Lattice Energy LLC- LENR Transmutation Networks can Produce Gold-May 19 2012

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Low Energy Neutron Reactions (LENRs) In theory, neutron-catalyzed LENR transmutations can produce GoldAlready observed experimentally; may also occur naturally in the earthMight process be scalable and economic; if so, what are long-term implications for Gold price? Example 1 Example 2 Production of Gold: one possible path Making Gold: another possible path Stable 74W180-186seeds Technical Overview Stable 73Ta180-181seeds +n and decays Lewis Larsen +n and decays President and CEO Series of Series of Intermediate Lattice Energy LLC Intermediate Isotopes May 19, 2012 Isotopes 78Pt 196 “Facts do not cease to exist 77Ir 197 +n because they are ignored.” β- decay 197 Aldous Huxley in 197 78Pt 78Pt “Proper Studies” 1927 β- decay β- decay 197 Basic LENR transmutation reactions: e-* + p+ g n + νe 197 79Au n + (Z, A) g (Z, A+1)stable or (Z, A+1)unstable 79Au Neutron-catalyzed transmutations (Z, A+1)unstable g (Z+1, A+1)stable or unstable + e-β + νe Neutron-catalyzed transmutations May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 1

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Background on WLT and main objectives of presentationLENRs are like astrophysical processes (stellar alchemy) with key differences For ~65 years prior to advent of Widom-Larsen theory (WLT) of LENRs in May 2005, physicists had universally assumed that neutron-catalyzed nuclear transmutation reactions were only possible in the extreme environments of fission reactors, nuclear weapon detonations, and stars. Published in peer-reviewed journals and using only known physics, WLT integrates many- body collective quantum effects with electroweak theory to explain how energetic nuclear processes can occur under much ‘milder’ physical conditions; e.g., in some electric-current driven, aqueous electrolytic chemical cells akin to ordinary batteries. Unaware of WLT, vast majority of astrophysicists presently believe that all elements heavier than Iron (Fe at ~58 amu) were produced via nuclear transmutation of Fe into successively heavier elements by two types of neutron production, capture, and nuclear decay processes known as the s- (for slow) and r- (rapid) process, respectively. Differing primarily in rates of neutron production (in r-process it is much higher), the s-process is thought to occur in hot plasmas of mature red giant stars and r- process in the hearts of exploding, violently dying stars known as supernovae. These well-accepted types of astrophysical nucleosynthetic phenomena are really just a form of natural ‘stellar alchemy’ that creates heavier elements from lighter ones. W.R.T. neutron production rates, LENRs in condensed matter systems often fall somewhere between the s- and r-process. Per WLT, they differ from astrophysical s- and r-processes in that LENRs do not produce: (1) energetic keV - MeV neutrons (rather, ultra low momentum <<< sub-thermal); (2) emit energetic gamma radiation (it is instead converted to infrared heat by heavy e-* electrons involved in neutron production); or long-lived radioactive isotopes (neutron-rich intermediates decay rapidly via β- decay chains into stable isotopes). Unlike the s-/r-processes, LENR neutron-catalyzed transmutation processes operate from neutron capture on lightest element, Hydrogen, all the way up to and beyond vastly heavier high-Z elements, e.g., Plutonium. In various SlideShare documents, Lattice has also shown that LENRs are widespread in Nature (hidden in plain sight due to absence of strong radiation signatures; only mass spectroscopy ‘sees’ telltales); can occur at low rates in environs including catalytic converters, pyrolysis processes, benzene rings, lightning, and (very likely) metabolic processes of some bacteria. Objectives of this presentation: (1) discuss theoretical possibility of using LENR-based transmutation processes (effectively modern nuclear alchemy) to produce Gold from much less costly, lighter ‘seed target’ elements such as Tungsten; (2) examine previously reported experimental data which suggests that production of gold via WLT LENR transmutations has already been observed experimentally; and (3) explore alternative methods for LENR-based gold production using abiotic vs. bacterial systems and whether they might be cost-competitive with mining someday. May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 2

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Contents LENR physics and transmutations now understood and published .............. 5 Potential market applications for LENRs ....................................…................... 6 Historical perspective ...................................................................................…… 7 - 10 Periodic table of elements .................................................................................. 11 Astrophysical thinking about nucleosynthesis in Nature................................. 12 Astrophysical thinking about Gold production in Nature ................................ 13 LENRs access vast areas of neutron-rich isotopic landscape ....................… 14 Neutron capture cross-sections: LENRs vs. stars ........................................... 15 - 17 LENR Gold production traverses 6th row of Periodic Table ............................. 18 74W 180-seed LENR neutron-catalyzed transmutation network ..……................ 19 - 24 Experimental data support existence of 74W180-seed network ......................... 25 Electric arc transmutations reported from 1900s to 1922 ................................ 26 Electric arc transmutations widely discussed in 1922-23 ................................ 27 Production of Gold in electric arcs reported from 1924-26 .............................. 28 - 32 Cirillo & Iorio also produced Gold from Tungsten ca. 2004 ............................. 33 - 36 New 2010-11 experiments and reports by Cirillo et al. ..................................... 37May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 3

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Contents (continued) LENR networks occur in variety of different environments ........................... 38 - 39 Are bacteria transmuting Tungsten → Gold → Mercury? ........…................... 40 - 56 Speculative future economics of ‘mining’ Gold via LENRs ............................ 57 - 62 Final thoughts and conclusions .......................………...................................... 63 - 64 Ending quotations: Michael Faraday, laboratory journal notes (1849) ....................................... 65 “Stairway to Heaven,” lyrics by Led Zeppelin (1971) .................................. 66 Readers --- please note that a companion technical document is now available as follows: “Addendum to May 19, 2012, Lattice Technical Overview” “In 74W180-seed LENR neutron-catalyzed transmutation network, unstable isotopes of Lead and Bismuth will spontaneously transmute into unstable isotopes of Mercury and Thallium, respectively, which could be detected. Apparently observed by L. Thomassen in experimental work for his PhD at Caltech in 1927” Lewis Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC May 26, 2012 [34 pages in MS-Word 8.5 x 11 document format – not peer-reviewed] http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llcaddendum-to-may-19-2012-technical-overview1927-caltech-experimentsmay-26-2012 Summary: in the hypothetical Widom-Larsen LENR network, unstable isotopes of Lead and Bismuth created by neutron capture processes will spontaneously transmute via alpha-decays into unstable isotopes of Mercury and Thallium, respectively, which could potentially be detected analytically. Such LENR network products were apparently observed by L. Thomassen in experimental work that he conducted for his PhD at Caltech in 1927. A shorter version of these results was subsequently published in peer-reviewed Physical Review in 1929; he was advised in this work by R. Millikan, who was then on the faculty at Caltech and who had received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1923. Lewis Larsen, May 28, 2012 12/15/2012: note Lattice SlideShare dtd. 12/07/2012 - discusses Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (Japan) new experiments that confirm Nagaokas much earlier experimental work that was reported in Nature (1925)May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 4

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLCLENR physics and transmutations now understood and published Technical papers on Widom-Larsen theory “Ultra low momentum neutron catalyzed nuclear reactions on metallic hydride surfaces” Eur. Phys. J. C 46, pp. 107 (March 2006) Widom and Larsen – initially placed on arXiv in May 2005 at http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/cond-mat/pdf/0505/0505026v1.pdf; a copy of the final EPJC article can be found at: http://www.newenergytimes.com/v2/library/2006/2006Widom-UltraLowMomentumNeutronCatalyzed.pdf “Absorption of nuclear gamma radiation by heavy electrons on metallic hydride surfaces” http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/cond-mat/pdf/0509/0509269v1.pdf (Sept 2005) Widom and Larsen “Nuclear abundances in metallic hydride electrodes of electrolytic chemical cells” http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/cond-mat/pdf/0602/0602472v1.pdf (Feb 2006) Widom and Larsen “Theoretical Standard Model rates of proton to neutron conversions near metallic hydride surfaces” http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/nucl-th/pdf/0608/0608059v2.pdf (v2. Sep 2007) Widom and Larsen “Energetic electrons and nuclear transmutations in exploding wires” http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0709/0709.1222v1.pdf (Sept 2007) Widom, Srivastava, and Larsen “Errors in the quantum electrodynamic mass analysis of Hagelstein and Chaudhary” http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0802/0802.0466v2.pdf (Feb 2008) Widom, Srivastava, and Larsen “High energy particles in the solar corona” http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0804/0804.2647v1.pdf (April 2008) Widom, Srivastava, and Larsen “A primer for electro-weak induced low energy nuclear reactions” Srivastava, Widom, and Larsen Pramana – Journal of Physics 75 pp. 617 (October 2010) http://www.ias.ac.in/pramana/v75/p617/fulltext.pdfMay 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 5

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Potential market applications for LENRs Applications Description Target Markets Scale-up and integrate LENR heat sources w. LENRs enable safe, ‘green’ carbon-free SAFE - no radiation shielding or different energy conversion technologies: nuclear energy production and power nuclear waste issues; could also e.g., develop portable battery-like devices generation at reasonable cost - eventually enter portable power using thermoelectrics that can convert raw Vastly greater energy densities and markets and compete directly First Targets heat directly to DC electricity; or, use heat to longevity at a lower price per kWh against chemical batteries, small rotate a shaft for propulsion (e.g., Stirling or compared to chemical power sources fuel cells, and microgenerators modern steam engines in motor vehicles) Bitumen extraction, heavy oil recovery, Use bore-hole LENR thermal sources to heat- Major benefit to large oil and/or oil shale processing up bitumen or heavy oil underground: reduce producers – can help increase According to Prof. K. Deffeyes of production costs, enhance recovery; could long-term supplies of oil and Princeton University, about 2/3 of oil use LENR heaters for in-situ underground reduce total production costs as remaining in the ground worldwide is upgrading and downstream process heat well as CO2 ‘footprint’ classified as ‘heavy’ Develop much cleaner fission power Design new types of LENR-based subcritical Retrofit new ULM-neutron generation technologies fission reactors that can burn existing reactors into existing nuclear Potential Long-term Opportunities Use LENRs and ultra low momentum fissionable fuels down to stable isotopes – fission power systems; much neutrons (ULMs) for triggering fission little or no long-lived radioactive wastes better safety and lower costs Nuclear waste treatment Develop turnkey systems for on-site clean-up Nuclear waste remediation and Transmute dangerous radioactive of existing worldwide inventories of fission clean-up – opportunities in many nuclear waste using LENRs; generate wastes from nuclear power plants countries, e.g., US, France, additional power from waste burn-up Japan, China, etc. Transmutation of stable elements Use LENRs to transmute less expensive Mostly target precious and rare Produce almost any very valuable elements into much more valuable ones – metals production, e.g., element or isotope in the periodic table first do it abiologically; later migrate to platinum, gold, rhodium, rare at competitive costs compared to methods using various species of genetically earth elements, etc present mining and refining operations engineered bacteriaMay 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 6

