd); however, could just as easily be an Oxide (in that case, SP electrons would be only be present at nanoparticle-oxide interface, not across entire substrate surface as shown above) Substrate subsystem Note: diagram components are not to scale; please ignore ‘striping’ on substrate surface September 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 10

Lattice Energy LLCConceptual elements of a W-L ‘patch’ situated on substratePatch is ‘ready to go’ but needs input energy to create heavy electronsE-M fields couple surface plasmons to protons in patch and to SPs on substrate surface‘Substrate’ can be planar surface of bulk material or complex geometric surface of ‘host’ nanoparticle‘Host’ nanoparticles can be fabricated and affixed on substrate surfaces to optimize and manage E-fields and/or LENR products Sufficient input energy will create local nuclear-strength E-fields > 1011 V/m within the patch Dimensions randomly range from several nm up to perhaps ~100 microns - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Many surface plasmon electrons - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Nuclear-strength local electric fields created herein + + + + + + + + + + Many surface protons (hydrogen) + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ‘Thin film’ of surface plasmon electrons - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ‘Layer‘ of positive charge + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Substrate: in this example, is hydride-forming metal, e.g. Palladium (Pd); however, could just as easily be an Oxide (in that case, SP electrons would be only be present at nanoparticle-oxide interface, not across entire substrate surface as shown above) Substrate subsystem Note: diagram components are not to scale; please ignore ‘striping’ on substrate surface September 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 11

Lattice Energy LLC Collection of W-L ‘patches’ situated on a substrate surface Dimensions and locations vary randomly across substrate surface Patches are very dynamic evanescent structures that are ‘born’ and eventually ‘die’Unless local E-field strengths tightly controlled, maximum patch ‘lifetime’ may only be ~300 nanoseconds Once a given W-L patch ‘goes nuclear’ it can create a ‘crater’ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ‘Thin film’ of surface plasmon electrons - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ‘Layer‘ of positive charge + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Substrate: in this example, is hydride-forming metal, e.g. Palladium (Pd); however, could just as easily be an Oxide (in that case, SP electrons would be only be present at nanoparticle-oxide interface, not across entire substrate surface as shown above) Substrate subsystem Note: diagram components are not to scale; please ignore ‘striping’ on substrate surface September 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 12

Lattice Energy LLC Summary of key Widom-Larsen patch characteristicsPatch comprised of coupled SP electron and surface proton subsystems Some type of evanescent in-plane 2-D HTSC could potentially be occurring therein Are particles in Do particles Type of particle in Dimensionality Are particles subsystem collectively Comments subsystem entangled? charged? oscillate? Widom- Yes Under proper conditions might Larsen Q-M wave form a quantum condensate Surface plasmon electrons surface ~2-D patch (fermions) decidedly many-body Yes, - reduced Yes functions are very comprised of Cooper pairs delocalized quantum confinement in patch Sizes vary within a patch a la quantum dots randomly - diameters can range Yes Under proper conditions might from Q-M wave form a quantum condensate Surface protons (hydrogen) ~2-D several nm to perhaps (fermions) Yes, + Yes functions are comprised of Cooper pairs decidedly many-body reduced very up to ~100 delocalized quantum confinement in patch microns within a patch a la quantum dots Mostly neutral atoms except Very high nuclear-strength for interstitial absorbed No electric fields > 1011 V/m present Substrate charge-neutral Essentially 3-D within an energized patch can material hydrogenous ions that i.e., bulk material No No occupy material-specific for the most potentially induce proximity E-M sites in substrate bulk lattice part effects in substrate in close contact with that patch Further Lattice comments: if some type of evanescent HTSC superconductivity truly occurs during the brief lifetime of W-L patches prior to their ‘going nuclear,’ since such patches are dimensionally ~2-D one can speculate that it would probably be in-plane, somewhat akin to Type-II layered superconductors such as Cuprates. Very high local E-fields within patches also suggest possibility that some sort of proximity effects might be induced locally in substrate material located beneath September 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 13

Lattice Energy LLCSpeculate: create Cooper pairs of protons and SP electrons? Do electromagnetically interacting 2-D ‘mirror’ quantum condensatesform in surface heavy-electron ‘patches’ prior to their ‘going nuclear’ ? Conceptual overview of condensates within a given many-body patchWhat might be facilitating the formation of Cooper pairs in patch quantum condensates? - - - - - - Nuclear-strength local electric fields herein + + + + + + Possible proximity effects in this region Substrate: in this example, it is a hydride-forming metal, e.g. Palladium (Pd); however, it could just as easily be an Oxide (in that case, SP electrons would be present at interface between patches and substrate, not across the entire substrate surface as would be the case if the underlying substrate was a metal) September 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 14

Lattice Energy LLC Quantum condensates and HTSC in W-L patches Speculative discussion of theoretical ideas If a type of evanescent HTSC truly occurs in PdHx W-L patches, it may be helpful to first discuss what it is not likely to be:  Type-I ‘classic’ BCS - substrate lattice phonons would not appear to be involved in electron-pairing quantum condensate formation process that would necessarily have to occur in the SP electron subsystem, since those electrons are coupled more strongly to the dynamics of the intervening, locally dominant proton subsystem (thanks to breakdown of Born-Oppenheimer approximation in patches) If not Type-I, the next potential alternative is that we could perhaps be dealing with some new variant of known Type-II superconductors. Well, there are both pluses and minuses with that particular conceptualization as follows:  Pluses - patch HT superconductivity, if present, would likely be an in-plane ~2-D phenomenon which would be broad-brush conceptually consistent with known Type-II behavior; if Tripodi et al.’s experimental measurements are ultimately shown to be correct, there would be little doubt that RTSC is physically possible, at least in some types of systems; Lipson’s ca. 2005 experimental observations are broadly consistent with low temperature Type-II behavior in PdHx; both Tripodi and Lipson et al. experimentally observed the Meissner effect  Minuses - a widely accepted, detailed theory of Type-II superconductivity is not yet available; except for Tripodi’s work and that of a handful of other researchers, there still isn’t any widely accepted experimental evidence for superconductivity occurring at anywhere close to room temperature (RTSC), let alone well above it; Source: “Light induced Superconductivity in a Stripe-ordered Cuprate,” A. Dienst et al., protons have not previously been known to participate in superconductivity Science 331 pp. 189-191 (2011) - “Structure of a (except in theoretical work involving cores of neutron stars); lastly, except for a LaEuSrCuO4 crystal (positions of La, Eu, Sr are not hint in Lipson’s work, oxides do not appear to play much of a role in W-L patches, distinguishable). CuO4 builds connected tilted octahedral structures.” which is decidedly unlike the vast majority of known oxide-based HTSCs September 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 15

Lattice Energy LLC Quantum condensates and HTSC in W-L patches Speculative discussion of theoretical ideas Protons are interesting entities - in the context of W-L patches, they can be viewed as simply being entangled hydrogen atoms or as entangled nucleons (p+). That being the case, there may be some utility in conceptualizing such patches as being akin to exotic, very large, pancake-shaped, short-lived ‘atoms’ that, instead of being a many- body collection of nucleons confined and held together mainly by the strong force, are confined and held together mainly by a complex combination of chemical bonds, local electromagnetic fields, and collective quantum effects; i.e., like a quantum dot on steroids. That said, it is unclear exactly what such a radical concept might really mean Analogy exists between W-L patches and quantum dots - in patches, heavy-mass SP electrons can directly convert locally produced gamma radiation into infrared photons (with a poorly understood, variable emission ‘tail’ in soft X-rays) at high efficiencies. This process is explained in a 2005 arXiv preprint, “Absorption of nuclear gamma radiation by heavy electrons on metallic hydride surfaces,” and fundamental US patent issued to Lattice in 2011, US 7,893,414 B2. Interestingly, it turns-out that there is a close analogue for this type of photon energy down-conversion that also occurs in quantum dots and is called, “luminescent downshifting”; please see:  “Performance of Hydrogenated a-Si:H solar cells with downshifting coating” B. Nemeth et al. (preprint) Conference Paper NREL/CP-5200-51824 (May 2011) http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy11osti/51824.pdf Micron-scale delocalization of electron, proton, and neutron Q-M wave functions – apart from the seminal experimental work of Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann et al., the Source: Wikipedia - YBa2Cu3O7: A hybrid ball and stick/polyhedral representation of experimentally verified fact (Cirillo et al. 2012) that ultra low momentum (ultra-long the YBa2Cu3O7 structure Q-M wavelength) delocalized band-state neutrons are produced via collective http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:YBa2 electroweak reactions in W-L patches implies that the same degree of delocalization Cu3O7.png must be true for protons present in a patch and likely also for SP electrons. This argues in favor of idea that evanescent HTSC might be occurring in such patchesSeptember 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 16