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Historical Perspective 1901 - Modern discovery of nuclear alchemy: “For Mike’s sake Soddy, don’t call it transmutation. They’ll have our heads off as alchemists.” Comment made by Ernest Rutherford to Frederic Soddy (1901) “In 1901, twenty-four year-old chemist Frederick Soddy and Ernest Rutherford were attempting to identify a mysterious gas that wafted from samples of radioactive thorium oxide. They suspected that this gas - they called it an ‘emanation’ - held a key to the recently discovered phenomenon of radioactivity. Soddy had passed the puzzling gas over a series of powerful chemical reagents, heated white-hot. When no reactions took place, he came to a startling realization. As he told his biographer many years later, ´I remember quite well standing there transfixed as though stunned by the colossal import of the thing and blurting out-or so it seemed at the time, ‘Rutherford, this is transmutation: the thorium is disintegrating and transmuting itself into argon gas.’ Rutherford‘s reply was typically aware of more "The Alchemists Workshop" by Jan practical implications.” "The Alchymist in Search of the Philosophers van der Straet (1570) Stone Discovers Phosphorous" by Joseph Wright J. Magill, “Decay Engine” at www.nucleonica.net of Derby (1771)May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 7

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Historical Perspective 1941: “God made the neutron” [to produce Gold]“The neutron plays a pivotal role in manmade transmutations. In the words ofBronowski, ‘At twilight on the sixth day of Creation, so say the Hebrew commentatorsto the Old Testament, God made for man a number of tools that gave him also the gift ofcreation. If the commentators were alive today, they would write, ‘God made theneutron.’ Is it far-fetched to consider the neutron to be the Stone of the Philosophers(and atom smashers to be athanors – the furnaces of the Philosophic Egg)? Frankly,yes. But, in 1941, fast neutrons were used to transmute mercury into a tiny quantity ofgold1. Was the age old dream realized? Would a modern day version of the RomanEmperor Diocletian have to burn all the notebooks and journal articles and destroy theatom smashers in order to protect the world’s currency? Well, probably not. It is likelythat an ounce of such gold would cost more than the net worth of the planet. Also, thegold so obtained is radioactive and lives for only a few days at most. But, we are notalways logical when it comes to gold. In the words of Black Elk, a holy man of theOglala Lakota-Sioux on the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota, ‘Our people knewthere was yellow metal in little chunks up there, but they did not bother with it, becauseit was not good for anything’.” 1[Sherr et al., The Physical Review 60 pp. 473 - 479 1941]Arthur Greenberg, “From Alchemy to Chemistry in Picture and Story” pp. 571 2007May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 8

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Historical Perspective1989: Pons & Fleischmann rediscover LENRs; mistake it for D-D fusion “Oh, East is East, and West is West, and never the twain shall meet.” Rudyard Kipling, “The Battle of East and West” (1889) Since the inception of modern nuclear science ca. 1940s, it has been near-universally believed that the only man-controllable nuclear processes were strong interaction fission or potentially fusion; it was also widely held that nuclear transmutation reactions could only take place within certain environments, e.g., in fission reactors, nuclear weapons, or stars. Pons & Fleischmann’s 1989 discovery of what appeared to be nuclear transmutation processes operating inside what would otherwise be ordinary D2O electrolytic chemical cells thus challenged long-established conceptual paradigms about nuclear processes. Sadly, P&F rashly speculated that their observed radiation-free “excess heat” resulted from a D-D “cold fusion” process. As Ernest Rutherford would undoubtedly have predicted, such an erroneous claim (coupled with irreproducible experimental results) resulted in sustained attacks on such research by mainstream science that have continued to the present. However, starting with the release of our first arXiv preprint in May 2005, the Widom-Larsen theory (WLT) of LENRs has shown, using known physics, how energetic nuclear reactions can in fact take place in ordinary chemical cells. According to WLT, key aspects of LENRs involve weak interactions that can occur in a variety of different environments under relatively ‘mild’ physical conditions. Our theory posits that in condensed matter systems, many-body collective effects allow the otherwise disparate chemical and nuclear energy realms to interconnect in special, micron-scale regions on surfaces, thus enabling neutron-catalyzed transmutation networks in condensed matter. May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 9

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Historical Perspective2012 - WLT’s ‘modern alchemy’ based on well-accepted nuclear science US Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) produced Gold “Alchemy, derived from the Arabic word ‘al-kimia’ is both a philosophy and an ancient practice focused on the attempt to change base metals into gold, investigating the preparation of the ‘elixir of longevity’, and achieving ultimate wisdom, involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of several substances described as possessing unusual properties. The practical aspect of alchemy generated the basics of modern inorganic chemistry, namely concerning procedures, equipment and the identification and use of many current substances. Alchemy has been practiced in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia (modern Iraq), India (modern Indian subcontinent), Persia (modern Iran), China, Japan, Korea, the classical Greco-Roman world, the medieval Islamic world, and then medieval Europe up to the 20th century, in a complex network of schools and philosophical systems spanning at least 2,500 years.” Source for above quote: Wikipedia article as of July 7, 2010 According to the WLT, LENRs and chemistry intersect on nm - μ length-scales in condensed matter systems under comparatively ‘mild’ conditions compared to interiors of stars, nuclear weapons, and fuel rods of operating fission reactors. Production of gold from lower-Z elements such as Tungsten (W) is not just some alchemist’s fevered delusion. It is an understandable result of ULM neutron-captures on W and subsequent beta decays, both of which are presently well-accepted in mainstream nuclear science “Popular Science” magazine, March 1948 May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 10

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Astrophysical thinking about nucleosynthesis in NatureHere is how astrophysicists now think the s-/r-processes work in stars Quoting: For a nice animation see: Quoting: “The s-process: http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm “The r-process During the s-process neutron ?id=gal-yam-how-large-stars-die The r-process is responsible captures are in most cases much slower than beta for the origin of about half of decays. Radioactive isotopes the heavy elements beyond formed after a neutron iron. Elements such as capture decay quickly into europium, gold, platinum, or stable nuclei before the next uranium are mainly produced neutron is captured. The s- in the r-process ... Obviously process proceeds therefore the neutron densities during along the so called valley of the r-process are so large that stability (Fig. 2) and crosses neutron captures are much the N = 82 and N = 126 faster than beta decays so neutron shells at stable nuclei that extremely beta unstable with mass numbers A = 138 nuclei can be formed. After (barium) and A = 208 (lead). their creation in the r-process The abundance maxima these nuclei are converted created by the s-process at into stable nuclei through a these locations can be readily long chain of beta decays. In identified in Fig. 1. From the some cases these beta decays observation of technetium, can emit neutrons, so the which is an element without a mass number of the final stable isotope, on the surface stable nucleus tends to be of red giant stars the ongoing slightly lower than the mass operation of the s-process number of the nucleus has been demonstrated and formed originally in the r- the astrophysical site has process, an effect which we been identified neglected in our simple unambiguously. “ argument above.” Source: Fig. 2 in “Nuclear masses and the origin of the elements,” H. Schatz & K. Blaum in Europhysics News 5 pp. 16-21 (2006) http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/blaum/files/publications/precision-experiments/EurophysicsNews_num5_vol37_16-21.pdf May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 12

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Astrophysical thinking about Gold production in NatureHere is how one astrophysicist now thinks the process works in stars Source: Slide #20 in “How to make Gold,” Prof. Hendrik Schatz, Michigan State Univ. http://www.nscl.msu.edu/files/Schatz03.ppt May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 13

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLCLENRs access vast areas of neutron-rich isotopic landscapeRegion of neutron-catalyzed transmutation pathways discussed herein ‘Green’ nuclear process typically traverses rows of the Periodic Table In this presentation, we will be discussing a theoretical LENR neutron-catalyzed nucleosynthetic network (yellow arrow) that begins in the region of Tantalum (Ta) and Tungsten (W) ‘seeds’, produces stable Gold (79Au197) and can extend to higher-Z elements as far as Lead (Pb) and Bismuth (83Bi209) May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 14

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Neutron capture cross-sections: LENRs vs. starsCondensed matter LENR neutrons are at much lower energies vs. stars Comparative rates of neutron production fluxes: Example of ~1/v rule: neutron capture cross-section measured in barns vs. incident neutron energy in eV  Est. s-process ~105 to 1011 cm2/sec; r-process >1022 cm2/sec  Well-performing LENR systems range from ~109 to 1016 cm2/sec LENR neutrons at << lower energy so >> capture cross-sections: Neutrons produced by nuclear reactions in hot stellar plasmas usually have kinetic energies in the range of keVs to MeVs; neutrons made in condensed matter WLT collective many-body LENRs are typically produced at energies vastly below thermalized neutrons (which are themselves at energies of ~0.025 eV which corresponds to a temperature of ~290o Kelvin) Consequently, as a result of the so-called 1/v rule (see Measured neutron cross section of Boron (top curve discussion and example at right) capture cross-sections for is for 10B and bottom curve for 11B isotope) LENR neutrons in condensed matter systems will necessarily be much higher than what occurs in astrophysical s-/r-processes Quoting from Wikipedia article: “The absorption neutron cross- section of an isotope of a chemical element is the effective cross sectional Unlike stars, photodissociation or photonuclear reactions by area that an atom of that isotope presents to absorption, and is a measure of the probability of neutron capture. It is usually measured in barns (b).” energetic gammas ranging from ~0.5 up to ~10.0 MeV that can ‘knock-off’ loosely bound halo neutrons from unstable, extremely “Absorption cross section is often highly dependent on neutron energy. neutron-rich nuclei (thus hampering their quickly reaching higher Two of the most commonly specified measures are the cross-section for thermal neutron absorption, and resonance integral which considers the values of A) are not much of an issue in condensed matter LENR contribution of absorption peaks at certain neutron energies specific to a transmutation networks, thanks to local gamma conversion a la particular nuclide, usually above thermal range, but encountered as neutron moderation slows neutrons down from original high energies.” WLT to infrared photons by heavy e-* electrons May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 15

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Neutron capture cross-sections: LENRs vs. starsCondensed matter LENR neutrons are at much lower energies vs. stars Please note: ultra low momentum (ULM)  Unlike energetic neutrons produced in most nuclear reactions, neutrons have enormous absorption collectively produced LENR neutrons are effectively ‘standing cross-sections on 1/v isotopes. For still’ at the moment of their creation in condensed matter. Since example, Lattice has estimated the ULMN fission capture cross-section on they are vastly below thermal energies (ultra low momentum), U-235 to be ~1 million barns (b) and on ULM neutrons have huge DeBroglie wavelengths (from nm to Pu-239 at 49,000 b, vs. ~586 b and ~752 ~100 microns) and accordingly large capture cross-sections on b, respectively, for ‘typical’ neutrons at nearby nuclei; most or all will be locally absorbed; few will be thermal energies detectable as ‘free’ neutrons A neutron capture expert recently estimated the ULMN capture cross-  For the vast majority of stable and unstable isotopes, their section on He-4 at ~20,000 b vs. a value of <1 b for thermal neutrons; this is a neutron capture cross-section (relative to measurements of very large increase cross-sections at thermal energies where v = 2,200 m/sec and By comparison, the highest known neutron DeBroglie wavelength is ~2 Angstroms) is proportional thermal n capture cross section for any to ~1/v, where v is velocity of a neutron in m/sec. Since v is stable isotope is Gadolinium-157 at extraordinarily small for ULM neutrons, their capture cross- ~49,000 b sections on atomic nuclei will therefore be correspondingly The highest measured cross-section for larger. After being collectively created, an enormous any unstable isotope is Xenon-135 at percentage of the ULMNs produced will be locally absorbed ~2.7 million b before scattering on nearby atoms can elevate them to thermal Crucial technical point: ULMNs have kinetic energies; per Prof. S. Lamoreaux (Yale) thermalization many-body scattering, NOT 2-3 body scattering as, for example, in stellar would require ~0.1 to 0.2 msec, i.e. 10-4 sec., a very long time plasmas or thermalized neutrons on typical 10-12 - 10-19 sec. time-scale of many nuclear reactions traveling through condensed matter May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 16

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Neutron capture cross-sections: LENRs vs. starsIsotopic landscape showing thermal neutron capture cross-sections Note: only small percentage of neutron capture cross-sections of the large array of possible isotopes have ever been measured in the laboratory at thermal energies In this presentation, we will be discussing a theoretical LENR neutron-catalyzed nucleosynthetic network that begins in the region of Tantalum (Ta) and Tungsten (W) ‘seeds’, produces stable Gold (79Au197) and can extend to higher-Z elements as far as Lead (Pb) and Bismuth (83Bi209) Source of chart: http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/reColor.jsp?newColor=sigg May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 17

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC LENR Gold production traverses 6th row of Periodic TableBegins w. stable W or Ta ‘seeds’ and extends to Pb and Bismuth (83Bi209) Path of LENR network indicated by yellow arrow Platinum (Pt) and Gold (Au) May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 18

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC74 W180-seed LENR neutron-catalyzed transmutation network Theoretical description of nucleosynthetic network for Gold  We will now examine a hypothetical LENR transmutation network that begins with neutron captures on Tantalum (Ta) and Tungsten (W) ‘seeds’  Explanatory legend for network diagrams appears on the next slide  74W 180-seednetwork produces Gold (Au) and Platinum (Pt); if sufficiently high neutron fluxes are maintained for enough time, it can reach Bismuth (Bi)  While unstable intermediate network products undergo nuclear decays, their half-lives are generally short (especially those that are more neutron-rich); this network does not produce copious, dangerous long-lived radioactive isotopes  According to the WLT, in condensed matter systems LENRs occur in many tiny nm- to micron-scale surface sites or ‘patches’ that only ‘live’ for several hundred nanoseconds before they ‘die’; such sites can form and re-form spontaneously  Need input energy to make neutrons that ‘catalyze’ LENR transmutations  In following sections, we will discuss compelling experimental evidence that this nucleosynthetic network in fact occurs both in the laboratory and out in Nature May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 19

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC74 W180-seed LENR neutron-catalyzed transmutation network Legend: Neutron capture and nuclear decay processes: ULM neutron captures proceed from left to right except for upper-left corner; Q-value of capture reaction (MeV) in green either above or below horizontal arrow. Beta- (β-) decays proceed from top to bottom; denoted with bright blue vertical arrow pointing down with Q-value (MeV) in blue either to left or right; beta+ (β+) decays are denoted with yellow arrow pointing upward to row above Alpha decays, indicated with orange arrows, proceed mostly from right to left at an angle with Q-value (MeV) shown in orange located on either side of the process arrow. Electron captures (e.c.) indicated by purple vertical arrow; Q-value (MeV) to left or right. Note: to reduce visual clutter in the network diagram, gamma emissions (converted to infrared photons by heavy e-* electrons) are not shown; similarly, except where specifically listed because a given branch cross-section is significant, beta-delayed decays also generally not shown; BR means “branching ratio” if >1 decay alternative Color coded half-lives: When known, half-lives shown as “HL = xx”. Stable and quasi-stable isotopes (i.e., those with half-lives > or equal to 107 years) indicated by green boxes; isotopes with half-lives < 107 but > than or equal to 103 years indicated by light blue; those with half-lives < than 103 years but > or equal to 1 day are denoted by purplish boxes; half-lives of < 1 day in yellow; with regard to half-life, notation “? nm” means isotope has been verified by HL has not been measured Measured natural terrestrial abundances for stable isotopes: Indicated with % symbol; note that 83Bi209 = 100% (essentially ~stable with half-life = 1.9 x 1019 yrs); 82Pb-205 ~stable with HL= 1.5 x107 yrs; May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 20

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC74 W180-seed LENR neutron-catalyzed transmutation network Increasing values of A Network may potentially continue ‘upward’ to even higher values of A; Alternatively, one could Start with stable start with 73Ta181 ‘seed’ This depends on ULM neutron flux in cm2/sec Tungsten ‘seeds’ 73Ta-181 6.1 73Ta-182 6.9 73Ta-183 7.4 73Ta-184 5.6 73Ta-185 7.2 73Ta-186 6.2 Stable 99.9+% HL = 114 days HL = 5.1 days HL = 8.6 hrs HL = 49.3 min HL = 10.5 min of pure W metal ε 188 keV BR = 100% 1.8 1.1 2.9 2.0 3.9 6.7 8.1 6.2 7.4 5.8 7.2 5.5 74W-180 74W-181 74W-182 74W-183 74W-184 74W-185 74W-186 Tungsten Stable 0.12% HL = 121 days Stable 26.5% Stable 14.3 % Stable 30.6% HL = 75.1 days Stable 28.4% 433 keV ε 579 keV BR = 7.5% Please note: once created, the process of capturing an LENR ULM neutron on a nearby atom 6.2 7.4 75Re-185 75Re-186 occurs very quickly; on the order of picoseconds, i.e., 0.000000000001 sec., i.e., 10-12 sec, whichIncreasing values of Z Stable 37.4% HL = 3.7 days is much faster than any of the various nuclear decays found in this particular LENR network. Moreover, in case of condensed matter LENRs, while their neutron production rates are probably 1.1 BR 92.5% significantly lower than the r-process, LENR neutron capture cross-sections are vastly higher than 6.3 those in stellar environments; on balance it’s essentially ‘a wash’, so LENRs can effectively mimic 76Os-186 Stable 1.58% the r-process. Thus, isotopes in LENRs can potentially capture additional neutrons (i.e., become more neutron-rich isotopes of the same element) before beta decay transmutes them into other higher-Z elements found in the Periodic Table. This is why the ‘hot’ astrophysical r-process can make heavier elements than the s-process (i.e., go beyond Bismuth): with much higher produced neutron fluxes, the r-process can successfully traverse and ‘bridge’ key regions of very short-lived isotopes that are found in ultra-neutron-rich, high-Z reaches of vast nuclear isotopic landscape It should also be noted that all of the many atoms located within a 3-D region of space that encompasses a given ULM neutron’s spatially extended DeBroglie wave function (whose dimensions can range from 2 nm to 100 microns) will ‘compete’ 5.4 with each other to capture such neutrons. ULM neutron capture is thus a decidedly many-body scattering process, not few- body scattering such as that which characterizes capture of neutrons at thermal energies in condensed matter in which the DeBroglie wave function of a thermal neutron is on the order of ~ 2 Angstroms. This explains why vast majority of produced neutrons are captured locally and are only rarely detected at any energies during course of LENR experiments; it also clearly explains why human-lethal MeV-energy neutron fluxes are characteristically not produced in condensed matter LENR systems. May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 21

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC74 W180-seed LENR neutron-catalyzed transmutation network Increasing values of A Dotted green arrow denotes ULMN capture products Network may potentially continue ‘upward’ to even higher values of A; coming from lower values of A This depends on ULM neutron flux in cm2/sec 6.2 5.1 6.1 4.9 ULM Neutron 73Ta-187 73Ta-188 73Ta-189 73Ta-190 Capture HL = 1.7 min HL = 20 sec HL = 3 sec HL= 3 x 102 msec Ends on Ta 3.1 4.9 3.7 5.6 5.5 6.8 4.9 6.9 4.9 6.7 ULM Neutron ULM Neutron 74W-187 74W-188 74W-189 74W-190 74W-191 74W-192 HL = 23.7 hrs HL = 69.8 days Capture Capture HL = 11.6 min HL = 30 min HL = 20 sec HL = 10 sec Ends on W Ends on Re 1.3 349 keV 2.5 1.3 3.2 2.1Increasing values of Z 7.4 5.9 7.0 5.7 6.9 5.4 6.7 5.3 75Re-187 75Re-188 75Re-189 75Re-190 75Re-191 75Re-192 75Re-193 75Re-194 ~Stable 1010 yrs HL = 17 hrs HL = 1 day HL = 3.2 min HL = 9.8 min HL = 16 sec HL = 30 sec H L = 2 sec 2..1 1.0 3.1 2.1 4.2 3.1 4.9 6.3 76Os-187 8.0 76Os-188 5.9 76Os-189 7.8 5.8 76Os-191 7.6 76Os-192 5.6 76Os-193 7.1 76Os-194 5.3 76Os-190 Stable 1.6% Stable 13.3% Stable 16.1% Stable 26.4% HL = 15.4 days ~Stable 41.0% HL = 1.3 days HL = 6.0 yrs 1.8 313 keV BR 100% ε 1..1 BR = 4.9% 1.1 97 keV As shown in these network charts, more neutron-rich, unstable 77Ir-191 6.2 77Ir-192 7.8 77Ir-193 6.1 77Ir-194 7.2 beta-decaying isotopes tend to have more energetic decays and Stable 37.3% HL = 73.8 days Stable 62.7% HL = 19.3 hrs shorter half-lives. Electric current-driven LENR ULM neutron ε 57 keV BR = 100% 1.6 1.5 BR 95.1% 2.2 production and capture processes can occur at much faster rates than decay rates of beta-/e.c.-unstable isotopes in this network. 78Pt-192 6.3 78Pt-193 8.4 78Pt-194 6.1 Stable 0.79% HL = 51 yrs Stable 32.9% Thus, if local ULM neutron production rates in a given ‘patch’ are high enough, large differences in rates of beta decay vs. neutron capture processes means that largish populations of unstable, very neutron-rich isotopes can accumulate locally during 300 nanosec lifetime of an LENR-active patch, prior to its being destroyed. Produce Platinum May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 22