Lattice Energy LLC Quantum condensates and HTSC in W-L patches Speculative discussion of theoretical ideas Formation of Cooper pairs in quantum condensates – while it is not terribly difficult to imagine creation of Cooper pairs of entangled electrons in an SP electron patch subsystem, the issue of comparable pairing for protons is somewhat unfamiliar - more problematic. Like electrons, the problem with Coulomb repulsion between protons is obvious. That being the case, viewing the proton patch subsystem as a quantum plasma, is there an attractive force between protons that might plausibly facilitate the formation of bosonic Cooper pairs in a W-L patch? It turns-out that there may well be such a force; please see:  “Novel attractive force between ions in quantum plasmas” P. Shukla and B. Eliasson Physical Review Letters 108 pp. 165007 - 165012 (2012) http://arxiv.org/pdf/1112.5556v7.pdf Alternatively, could electron and/or proton spin density waves perhaps also help create quantum condensates in patches? – in a recent presentation, “Quantum phases of matter” (2012), Subir Sachdev (Harvard) described a theoretical mechanism for recently discovered group of Iron-based superconductors, e.g., BaFe2(As1-xPx)2, in which the attractive force between electrons (which enables formation of Cooper pairs) is presently thought to arise not from their interactions with lattice phonons, but rather from a so-called “spin density wave” (SDW) that spatially organizes up/down electron spin configurations at lattice sites. Interestingly, when the net antiferromagnetic moment (m) measured across the entire lattice vanishes as x = xc (i.e., at the quantum critical point), the electrons involved are all effectively entangled and must be treated as a many-body quantum subsystem Let us imagine a W-L patch proton subsystem as a dynamically organized ‘lattice’ of sorts, perhaps something akin to so-called “Coulomb crystals” that arise and are experimentally well-known in dusty, non-ideal plasmas. If that were the case, and since both electrons and Fig. 18. 2D (bottom) and 3D (top) plots of the spatial dependence of the differential conductance showing protons assuredly possess spin, by analogy perhaps something like a SDW could also help the microscopic inhomogeneity in magnitude of enable the formation of electron and/or proton Cooper pairs in a W-L patch? superconducting gap in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8−x in E. Plummer et al. Surface Science 500 pp. 1-27 (2002) September 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 17

Lattice Energy LLC Quantum condensates and HTSC in W-L patches Speculative discussion of theoretical ideas For this discussion, please see the following references:  “Absorption of nuclear gamma radiation by heavy electrons on metallic hydride surfaces” A. Widom and L. Larsen (2005) [see Slide #2 for full reference and hyperlink]  “Room Temperature Superconductivity” A. Mourachkine [author placed copy of entire 310-page book on arXiv] Cambridge International Science Publishing (2004) http://arxiv.org/ftp/cond-mat/papers/0606/0606187.pdf In evanescent W-L patches, both the proton and SP electron subsystems are characterized by strongly correlated, entangled particles and long-range Q-M coherence up to the physical dimensions of a given patch, which can range from several nm up to perhaps as large as ~100 microns Apart from having nuclear-strength local electric fields, what is extremely unusual about W-L patches are the energy- scales present therein. In ‘typical’ condensed matter environments and superconductors at chemical energies, meVs and eVs are the norm. By contrast, in energized patches, intrinsic energy scales of particles therein can range from eVs to keVs --- up to MeVs, i.e., they can and do enter the nuclear energy realm, unlike ‘everyday’ lattice environments Quoting excerpts from our 2005 arXiv preprint: “In order to achieve heavy electron pair energies of several MeV … The energy differences between electron states in the heavy electron conduction states is sufficient to pick up the ‘particle-hole’ energies of the order of MeV. Such particle-hole pair production in conduction states of metals is in conventional condensed matter physics described by electrical conductivity … energy spread of heavy electron-hole pair excitations implies that a high conductivity near the surface can persist well into the MeV photon energy range, strongly absorbing prompt gamma radiation … energy spread of the excited particle hole pair will have a cutoff of about 10 MeV based on mass renormalization of … the electron” While no direct experimental measurements of energy spreads in W-L patches have ever been made, one could speculate that they might well be much larger than those of presently well-known Types 1-2 superconductors. If ‘mirror’ Cooper pairs of SP electrons and protons can form in a coherent W-L patch, perhaps it is not unreasonable to expect that pairing energies therein might exceed value of 150 meV Mourachkine (2004) calculated for a RTSC at 580 KSeptember 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 18