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC 74 W180-seed LENR neutron-catalyzed transmutation network Increasing values of A Dotted green arrow denotes ULMN capture products Network may potentially continue ‘upward’ to even higher values of A; coming from lower values of A This depends on ULM neutron flux in cm2/sec ULM Neutron 5.3 76Os-195 6.7 76Os-196 HL = 6.5 min HL = 34.8 min Capture Ends on Os 1.3 2.0 1.2 ULM Neutron ULM Neutron 7.2 77Ir-195 5.8 77Ir-196 6.9 77Ir-197 5.6 77Ir-198 6.9 77Ir-199 Capture Capture HL = 2.5 hrs HL = 52 sec HL = 5.8 min HL = 8 sec HL = 20 sec Ends on Ir Ends on Pt 0.6 1.1 3.2 2.2 4.1 3.0Increasing values of Z 6.1 7.9 78Pt-196 5.9 78Pt-197 7.6 5.6 78Pt-199 7.3 78Pt-200 5.2 78Pt-201 6.9 78Pt-202 78Pt-195 78Pt-198 Stable 33.8% Stable 25.3% HL = 19.9 hrs Stable 7.2% HL = 30.8 min HL = 13 hrs HL = 2.5 min HL = 1.9 days 719 keV 1.7 666 keV 2.7 1.8 6.5 7.6 6.3 7.2 6.1 79Au-202 6.8 79Au-197 79Au-199 79Au-200 79Au-201 Produce Gold Stable 100% 79Au-198 HL = 2.7 days HL = 3.1 days HL = 48 min HL = 27 min HL = 28.8 sec ε 600 keV BR = 100% 1.4 452 keV 2.2 1.3 3.0 6.8 8.5 6.7 8.0 6.2 7.8 6.0 80Hg-196 80Hg-197 80Hg-198 80Hg-199 80Hg-200 80Hg-201 80Hg-202 Stable 0.15% HL = 2.7 days Stable 9.8% Stable 16.9% Stable 23.1% Stable 13.2% Stable 29.9% Please note that: Q-value for neutron capture on a given beta-unstable isotope is often larger than the Q-value for the alternative β- decay pathway, so in addition to being a faster process than beta decay it can also be energetically more favorable. This can also contribute to creating fleeting yet substantial local populations of short-lived, neutron-rich isotopes. There is indirect experimental evidence that such neutron-rich isotopes can be produced in complex ULM neutron-catalyzed LENR nucleosynthetic (transmutation) networks that set-up and operate during brief lifetime of an LENR-active ‘patch’; see Carbon-seed network on Slides # 11 - 12 and esp. on Slide #55 in http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llctechnical-overviewcarbon-seed-lenr-networkssept-3-2009 May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 23

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC 74 W180-seed LENR neutron-catalyzed transmutation network Increasing values of A Dotted green arrow denotes ULMN capture products Network may potentially continue ‘upward’ to even higher values of A; coming from lower values of A This depends on ULM neutron flux in cm2/sec 6.8 ULM Neutron 79Au-203 5.7 79Au-204 6.1 79Au-205 ULM Neutron HL= 53 sec HL = 39.8 sec Capture HL = 31 sec Capture Ends on Au Ends on Hg 2.1 3.9 3.5 6.0 7.5 5.7 6.7 3.3 4.9 3.3 4.8 80Hg-203 80Hg-204 80Hg-205 80Hg-206 80Hg-207 80Hg-208 80Hg-209 80Hg-210 HL= 46.6 days Stable 6.9% HL = 5.2 min HL = 8.2 min HL = 2.8 min HL = 42 min HL = 37 sec HL = 10 min 1.3 ε 344 keVIncreasing values of Z 492 keV BR = 97.1% 1.5 1.3 4.8 3.7 5.3 4.1 81Tl-203 6.7 81Tl-204 7.6 81Tl-205 6.5 6.9 81Tl-207 3.8 81Tl-208 5.0 81Tl-209 3.7 81Tl-210 4.9 81Tl-206 Stable 29.5% HL=3.8 yrs Stable 70.5% HL = 4.2 min HL = 4.8 min HL = 3.1 min HL = 2.2 min HL = 1.3 min 344 keV BR 2.9% ε 51 keV BR = 100% 1.5 1.4 5.0 4.0 5.5 82Pb-204 6.7 82Pb-205 8.1 6.7 82Pb-207 7.4 82Pb-208 3.9 82Pb-209 5.2 82Pb-210 3.8 82Pb-206 Stable 1.4% HL= 1.5 x 107 yrs Stable 24.1% Stable 22.1% Stable 52.4% HL = 3.3 hrs HL= 22.2 yrs 63 keV BR 99.9% 644 keV 5.1 83Bi-209 83Bi-210 ~Stable 100% HL= 5 days 4.6 Beginning with so-called ‘seed’ or ‘target’ starting nuclei upon which ULM neutron 1.2 BR 99.9% captures are initiated, complex, very dynamically changing LENR nucleosynthetic networks are established in tiny LENR-active ‘patches.’ These ULM neutron-catalyzed 84Po-210 LENR networks exist for lifetimes of the particular ‘patches’ in which they were HL= 138 days created; except for any still-decaying transmutation products that may linger, such networks typically ‘die’ along with the LENR-active ‘patch’ that originally gave birth to them. ‘Seed’ nuclei for such networks can comprise any atoms in a substrate underlying an LENR-active patch and/or include atoms located nearby in various types of surface nanoparticles or nanostructures electromagnetically connected to a ‘patch.’ May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 24

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLCExperimental data supports existence of 74W180-seed network Reports of transmutations published episodically since early 1900s Newton: one of the last great alchemists  From early 1900s through the late 1920s there were significant numbers of credible reports that were published in preeminent, international peer-reviewed journals that claimed to have observed clear-cut transmutation of elements in a variety of different experimental systems  This body of experimental work and publications involved some of the most famous scientists of that era; was accompanied by a spirited professional debate in major scientific journals about what was then a new subject of transmutations; quantum mechanics and atomic physics were also aborning in wake of Einstein’s three seminal papers in 1905  No theory was then available that could explain these enigmatic results; huge worldwide controversy swirled around later experiments of Paneth & Peters (Germany), "The Transmutation of Hydrogen into Helium,” Nature 119 pp. 706 - 707 (1927 - which in hindsight and with benefit of WLT was probably correct work) and Miethe & Stammreich (Germany), “The reported transmutation of Mercury into Gold,” Nature 114 pp. 197 - 198 (1924 - their data was irreproducible and very likely wrong) which apparently cast doubt on all such work. Oddly, majority of this work appears to have died-out before Chadwick discovered neutron in 1932 “Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer”  After selectively reviewing some of these early reports, we will further Michael White Helix Books (Perseus Books Group), 1999 discuss published data from modern era which also strongly indicates ISBN-10: 0738 0143X; ISBN-13: 978- that 74W180-seed network occurs both in the laboratory and in Nature 09738201436 (paperback) 402 pp. May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 25

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Electric arc transmutations reported from 1900s to 1922 Famous British scientists in early 1900s; Wendt & Irion, USA (1922) Early 1900s: from about 1905 - 1927 some of the most Please see: famous people in British science (J.J. Thomson, Ramsay, J. J. Thomson (who discovered the electron in etc.) published a number of experimental reports in 1897), “On the appearance of Helium and Neon premier refereed journals, e.g., Nature, Proceedings of the in vacuum tubes,” where he says, “At the last meeting of the Chemical society, William Royal Society that, when viewed through the lens of WLT Ramsay … describes some experiments which clearly described LENR transmutation products that were they regard as proving the transmutation of observed spectroscopically during electrical discharge other elements into Helium and Neon …” experiments, e.g., high-current arcs in various gases Nature 90 pp. 645 - 647 1913 Quoting: 1922: Wendt & Irion, two chemists at the University of "The energy produced by breaking down the Chicago, reported results of experiments consisting of atom is a very poor kind of thing. Anyone who exploding tungsten wires with a high-current electric arc expects a source of power from the transformations of these atoms is talking under a vacuum inside of flexible sealed glass bulbs. moonshine." Controversy erupted when they claimed to observe - Ernest Rutherford, 1933 anomalous helium inside sealed bulbs after the tungsten wires were exploded, suggesting that transmutation of More recently, see our 2007 arXiv preprint: hydrogen into helium had somehow occurred during the “Energetic electrons and nuclear "disintegration of tungsten." Their article in Amer. Chem. transmutations in exploding wires” in which we state that, “It is presently clear that nuclear Soc. 44 (1922) triggered a response from the scientific transmutations can occur under a much wider establishment in the form of a negative critique of Wendt range of physical conditions than was and Irions work by Sir Ernest Rutherford that promptly heretofore thought possible.” published in Nature 109 pp. 418 (1922). We have since arXiv:nucl-th/0709.1222 Widom, Srivastava, determined that Rutherford was wrong – see our preprint and Larsen 2007 May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 26

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Electric arc transmutations widely discussed in 1922-23Wendt & Irion (U. of Chicago) and Millikan (U. of C. and Caltech), USA 1922 - 1923: after reporting on their experiments at regional American Please see original publications Chemical Society meeting at Northwestern Univ. (Evanston, IL), widespread from 1922 as follows: global media coverage erupted in the form of scores of breathless newspaper headlines about “transmutations of elements." These sensational newspaper (1.) Wendt & Irions seminal paper, stories prompted a critical response from Rutherford that was promptly "Experimental Attempts to published in Nature. Being a giant of physics, Ernest Rutherford handily won Decompose Tungsten at High the contemporary debate over their controversial experimental results: he Temperatures," from the American was believed. Wendt & Irion, mere chemists and comparative nobodies from Chemical Society 44 (1922) the University of Chicago, were not. After 1923, Wendt and Irion abandoned their exploding wire experiments and turned to other lines of research. Sadly, (2.) Rutherfords critical comments Wendt died a few years later; Irion left U. of C to teach chemistry at Iowa about their work in Nature 109 pp. college; work on exploding wires was moribund in US for 20 years thereafter 418 (1922) - also reprinted with permission in Science 1923: note that “transmutations” were not considered ‘fringe science’ during the 1920s. Au contraire, there was a lively back-and-forth global debate on (3.) Wendts subsequent response the subject involving the preeminent scientists of that era. For example, in a to Rutherford in Science 55 pp. 567 Scribner’s magazine article published in 1923, Prof. Robert Millikan (U. of (1922) Chicago, Nobel prize in physics, 1923) said, “As early as 1912, Dr. Winchester For readers’ convenience, all three and I thought we had good evidence that we were knocking hydrogen out of original documents have been aluminum and other metals by very powerful electric discharges in vacuo … How much farther can we go in this artificial transmutation of elements? This combined into a single Adobe is one of the supremely interesting problems of modern physics upon which Acrobat file that can be downloaded we are all assiduously working.” (at that point Millikan was setting-up a high free from the following URL: voltage laboratory at Caltech to test those ideas) Inexplicably, the intense debate about triggering transmutations ended without any real resolution http://www.newenergytimes.com/v2/lib before the neutrons existence was verified experimentally (Chadwick, 1932) rary/1900s/1922Wendt-Irion.pdf May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 27

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLCProduction of Gold in electric arcs reported from 1924-26 Prof. Hantaro Nagaoka, famous Japanese physicist (1865 - 1950) A brilliant, visionary man far ahead of his own time “The [high-current electric arc] experimental procedure here sketched cannot be looked upon as the only one for effecting transmutation [of other elements into Gold]; probably different processes will be developed and finally lead to industrial enterprises … Experiments with various elements may lead to different transmutations, which will be of significance to science and industry. Meagre as is the result, I wish to invite the attention of those interested in the subject so that they may repeat the experiment with more powerful means than are available in the Far East.” Prof. Hantaro Nagaoka in “Letters to the Editor,” Nature, July 18, 1925 May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 28

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLCProduction of Gold in electric arcs reported from 1924-26 Electric discharge with Hg in transformer oil: Nagaoka (Japan) Unlike, the comparatively unknown Wendt & Irion team at the U. of Please see: Chicago, Nagaoka was a world-renowned physicist and one of the “Preliminary note on the transmutation of Mercury into most preeminent scientists in Japan when he began his high- Gold,” H. Nagaoka, Nature 116 pp. 95 -96 (18 July 1925) current discharge transmutation experiments in September 1924 Available for purchase on Nature archives at: For an appreciation of Hantaro’s high scientific stature, please see http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v116/n2907/abs/1160 Wikipedia article: 95a0.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantaro_Nagaoka Abstract: "The experiment on the transmutation of mercury was Nagaoka was contemporary competitor of Ernest Rutherford; begun in September 1924, with the assistance of Messrs. Hantaro’s “Saturn model” of the atom was only competing model Y. Sugiura, T. Asada and T. Machida. The main object was cited by Rutherford in his seminal 1911 paper on the nucleus to ascertain if the view which we expressed in NATURE of March 29, 1924, can be realised by applying an intense Given the very international character of science even at that time, electric field to mercury atoms. Another object was to find if the radio-active changes can be accelerated by artificial it is very likely that Nagaoka was aware of worldwide controversy means. From the outset it was clear that a field of many swirling around Wendt & Irion’s exploding wire experiments and of million volts/cm. is necessary for the purpose. From our Rutherfords short but devastating critical attack on them in Nature observation on the Stark effect in arcs of different metals (Jap. Journ. Phys., vol. 3, pp. 45â€“73) we found that with It is also quite likely that Hantaro was aware of Robert Millikan’s silver globules the field in a narrow space very near the well-publicized views on subject of triggering transmutations with metal was nearly 2 Ã -105 volts/cm. with terminal voltage electric arcs (BTW, Millikan had just won a Nobel prize in physics) of about 140. The presence of such an intense field indicated the possibility of obtaining the desired strength of Lastly, he must have known about Miethe & Stammreich’s work in the field for transmutation, if sufficient terminal voltage be applied. Though the above ratio of magnification would be Germany; they claimed to have changed Mercury into Gold in a diminished with high voltage, the experiment was thought high-voltage Mercury vapor lamp, “The reported transmutation of worth trying, even if we could not effect the transmutation Mercury into Gold,” Nature 114 pp. 197 - 198 (1924) with the apparatus at hand." May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 29

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLCProduction of Gold in electric arcs reported from 1924-26 Electric discharge with Hg in transformer oil: Nagaoka (Japan)Essence of Prof. Nagaoka’s experiments: Fig. 1 – Apparatus for the electric discharge In simplest terms, Prof. Nagaoka created a powerful electric arc discharge H. Nagaoka, Nature July 18, 1925 between a spark gap comprising two metallic, Thorium-oxide-free Tungsten (W) electrodes (supplied by Tokyo Electric Company) bathed in a dielectric liquid “paraffin” (today referred to as “transformer oil;” general formula CnH2n+2) that was ‘laced’ with liquid Mercury (Hg) Depending on experiment, arcing between Tungsten electrodes in oil was continued for 4 - 15 hours until, quoting, “ … the oil and mercury were mixed into a black pasty mass.” Please note that Mercury readily forms amalgams with many different metals, including Gold (Au) and Tungsten (W) Small flecks of Gold were sometimes quite visible to the naked eye in “black masses” produced at the end of a given experiment. They also noted that, “The Gold obtained from Mercury seems to be mostly adsorbed to Carbon.” Microscopic assays were conducted by, “heating small pieces of glass with the Carbon,” to form a so-called “Ruby glass” that can be used to infer the presence of gold colloids from visual cues very apparent under a microscope Critics complained about the possibility that the Gold observed was some sort of “contamination.” Responding to critics, Nagaoka et al. further purified literally everything they could think of and also made certain that the lab environs were squeaky clean; they still kept seeing anomalous Gold. In some experiments they also observed, “a minute quantity of white metal.” Two years later in 1926, Nagaoka reported to Scientific American that they had finally been able to identify the “white metal” --- it was Platinum (Pt) May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 30

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLCProduction of Gold in electric arcs reported from 1924-26 Electric discharge with Hg in transformer oil: Nagaoka (Japan)Based on WLT 74W180 LENR network , what sequence of reactions could have produced observed Gold and Platinum? All of the ‘ingredients’ for LENRs to occur were in fact present (please refer back to earlier Slides): hydride-forming metal found therein was Tungsten (sadly, Nagaoka was unaware that Mercury was more-or-less a ‘red herring’); which was in contact with abundant Hydrogen (protons) in transformer oil (CnH2n+2); the Born-Oppenheimer approximation broke-down on surfaces of electrodes; and finally, there were large non-equilibrium fluxes of charged particles --- electrons in the high-current arc discharges. Unbeknownst to Nagaoka, his high-current arcs probably also produced small amounts of fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and perhaps even a little graphene. ULM neutron production rates via W-L weak interaction could have been quite substantial in his high-electric-current-driven experimental system because of large energy inputs What could have happened in Nagaoka’s experiments was that Tungsten-seed, ULM neutron-catalyzed nucleosynthetic networks spontaneously formed. What follows is but one example of an energetically favorable network pathway that could produce detectable amounts of the only stable Gold isotope, 197Au, within ~4 hours (shortest arc discharge period after which Au was observed). Other alternative viable LENR pathways can produce unstable Gold isotopes, e.g., 198Au with half-life = 2.7 days and 199Au with HL = 3.1 days (both would be around for a time at end of a successful experiment) One possible 74W180-seed LENR network pathway that could produce Pt/Au in as little elapsed time as 4-5 hrs is as follows: Begin 74W-186 5.5 74W-187 6.8 74W-188 4.9 74W-189 6.9 74W-190 4.9 74W-191 6.6 74W-192 2.1 75Re-192 4.2 Stable 28.4% HL = 23.7 hrs HL = 69.8 days HL = 11.6 min HL = 30 min HL = 20 sec HL = 10 sec HL = 16 sec β- β- 3.2 4.2 5.6 7.1 5.3 2.0 2.0 5.8 3.2 5.9 0.7 76Os-192 76Os-193 76Os-194 76Os-195 77Ir-195 77Ir-196 78Pt-196 78Pt-197 Stable 41% HL = 1.3 days HL = 6.0 yrs HL = 6.5 min HL = 2.5 hrs HL = 52 sec Stable 25.3% HL = 19.9 hrs β- β- β- β- Note: stable elements (incl. % natural abundance) and half-lives of unstable isotopes are shown; green arrows 0.7 79Au-197 connecting boxes denote capture of an LENR neutron; blue connecting arrows denote beta decays; energetic Q- Stable 100% End at Gold values for neutron captures or beta decays are also provided; note that ALL Q-values are substantially positive, β- thus this particular nucleosynthetic pathway is very energetically favorable for producing Platinum and Gold May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 31

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Production of Gold in electric arcs reported from 1924-26Final remarks re Nagaoka; today, Au is emitted from catalytic convertersNagaoka’s reported results may have been right , i.e., Au and Pt were produced: Re other possibly anomalous sources of Gold: Plausible LENR nucleosynthetic pathway shown in the previous Slide suggests that G. Dongarra, D. Varrica, and G. Sabatino, “Occurrence Nagaoka et al.’s claimed observations of macroscopically visible particles of Gold in their of Platinum, Palladium, and Gold in pine needles of ca. 1920s electric arc experiments in transformer oil could very well have been correct Pinus pinea from the city of Palermo (Italy),” Applied Geochemistry 18 pp. 109-116 (2003) Note that stable Gold can also be produced via neutron capture on stable 80Hg196 which creates unstable 80Hg197 that has a half-life of 2.7 days and decays via electron capture Quoting: “Preliminary data on the presence of Pt, Pd and into stable 79Au197. However, natural abundance (0.15%) of 80Hg19 initially present in Au in airborne particulate matter from the urban area of Nagaokas 1920s experiments was so low that this alternative pathway cannot plausibly Palermo (Sicily, Italy) are presented. They were obtained account for observed production of macroscopically visible quantities of Au and Pt flecks by analysing 40 samples of pine needles (Pinus pinea L.) collected in and around the city. Observed concentrations It is puzzling why this seemingly fruitful line of inquiry appears to have died-out worldwide range from 1 to 102 μg/kg for Pt, 1 to 45 μg/kg for Pd and by the time Chadwick experimentally verified the neutron’s existence in 1932? Oddly, it 22 to 776 μg/kg for Au. Platinum and Pd concentrations in pine needles are up to two orders of magnitude does not appear that anyone else ever tried to exactly duplicate Nagaoka’s experiments. higher than their crustal abundances. They exhibit a However, there were well-publicized failures to replicate Miethe & Stammreich’s Gold high statistical correlation (R2=0.74) which suggests a experiments that were extensively chronicled in Scientific American. Interestingly, Miethe’s common origin.” experimental apparatus consisted of Mercury arc lamps with Tungsten electrodes inside evacuated quartz tubes; no transformer oil was present in those arcs. Perhaps Nagaoka’s “Precious metal concentrations measured within the city decision to use oil was exceedingly fortuitous: by doing so, he inadvertently guaranteed centre are much higher than those occurring outside the that his apparatus contained enormous quantities of hydrogen for making ULM neutrons town. The distribution patterns of Pt and Pd in the study area are compared to the distributions of Au and Pb. Gold Please take note of the quotation from Prof. Nagaoka reproduced on earlier Slide #28. In is enriched at the same sites where Pt and Pd are saying what he said, Hantaro clearly believed that some sort of commercial transmutation enriched, while Pb shows some discrepancies. The technology would eventually be developed at some point in the future. Thus, in our opinion most probable local source of all of these elements is not only was he a humble, brilliant scientist; he was also a rather bold visionary thinker --- traffic. Average Pt and Pd emissions in the city area are truly a man far ahead of his own time estimated to be about 136 and 273 g/a, respectively.” Interestingly, in the present era it is certainly possible that minute quantities of Gold are Discussed in Lattice presentation found at URL: actually being produced in automobile catalytic converters via the transmutation of some Platinum present in the converters: at right, please see citation to a 2003 paper in Applied http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc- Geochemistry and URL to yet another Lattice SlideShare presentation dated June 25, 2010 len-rs-in-catalytic-convertersjune-25-2010 May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 32