Lattice Energy LLC Quantum condensates and HTSC in W-L patches Speculative discussion of theoretical ideas Summary:  Certain experimental data suggests that some form of HTSC may be occurring in W-L many-body patches found in LENR systems  While not widely known or accepted, controversial experimental data collected and published by Tripodi et al., if correct, suggests that >RTSC might be possible, at least in PdHx superconducting systems  If HTSC or RTSC truly does occur in W-L heavy-electron patches, although it shares some common characteristics with Type-2 superconductors, it differs in many key ways  For example, ‘normal’ lattice electron-phonon interactions seem unlikely to be involved in facilitating formation of Cooper pairing in a W-L patch’s SP electron subsystem. Instead, it seems like, during brief attoseconds of collective proton coherence, the many-body collective proton subsystem somehow functions as a local ‘lattice’ (a la a dynamic Coulomb crystal???). Viewed in that manner, a many-body proton subsystem’s electromagnetic and Q-M interactions with a patch’s many-body SP electron subsystem might then be able to provide a local environment conducive to electron pairing therein. Perhaps a patch’s two subsystems form dynamic, mutually reinforcing ‘mirror quantum condensates’ as conceptualized on Slide #81 herein  Hopefully, subject matter experts will study these new theoretical Credit: Y. Liu (Penn State Univ.) ideas to see whether they might lead to additional fruitful insights p-wave superconductor Sr2RuO4September 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 19

Lattice Energy LLC Commercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe CO2-free Energy How does heavy-electron patch HTSC relate to literature?While somewhat like Type-2, heavy-electron HTSC differs in key aspects  Apart from reading a large number of published “Strange and stringy” papers, some of which are cited herein, two must- S. Sachdev, Harvard University Scientific American (October 2012) read references shown to the right were particularly http://qpt.physics.harvard.edu/c63.pdf helpful to the author, who is not an expert on HTSC Abstract (quoted from an earlier preprint):  As noted earlier, if some form of HTSC or maybe “In many modern materials, 1023 electrons even RTSC is truly occurring in W-L heavy SP quantum-entangle with each other, and electron patches, it may be providing us with some produce new phases of matter, such as new and interesting theoretical ‘twists’ on HT high temperature superconductors. The challenge of describing the entanglement superconductivity along with daunting experimental of such a large number of electrons may challenges that must be surmounted to fully be met by ideas drawn from string theory.” understand what might be happening in these nanoscale many-body quantum systems “Room Temperature Superconductivity”  As promised, this presentation raises many more A. Mourachkine Cambridge International Science questions than it answers. Hopefully, it will help Publishing (2004) provide impetus for additional theoretical and http://arxiv.org/ftp/cond- experimental work by other researchers mat/papers/0606/0606187.pdf September 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 20

Lattice Energy LLCNeutronLENR experimentscorrelate with superconductivityRecap: capture products that suggest surface structuresLocal melting and crater-like features suggest intense heat production Source: “Light induced Superconductivity in a Stripe-ordered Cuprate,” A. Dienst et al., Science 331 pp. 189-191 (2011) – “Side view of a layered copper-oxide insulator, exhibiting one- dimensional “stripes” of aligned spins and trapped charges within a buckled lattice. By irradiating one such striped compound with light it has transformed from an insulator to a superconductor within one millionth of a millionth of a second, freeing electrons from their traps and making it possible for them to tunnel in pairs between second neighboring planes” September 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 21 21

Lattice Energy LLC Recap: possible experimental evidence for SC in LENRsEffects appear in PdHx, PdDx and PdHx /PdO from cryo to above 273oK For more details please see Lattice’s August 23, 2012, PowerPoint presentation Slide #s in Material(s) range of Material/isotope in Anomalous Researcher(s) and Aug. 23 Type of experiment temperatures(s) when which effects are experimental Comments year reported document effects are measured observed effect(s) 5 and Ultrathin 50 μm metal wire in Selvaggi: 2000 Large, rapid Correlated with Room temp or above Pure Pd: 50 - 52 current-driven electrolytic ICONE resistivity calorimetric macro (> 273 K) PdDx cell with D2O (10-5 M CaSO4) conference report fluctuations excess heat burst 6 and Two alternative preferred Multiple Some measurements 53 - 61 system embodiments: metal Removed from measurements indicate possible Tripodi et al.: two Pure Pd: cathode was loaded w. electrolytic cell; then were consistent RTSC observed; papers published PdHx hydrogen isotope in measurements were with SC including claimed some effects in Physica C in electrolytic cell with H2O made at low cryogenic Meissner effect; were supposedly 2003 and 2004; Claimed alternative (10-5 M Hg2SO4); or, metal temps up to room please see 2006 observed for as long US Patent issued embodiments thin-film ‘target’ hit with in 2006 temp (Tc > 273 K) or include PdDx US patent and as 24 hours after accelerated hydrogenous above, e.g. 400K associated papers removal from loading ions in pressure chamber for details cell 62 - 65 12.5 μm thick metal foil; Removed from Multiple Conjectured Type II Lipson et al.: Pure Pd: thermally grown oxide; electrolytic cell; then measurements filamentary 2005 PdHx and loaded w. hydrogen isotope measurements made were consistent superconductor; ICCF-12 PdHx:PdO in electrolytic cell with H2O at low cryogenic with SC; see full observed Meissner conference report heterostructres (1M Li2SO4) temps up to T < ~67 K presentation effect 66 Large, rapid Correlated with large Macroscopic metal cathode McKubre: 2009 Room temp or above Pure Pd: resistivity up/down macro in electrolytic cell with D2O ICCF-15 (> 273 K) PdDx fluctuations fluctuations in (1M LiOD with 200 ppm Al) conference report measured across calorimetric excess cathode surface heat Summary comments: altogether, viewed through the conceptual ‘lens’ of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs, these varied experimental observations suggest to the author that some form of evanescent high temperature superconductivity cold potentially be associated with heavy-SP electron ‘patches’ that form on surfaces that can, under proper conditions, become LENR-active sitesSeptember 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 22

Lattice Energy LLC Recap: possible experimental evidence for SC in LENRsEffects appear in PdHx, PdDx and PdHx /PdO from cryo to above 273oKSpecial commentary on work of Tripodi: amazing measurements have not been refuted Renewed interest in Tripodi’s earlier work became apparent in 2011 - 2012 APS March Meeting 2012, Volume 57, Number 1, Monday - Friday, February 27 - March 2 2012; Boston, MA.Please take special note: new work below is for case of PdHx where 0 ≤ x ≤ 1; Tripodi and Lipson both conjectured that superconductivityeffects should become progressively stronger as x increases further and further above x = 1, i.e., local values of hydrogen ‘loading’ >> 1 Session Q21: Novel Superconductivity in New and Low Dimensional Session Q21: Novel Superconductivity in New and Low Materials, 12:15 AM - 12:27 PM, Wednesday, February 29, 2012 Room: Dimensional Materials, 12:27 AM - 12:39 PM, Wednesday, 254A Authors: P. Buczek et al. February 29, 2012 Room: 254A Authors: C. Bersier et al. “Elementary excitations and elusive superconductivity in palladium “Elementary excitations and elusive superconductivity in hydride --- ab initio perspective. I. Paramagnons “ palladium hydride --- ab initio perspective. II. Phonons” “Motivated by a experimental reports on possible high temperature “Motivated by a experimental reports on possible high superconductivity in palladium hydride [Tripodi et al., Physica C 388- temperature superconductivity in palladium hydride [Tripodi et 389, 571 (2003)], we present a first principle study of spin fluctuations, al., Physica C 388-389, 571 (2003)], we present a first principle electron-phonon coupling and critical temperature in PdHx, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. A study of spin fluctuations, electron-phonon coupling and critical prerequisite for any qualitative study of exchange-enhanced materials is temperature (Tc) in PdHx , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. Our results described in the knowledge of spin flip fluctuation spectrum. It is generally believed terms of (i) electronic structure, (ii) phonon density of states and [Berk & Schrieffer, Phys. Rev. Lett., 17, 433 (1966)] that the (iii) Eliashberg function show that the hydrogenation of Pd ferromagnetic-like paramagnons of Pd are destructive for the clearly enhance the electron-phonon coupling in this material. conventional, i.e. s-wave, superconductivity. We describe them using Assuming phonons to be the driving force for superconductivity, linear response time dependent density functional theory, recently fcc Pd features a vanishingly small Tc, while for the implemented to study complex metals [Buczek et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. stoichiometric x = 1 PdH the resulting Tc is around 10 K in 105, 097205 (2010)]. We find that hydrogenation suppresses the intense agreement with experiment. It is generally believed [Berk & spin fluctuations of pure Pd, driving it away from a magnetic critical Schrieffer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 17, 433 (1966)] that intense spin-&flip point. Under the assumption of s-wave pairing, this could lead to the fluctuations of Pd are destructive for the conventional, i.e. s- formation of the superconducting state. The ab initio estimated electron- wave, superconductivity. However, the H doping leads to a phonon coupling is strong enough to support superconductivity. Please drastic reduction of spin-flip scattering. Please look for look for the complementary contribution of Christophe Bersier.” complementary presentation of Pawel Buczek.”September 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 23