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Cirillo & Iorio also produced Gold from Tungsten ca. 2004 Modern Italian work is ~theoretically equivalent to Nagaoka’sElectric discharge with 74W180-186 cathode in alkaline H2O instead of CnH2n+2 + Hg  Unaware of Nagaoka’s much earlier work, ca. 2003 - 2004 D. Cirillo and E. Iorio in Italy inadvertently designed and constructed an LENR experimental system involving electric discharges and Tungsten electrodes that, from a WLT perspective, was ~theoretically equivalent to Nagaoka’s 1920s experimental set-up; they subsequently observed and reported transmutation products that were consistent with Nagaokas results reported in Nature and operation of the 74W180-seed transmutation network that is described herein  Cirillo & Iorio’s modern set-up utilized an “aqueous electrolyte plasma glow-discharge cell”  From an abstract broad-brush theoretical viewpoint, main differences between their new experimental system and Nagaoka’s set-up of 80 years earlier was that: (1) in Cirillo & Iorio’s experiments the protons needed to produce LENR neutrons came from hydrogen atoms in water (H2O) instead of in transformer oil (CnH2n+2); and (2) no Mercury (Hg) was initially present in their system, so 80Hg196 + n → 80Hg197 → 79Au197 electron-capture reaction can clearly be excluded as potential source of surface Gold they observed with SEM-EDX  In a section following this one, we will speculatively discuss intriguing experimental evidence that certain bacteria could be involved with 74W180-seed network out in Nature May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 33

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLCCirillo & Iorio also produced Gold from Tungsten ca. 2004Schematic overview of Cirillo & Iorio’s LENR experimental apparatus Comment on their experimental data: Comment: this LENR experiment involves Unbeknownst to the experimenters, formation of a dense they may have had either Barium plasma in a double- (Ba) titanate and/or Dysprosium (Dy) layer confined to the as component(s) in the composition surface of Tungsten of the dielectric ceramic sleeve that (W) cathode (-) by a was partially covering the cathode liquid electrolyte immersed in the electrolyte; Ba and/or Dy are commonly present in such ceramics. Under the stated experimental conditions, Ba and Dy could easily leach-out from the _ + surface of the ceramic into the electrolyte, creating yet another target element that could migrate Ceramic sleeve (bright blue) onto the surface of their Tungsten (W) cathode. Since none of the potential intermediate transmutation products such as Nd (Neodymium), Sm (Samarium), and Gd (Gadolinium) were observed, it is possible that there may have been Ceramic sleeve LENR ULM neutron captures starting (bright green) with Dy → Er (Erbium) → Tm (Thulium) → Yb (Ytterbium), LENR transmutation products that were Source of Graphic: Nature, 445, January 4, 2007 also observed in these experiments May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 34

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLCCirillo & Iorio also produced Gold from Tungsten ca. 2004Used SEM-EDX to detect intermediate products of 74W180-seed network Paper (conference presentation - not peer-  Quoting: “… electrodes are cylindrical rods with a reviewed): diameter of 2.45 mm, and a length of 17.5 cm … both are D. Cirillo and V. Iorio, “Transmutation of metal at made of pure Tungsten [W] …cathode is partially covered low energy in a confined plasma in water" on with a ceramic sleeve, which allows … control [of] the pp. 492-504 in “Condensed Matter Nuclear Science dimensions of … exposed cathode surface submerged in – Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Cold Fusion,” J-P. Biberian, ed., … solution.” World Scientific (2006)  In their experiments, Rhenium (Re), Osmium (Os), and Free copy of paper available at: Gold (Au) were observed post-experimentally as nuclear http://www.lenr- transmutation products on the Tungsten (W) cathode canr.org/acrobat/CirilloDtransmutat.pdf surface; other LENR transmutation products were also observed (please see our Comment on previous Slide) Abstract: "Energetic emissions have been observed from an  According to WLT, operation of the 74W180-seed LENR electrolytic cell when tungsten [W] electrodes are transmutation network could in theory produce a used to generate a confined plasma close to the cathode immersed an alkaline solution. In addition, nucleosynthetic pathway of W → Re → Os → Ir → Pt → Au energy generation has been observed, always ; in fact, Re, Os, and Au were claimed to have been close to the cathode, along with the appearance observed by Cirillo & Iorio in these modern experiments of new chemical elements in the experimental apparatus. These elements were not present in  Theoretically similar to Nagaoka’s experiments in 1920s: the cell before the experiment. This observation is proof of nuclear transmutations occurring LENR transmutation products were observed, Gold (Au) in within the cell. The results of this research and a particular, that can be explained with neutron captures theoretical model of the phenomenon were shown and beta- decays beginning with Tungsten (W) as a ‘seed’ for the first time on April 18, 2004 during the second Grottammare (Ap) ONNE meeting in Italy.” May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 35

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLCCirillo & Iorio also produced Gold from Tungsten ca. 2004Used SEM-EDX to detect intermediate products of 74W180-seed network Rhenium detected - Fig. 12. Analysis conducted with an SEM –EDX on small area of cathode surface after 4000 Rhenium (Re) sec. of plasma - Jan 2004 (Cirillo & Iorio, 2006) Fig. 10 – Tungsten thermionic emission (Cirillo & Iorio, 2006) Osmium detected - Fig. 13. Analysis conducted with an SEM-EDX on small area of cathode surface after 4000 sec. Osmium (Os) of plasma discharge - Jan 2004 (Cirillo & Iorio, 2006) Fig. 11 – View of the plasma heat transfer mechanism (Cirillo & Iorio, 2006) Gold and Thulium detected - Fig. 14. Analysis conducted Gold (Au) and with an SEM-EDX on small area of cathode surface after Thulium (Tm) 4000 sec. plasma discharge - Jan 2004 (Cirillo & Iorio, 2006) See comment on earlier Slide re Thulium Fig. 9 – Tungsten fusion area [after 4,000 sec.] (Cirillo &Iorio, 2006) May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 36

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC New 2010-11 experiments and reports by Cirillo et al.Same experimental set-up: first-ever indirect detection of ULM neutrons “Experimental Evidence of a Neutron Flux Generation in a Plasma Discharge Electrolytic Cell” D. Cirillo, R. Germano, V. Tontodonato, A. Widom, Y.N. Srivastava, E. Del Giudice, and G. Vitiello Key Engineering Materials 495 pp. 104 - 107 (2012) doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.495.104 ($US28 if purchased online) http://www.scientific.net/KEM.495.104 Abstract: “A substantial neutron flux generated by plasma excitation at the tungsten cathode of an electrolytic cell with alkaline solution is reported. A method based on a CR-39 nuclear track detector coupled to a boron converter was used to detect the neutrons. This method is insensitive to the strong plasma-generated electromagnetic noise that made inconclusive all the previous attempts to identify neutrons in electrolytic plasma environment by means of electric detection techniques.” “Water Plasma Modes and Nuclear Transmutations on the Metallic Cathode of a Plasma Discharge Electrolytic Cell” D. Cirillo, E. Del Giudice, R. Germano, S. Sivasubrammanian, Y.N. Srivastava, V. Tontodonato, G. Vitiello and A. Widom Key Engineering Materials 495 pp. 124 - 128 (2012) doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.495.124 ($US28 if purchased online) http://www.scientific.net/KEM.495.124 Abstract: “In the conceptual framework of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) it has been proven that liquid water is made up of two phases: 1) a coherent phase where the electron cloud of water molecules oscillates in phase with a trapped electromagnetic field within extended regions, called Coherence Domains (CD); 2) a non coherent phase formed by a gas-like ensemble of molecules filling the interstices among the CDs. The constituent molecules of the coherent phase oscillate between their individual ground state and an excited state where one electron is so loosely bound to be considered quasi-free. Therefore the coherent phase contains a plasma of quasi-free electrons. In the bulk water, as in the case of superfluid liquid Helium, each molecule crosses over continuously between the two phases. On the contrary, close to the surface of a metallic cathode in a chemical cell , the attraction between molecules and wall stabilizes the coherent phases so that the layer of interfacial water is mainly coherent and capable of holding a negative electronic charge. When the chemical cell voltage exceeds a threshold, an interfacial water-cathode metal surface plasma mode is developed. From the collective energies continuously pumped into the plasma, the weak interaction e*- + p+ → n + νe may be induced which produces neutrons and neutrinos from Hydrogen atoms. The neutrons may then ultimately induce other nuclear transmutations on the cathode metal surface.” May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 37

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLCLENR networks occur in variety of different environmentsLarge numbers of isotopic anomalies reported; what is causing them?  Herein, in previous slides we have discussed an example of a 74W180-seed LENR neutron-catalyzed transmutation network that can start with Tungsten or Tantalum ‘seeds’ and potentially produce stable or unstable Rhenium (Re), Osmium (Os), Iridium (Ir), Platinum (Pt), Gold (Au), Mercury (Hg), Thallium (Tl), Lead (Pb), and even Bismuth (Bi) isotopes as network products  Furthermore, in an array of different publications, Lattice has cited and discussed numerous examples of published experimental data that provides strong evidence that LENRs may be widespread in Nature, allowing dynamic nuclear transmutation processes to occur in many different types of ‘milder’ environments besides just the hot cores of stars, detonations of nuclear weapons, and fission reactors  Types of varied environments in which LENRs can potentially occur under exactly the right set of conditions include, among many other things: electrolytic chemical cells; pyrolysis processes involving carbon-ring compounds; catalytic converters of cars and trucks; electric current-driven exploding wires; atmospheric lightning; in stellar atmospheres and magnetic flux tubes of stars; during catastrophic fracturing of crustal rocks containing piezoelectric minerals; and last but perhaps not least, maybe during the metabolic and biosynthetic activities of certain bacteria and some fungi May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 38

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLCLENR networks occur in variety of different environmentsAbsence of strong radiation ‘signatures’ renders them unnoticeable  Unlike fission and fusion reactions, naturally occurring LENR transmutation processes in condensed matter are biologically benign because they make extensive use of and are enabled by many-body collective effects, quantum phenomena, and the weak interaction. As a result, they typically do not emit dangerous ‘hard’ gamma photon or neutron radiation, nor do they produce large amounts of long-lived radioactive isotopes. LENRs are clean, ‘green,’ ubiquitous, and hidden in plain sight; best way to detect results of such processes are various types of sensitive mass spectroscopy  In a recent Lattice PowerPoint presentation (http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice- energy-llcnew-russian-data-supports-wlt-neutron-production-in-lightningapril-4-2012 ), on Slide #68 we stated that, “Recently, greatly increased use of various types of mass spectroscopy by geochemists, microbiologists, and environmental scientists has revealed that the longstanding assumption of effective natural uniformity of U238/U235 ratios across the earth is clearly erroneous; importantly, present-era abiological and/or biologically mediated processes appear to be responsible for such anomalous variances.” We concluded that key remaining questions were whether, “ ... anomalous variances in such isotopic ratios the result of purely chemical ‘fractionation’ process or processes of some sort, and/or could they [alternatively] be caused by low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs), either abiologically or somehow induced by the actions of bacteria through some yet to be clarified mechanism?” Additional research is obviously needed May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 39

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Are bacteria transmuting Tungsten → Gold → Mercury?Large numbers of isotopic anomalies reported; what is causing them? Subset of effects now attributed to “fractionation” might be LENRs Before proceeding further, let it be crystal clear to readers exactly what is and what is not being said herein:  We are not asserting that the longstanding chemical fractionation conceptual paradigm fails to adequately explain most reported isotope anomalies with respect to statistically significant deviations from so-called “natural” abundances --- indeed, it may well explain the vast majority of them correctly; we don’t claim otherwise  We are claiming that the presently available published literature does contain a significant subset comprising many cases in which the ‘pure’ chemical fractionation paradigm must be pushed very hard (which includes use of various ad hoc constructs) to explain reported isotopic data, i.e. it is being overly stretched to be able to comfortably accommodate certain anomalies  We are suggesting that in such instances, it may be fruitful for researchers to reexamine such data through the conceptual ‘lens’ of the WLT LENR paradigm to determine whether a new way of thinking about such data can help lead us to achieve a deeper, better understanding what may be causing it. In some cases, it may; in others it may not --- but we should try to do so anyway  In addition, our theoretical work and extensive review of a very large body of published, heretofore thought-to-be-disparate, experimental data suggest that profound changes in present thinking about nucleosynthetic processes may be necessary  In particular, it was recently established (PRL, 2012) that substantial fluxes of low-energy neutrons are produced in atmospheric lightning discharges; for a discussion see recent Lattice presentation at http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llcnew- russian-data-supports-wlt-neutron-production-in-lightningapril-4-2012 . This new experimental fact, in conjunction with some astronomers’ belief that lightning processes were probably occurring on a substantial scale in the presolar nebula (before accretion and condensation of planets), suggests that abiotic, neutron-catalyzed, non-stellar nucleosynthesis and transmutation of elements has been happening at unknown rates in the environs of the solar system for at least 3-4 billion years. Transmutations can thus occur abiotically in nebular and atmospheric gases, volcanic dust clouds, and on dust particles that are embedded in lightning channels  Preprint utilizing WLT was recently published (arXiv, 2011) that provides a rationale for abiotic production of LENR neutrons during catastrophic fracturing of mineral grains found in certain rocks; see A. Widom et al., “Neutron Production from the Fracture of Piezoelectric Rocks” at http://arxiv.org/pdf/1109.4911.pdf . Transmutations can thus occur at significant rates within the earth’s crust May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 40

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Are bacteria transmuting Tungsten → Gold → Mercury?Large numbers of isotopic anomalies reported; what is causing them? Subset of effects now attributed to “fractionation” might be LENRs Prior to publication of seminal work on bacterial transmutations in Russia (Vysotskii et al. 2003, 2008), prosaic explanations for many observed Fe and other isotope anomalies observed in many studies assumed that biological systems (mainly bacteria) are able to effectively “fractionate” heavier isotopes through various types of biochemical pathways that utilize purely chemical, non-nuclear mechanisms. Unfortunately, very specific, believable biophysical details of precisely how such processes are supposed to operate are lacking in our opinion, especially for significantly heavier elements, e.g., Iron (Fe) and beyond. Lattice can readily accept that chemical kinetic processes in biological systems are able to discriminate between isotopes of comparatively light elements (e.g., hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and perhaps up to oxygen) and can somehow physically separate them from each other; that is, via purely chemical "fractionation." However, we have difficulty believing that ordinary, prosaic chemical processes alone are capable of easily and efficiently discriminating and significantly enriching various isotopes of substantially heavier elements, especially beyond the atomic masses of Fe isotopes and/or transition metals. In particular, peer-reviewed papers have recently been published in which Geobacter sp. bacteria are seemingly observed to "fractionate" Uranium isotopes (Bopp et al., 2010). In such papers authors attempt to explain Uranium isotope changes with the so-called "nuclear field shift effect” and nuclear volume/shape effects (Bigeleisen, 1996). In our view, such explanations for isotopic data could potentially be erroneous in the case of Uranium and other heavy elements such as Mercury, for example. Why? Because the reason giant high-speed gas centrifuges are used to "fractionate", i.e., enrich, uranium isotopes for use in nuclear weapons and fission reactor fuel is that unassisted wet chemical kinetic fractionation/separation processes by themselves have been found to be inadequate in terms of practical efficacy. The only other known-to-be practical method for sufficiently enriching Uranium isotopes employs powerful lasers and the same Uranium hexafluoride gas used in high-speed centrifuges. If the recently hypothesized chemical fractionation mechanisms truly worked as well on Uranium isotopes in non- gas-phase systems as their proponents claim, one would surely think that such effects would have been utilized long ago in one or more of the government nuclear weapons and/or commercial Uranium enrichment programs scattered around the world (e.g., Iran today). To our knowledge, during the past 60 years they have never been used for such a purpose anywhere. That well- established fact is the basis for our strong skepticism about “nuclear field “or “nuclear volume” shift effects being correct physical explanations for the underlying mechanism(s) responsible for creating observed changes in Uranium isotope ratios. May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 41

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Are bacteria transmuting Tungsten → Gold → Mercury?Large numbers of isotopic anomalies reported; what is causing them? Available evidence strongly suggests that abiotic LENRs occur on Earth Cannot assume that all elements and isotopes in the Earth are nucleosynthetically pristine:  Clearly, when the earth accreted from materials present in the dusty, hydrogen-rich presolar nebula, it contained a complex mixture of elements/isotopes that had originally been created during much earlier episodes of stellar nucleosynthesis that had occurred well- before formation of the present solar system  We are asserting that non-stellar, abiotic WLT LENR transmutation processes have likely occurred in the solar system ever since its initial formation; products of later neutron- catalyzed LENR processes have thus been superimposed on what was initially present  Unfortunately, this inconvenient truth violates a longstanding assumption of astrophysicists, geophysicists, and geochemists that signiﬁcant amounts of elemental nucleosynthesis have not occurred in earthly materials since planetary formation. This problem has caused serious issues with Uranium isotope data that are discussed here: “Terrestrial Uranium 238U/235U isotopic ratio is not invariant over time - Hiess et al. (Science, 2012) confirm failure of invariance assumption; propose corrected value for ratio” Lewis Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, April12, 2012 [35 slides – not peer reviewed] http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llcnew-ata-on-terrestrial-uranium-238-u235u-ratios-confirm-not- invariantapril-12-2012 May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 42

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Are bacteria transmuting Tungsten → Gold → Mercury?Large numbers of isotopic anomalies reported; what is causing them? Earthly abiotic LENRs likely occur; but what about biological LENRs? Details of this exciting possibility are discussed in the following document: “Some bacteria appear capable of altering isotopic ratios of Uranium - Is it the result of prosaic chemical fractionation processes and/or LENRs?” L. Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, December 7, 2010 [50-page 8.5 x 11 MS-Word document – not peer-reviewed] http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/bacteria-lenrsand-isotopic-shifts-in-uraniumlarsenlattice-energydec-7-2010-6177275 Summary: provides description of theoretical WLT LENR Actinide nucleosynthetic network and selected examples of published mainstream, peer-reviewed experimental data which report anomalous isotopic shifts clearly associated with the metabolic activities of bacteria --- some or all of the hypothesized network pathways are potentially present in soils, ocean sediments, dusty chemical explosions, volcanic eruptions, and extraterrestrial impact events Much more readable, uncompressed versions of Figs. 1 and 2 (found in the above-listed 2010 Document) that outline hypothesized LENR Actinide nucleosynthetic network are also available in a separate MS-PowerPoint presentation [4 slides] http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/thoriumseed-lenr-networkfigslattice-energydec-7-2010-6177745 May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 43

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Are bacteria transmuting Tungsten → Gold → Mercury?Large numbers of isotopic anomalies reported; what is causing them? Speculation about the possibility of above LENR reactions  For the moment, let us set aside issue of deciding whether Tungsten → Gold → Mercury transmutation pathway occurs abiotically and/or biologically and simply ask a question: is there any data in the published literature which suggests that this particular LENR path is likely occurring somewhere out in Nature and, if so, how might one expect its effects to be physically manifested and detected analytically?  Potential types of such manifestations (list is meant to merely be illustrative, not exhaustive):  Close spatial association of any combinations of W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, and/or Pb in single deposit  W, Au, Os, Pt, Ir, or Hg-containing mineral deposits in which geochemical origin and/or mechanism for producing the observed degree of local enrichment of such metals are unclear or very anomalous  Mineral deposits exhibiting either unusual shifts in isotopes of above elements vs. recognized Standards or vs. “natural abundances,” and/or unusually high variability in measured isotopic ratios of W, Os, Pt or Hg on length scales of microns to tens of meters (vs. thousands of meters to >> kms)  Notable or unusual associations of bacteria with regard to being intimately involved with significant “enrichment” of esp. W, Au, and/or Hg metals or compounds and/or clear association of bacteria with shifted (“fractionated," especially so-called “mass-independent fractionation”) W or Hg isotopes  Many of these potential manifestations can be analyzed and measured with various types of mass spectroscopy; e.g., MC-ICP-MS, SIMS (incl. Cameca’s nanoSIMS), and neutron activation analysis May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 44

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Are bacteria transmuting Tungsten → Gold → Mercury?Large numbers of isotopic anomalies reported; what is causing them? Speculation about the possibility of above LENR reactions  Over the next several Slides, we will provide a terse, sketchy outline of how land and undersea hydrothermal vent systems likely exhibit essentially all of the previously noted manifestations that one might expect if the speculative Tungsten → Gold → Mercury WLT LENR transmutation pathway were operating somewhere therein. Note that this presentation contains informed speculation that is intended to (and should) raise many more questions in readers’ minds than it answers  Not surprisingly, the goal of this section of the document is arouse the intellectual curiosity of subject matter experts in the possibility of utilizing our new WLT LENR conceptual paradigm to try to help answer some truly fascinating science questions  Please note that these speculations are not intended to be definitive but rather an initial exploratory foray into a little-known terra incognita; a roughly sketched ‘explorers map’ intended to help stimulate technical discussion and spur new and deeper investigation into a myriad of isotopic measurements and very accurate measurements of mass balances; if elements aren’t rigorously ‘conserved’, then we are assuredly dealing with nuclear as well as chemical processes in such systems May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 45