Lattice Energy LLC Physics of LENRs is now understood and published Hint about superconductivity possibility in Sept 2005 preprint “Ultra low momentum neutron catalyzed nuclear reactions on metallic hydride surfaces” Eur. Phys. J. C 46, pp. 107 (March 2006) Widom and Larsen – initially placed on arXiv in May 2005 at http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/cond-mat/pdf/0505/0505026v1.pdf; a copy of the final EPJC article can be found at: http://www.newenergytimes.com/v2/library/2006/2006Widom-UltraLowMomentumNeutronCatalyzed.pdfpp. 2 “Absorption of nuclear gamma radiation by heavy electrons on metallic hydride surfaces” http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/cond-mat/pdf/0509/0509269v1.pdf (Sept 2005) Widom and Larsen “Nuclear abundances in metallic hydride electrodes of electrolytic chemical cells” http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/cond-mat/pdf/0602/0602472v1.pdf (Feb 2006) Widom and Larsen “Theoretical Standard Model rates of proton to neutron conversions near metallic hydride surfaces” http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/nucl-th/pdf/0608/0608059v2.pdf (v2. Sep 2007) Widom and Larsen “Energetic electrons and nuclear transmutations in exploding wires” http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0709/0709.1222v1.pdf (Sept 2007) Widom, Srivastava, and Larsen “Errors in the quantum electrodynamic mass analysis of Hagelstein and Chaudhary” http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0802/0802.0466v2.pdf (Feb 2008) Widom, Srivastava, and Larsen “High energy particles in the solar corona” http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0804/0804.2647v1.pdf (April 2008) Widom, Srivastava, and Larsen “A primer for electro-weak induced low energy nuclear reactions” Srivastava, Widom, and Larsen Pramana – Journal of Physics 75 pp. 617 (October 2010) http://www.ias.ac.in/pramana/v75/p617/fulltext.pdf September 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 24

Lattice Energy LLC Commercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe CO2-free Energy “A scientist is supposed to have a complete and thorough knowledge, at first hand, of some subjects and, therefore, is usually expected not to write on any topic of which he is not a master. This is regarded as a matter of noblesse oblige. For the present purpose I beg to renounce the noblesse, if any, and to be freed of the ensuing obligation. My excuse is as follows: we have inherited from our forefathers the keen longing for unified, all-embracing knowledge. The very name given to the highest institutions of learning reminds us, that from antiquity and throughout many centuries the universal aspect has been the only one to be given full credit. But the spread, both in width and depth, of the multifarious branches of knowledge during the last hundred odd years has confronted us with a queer dilemma. We feel clearly that we are only now beginning to acquire reliable material for welding together the sum-total of all that is known into a whole; but, on the other hand, it has become next to impossible for a single mind fully to command more than a small specialized portion of it. I can see no other escape from this dilemma (lest our true aim be lost forever) than that some of us should venture to embark on a synthesis of facts and theories, albeit with second-hand and incomplete knowledge of some of them --- and at the risk of making fools of ourselves.”SPASER device’s electric fields (2009): surface plasmonamplification by stimulated emission of radiation Erwin Schrödinger, “What is life?” (1944)http://opfocus.org/content/v7/s5/opfocus_v7_s5.pdfSeptember 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 25

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Lattice Energy LLC-High-temperature Superconductivity in Patches-Addendum-Sep 11 2012

by Lewis Larsen on Sep 11, 2012

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Lattice Energy LLC-High-temperature Superconductivity in Patches-Addendum-Sep 11 2012 Presentation Transcript