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Are bacteria transmuting Tungsten → Gold → Mercury? Present-era and ancient ‘fossil’ hydrothermal vent systemsTemp/pressure regimes in such environments can readily support abiotic LENRs Hydrothermal vent (source quoted is Wikipedia article): “Black smoker” undersea hydrothermal vent “A hydrothermal vent is a fissure in a planets surface from which geothermally with ‘chimney’ heated water issues. Hydrothermal vents are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart, ocean basins, and hotspots. Hydrothermal vents exist because the earth is both geologically active and has large amounts of water on its surface and within its crust. Common land types include hot springs, fumaroles and geysers. Under the sea, hydrothermal vents may form features called black smokers. Relative to the majority of the deep sea, the areas around submarine hydrothermal vents are biologically more productive, often hosting complex communities fueled by the chemicals dissolved in the vent fluids.” “Hydrothermal vents in the deep ocean typically form along the Mid-ocean ridges, such as the East Pacific Rise and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. These are locations where two tectonic plates are diverging and new crust is being formed ... In contrast to the approximately 2 °C ambient water temperature at these depths, water emerges from these vents at temperatures ranging from 60 °C up to as high as 464 °C. Due to the high hydrostatic pressure at these depths, water may exist in either its liquid form or as a supercritical fluid at such temperatures. At a pressure of 218 atmospheres, the critical point of (pure) water is 375 °C. At a depth of 3,000 meters, the hydrostatic pressure of sea water is more than 300 atmospheres (as salt water is denser than fresh water). At this depth and pressure, seawater becomes supercritical at a temperature of 407 °C. However the increase in salinity at this depth pushes the water closer to its critical point. Thus, water emerging from the hottest parts of some hydrothermal vents can be a supercritical fluid, possessing physical properties between those of a gas and those of a liquid. Besides being By some estimates, as much as one-third of the superheated, the water is also extremely acidic, often having a pH value as low as 2.8 - planet’s biomass - the sheer weight of all its living approximately that of vinegar.” organisms - is buried beneath the ocean floor. May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 46

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Are bacteria transmuting Tungsten → Gold → Mercury? Undersea hydrothermal vent systems - biogeochemical cycle diagramTemp/pressure regimes in such environments can readily support abiotic LENRs Credit: U.S. federal government work, public domain May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 47

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Are bacteria transmuting Tungsten → Gold → Mercury?Present-era and ancient ‘fossil’ undersea hydrothermal vent systemsTemps./pressures in such environments can readily support abiotic LENRs According to WLT and a very large body of experimental data accumulated Detailed conceptual schematic of undersea for ~100 years, LENRs can occur at significant rates under relatively ‘mild’ hydrothermal vent with ‘chimney’ pressures and temperatures (don’t need to have hot stars or fission reactors) By some estimates, as much as one-third of the planet’s biomass - the sheer weight of all its living For example, in published experiments Mizuno (2008) reported substantial organisms - is buried beneath the ocean floor. LENR neutron capture products on Carbon ‘seeds’ with Hydrogen and Pt catalyst at P/T of 37-60 atm/600-650o C; Curial et al. (Unocal, 1992) reported anomalous ‘disappearance’ of Ni and V and isotopic shifts during aqueous pyrolysis of crude oil samples with Au catalyst at 104-111 atm/200-300o C; McKubre (1998) produced Helium-4 from Carbon seeds using Deuterium and Pd catalyst at 1-3 atm/170-250o C; lastly, over period of weeks Miley (1996) produced large array of LENR transmutation products from H2O and Nickel seeds in a current-driven electrolytic chemical cell operated at 1 atm/20-30o C Note that: in Nature, abiotic or biological LENR transmutation processes would most likely operate at significantly slower rates than what has been evident in reported data from laboratory experiments published to date Importantly, many large deposits of Gold being mined profitably today were originally formed in land or undersea hydrothermal vent systems BTW (Wikipedia) – “A species of phototrophic bacterium has been found living near a black smoker off the coast of Mexico at a depth of 2500 m. No sunlight penetrates that far into the waters. Instead, the bacteria, part of the Chlorobiaceae family, use the faint glow from the black smoker [infrared IR photons ] for photosynthesis. This is the first organism discovered in Nature to exclusively use a light other than sunlight for photosynthesis.” May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 48

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Are bacteria transmuting Tungsten → Gold → Mercury?Active present-era undersea hydrothermal vent systems are ‘electric’Abiotic electric currents can help provide input energy needed to drive LENRs Abstract: “Some like it hot: metal-like electrical conduction and Figure extracted from paper cited to left electrocatalytic function of a black smoker chimney point to a possible new form of energy transfer from hot, reductive hydrothermal fluid to cold, oxygenated seawater by electrical current generation in the sulfide chimney wall.” Brief commentary re paper found on Sugar Project’s website at: http://www.jamstec.go.jp/biogeos/e/xbr/sugar/achievements.html Direct quote: “The SUGAR Program has worked in collaboration with Prof. Kazuhito Hashimoto group of Tokyo University, and carried out an electrochemical analysis with the sample collected from the chimney from the deep sea hydrothermal vent. From this experiment, it made clear of the chimney composed by Black Smoker, made of sulfide minerals possessing a high electrical conductivity. In addition, the presence of electrical current across the wall of the Chimneys was proved. This electrical current occurs due to the chemical reactions similar to the battery between inside and outside of the Chimney in natural environment. These experimental results are the world-first proof of the Earth’s internal Nature can utilize such natural electric energy being converted into electrical energy, when released at the currents as an additional input energy seafloor. This Hydrothermal Chimney Battery phenomenon will source to help drive LENR transmutation surely explain more about the origin- of-life mechanisms, as well as deep sea biological activity and material circulation.” reactions, either abiotically or biologically May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 49

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Are bacteria transmuting Tungsten → Gold → Mercury? Active present-era hydrothermal vent systemsAbiotic electric currents can also help provide input energy for bacterial LENRs Now, fascinating new facts and speculation about ‘electric bacteria’ - recent exciting discoveries by microbiologists have revealed that electric potentials, currents, and ‘nanowires’ are associated with the activities of a number of different species of bacteria; how might this relate to the possibility of LENRs in hydrothermal vent systems? First, let’s examine the concept of a LENR electrolytic chemical cell: Above are various conceptual schematics of a type of aqueous light-water electrolytic chemical cells used in many LENR experiments (typically would use DC power supply instead of a battery as a source of electrical current). Please note that using mass spectroscopy for post-experiment analyses, LENR researchers have carefully documented and reported production (via transmutation) of minute amounts of many different elements and isotopically shifted stable isotopes on the surfaces of cathodes found in such cells. In certain cases, array of transmutation products was huge May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 50

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Are bacteria transmuting Tungsten → Gold → Mercury? Active present-era hydrothermal vent systemsStrong similarities between such vent environments and LENR chemical cells Present in electrolytic cells Similarly present somewhere inside vent used in laboratory experiments bacteria or abiotic - found somewhere in Comments about similarity that have clearly produced active hydrothermal vent environments? LENR transmutation products Aqueous electrolyte containing mobile Yes – all required precursors for ions as well as sources of protons, Very abundant in hydrothermal vent systems i.e., H2O in liquid form as seawater LENRs present in and around vents Local disequilibrium electrical (electron) current Yes – see earlier Slide See work of Prof. Hashimoto’s group at Tokyo University Various metals are commonly present inside bacteria; in Conductive metallic anode and some cases tightly integrated with macromolecules (e.g., cathode structures that support redox Yes – lots of chemical redox activity enzyme cofactors); not yet clear exactly what vent reactions on surfaces; also can absorb happens in active hydrothermal vents systems’ nanoscale structural equivalents of metallic hydrogen (form hydrides) which enters laboratory cathodes/anodes are really like; aromatic rings metallic lattices as p+ protons in macromolecules are one of many candidates Many species of bacteria now known to have electrically Metallic ‘wires’ or equivalents that can conduct nanoscale electric currents Yes – many such structures conductive, mostly nonmetallic ‘nanowires’; electric currents have been measured in such structures Redox reactions occur in metal-reducing bacteria --- Oxidation-reduction (Redox) chemical observed isotopic shifts are now known to be closely reactions occur at the effective anodes Yes – many types of redox bacteria associated with bacterial reduction processes; e.g., and cathodes immersed in electrolyte Uranium, Sulfur isotopes as reported in many papers May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 51

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Are bacteria transmuting Tungsten → Gold → Mercury? Geologic environments in which hydrothermal gold deposits formTemp/pressure regimes in such environments can readily support abiotic LENRs Bacteria may inhabit the crust as deep as 5 km beneath surface Note: arrows show sources of water thought to have formed these deposits Figure courtesy of Kesler, S.E., 1994, “Mineral Resources, Economics and the Environment,” Macmillan, New York, 394 p. May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 52

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Are bacteria transmuting Tungsten → Gold → Mercury? Map showing present-era undersea hydrothermal vent systemsTemp/pressure regimes in such environments can readily support abiotic LENRs Credits: S. Beaulieu, K. Joyce, and S.A. Soule (WHOI), 2010; funding from InterRidge and Morss Colloquium Program at WHOI May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 53

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Are bacteria transmuting Tungsten → Gold → Mercury?Present-era and ancient ‘fossil’ undersea hydrothermal vent systems Ancient hyperthermophilic Archaea bacteria require Tungsten to live 74W 180-seedLENR neutron-catalyzed transmutation network discussed herein Pyrococcus furiosus (1986) requires Tungsten ‘seed’ material to be locally present in order to, for example, produce Gold and Mercury as LENR network products Q. Is elemental Tungsten in some chemical form present in the environments of active hydrothermal vents? A. Yes, it can sometimes be relatively abundant Q. Are microorganisms living in undersea vent environments that are known to chemically manipulate elemental Tungsten and/or require it in their metabolism? A. Yes, please see the recently discovered hydrothermal vent bacterium to right See: G. Fiala & K. Stetter, "Pyrococcus furiosus sp. nov. represents a novel genus of marine heterotrophic archaebacteria growing optimally at 100°C,” Archives of Microbiology 145 pp. 56 - 61 (1986) doi:10.1007/BF00413027 H. Sakuraba & T. Ohshima, “Novel energy metabolism in anaerobic hyperthermophilic Archaea: a modified Embden-Meyerhof pathway,” Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 93 pp. 441 - 448 (2002) “Discovered in 1986 in deep sea vents off Italy. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389172302800901 It is a hyperthermophilic Archaea bacterium that grows at an astonishing 100°C, with a Comments and key unanswered questions for geomicrobiologists: knowing that less range between 70°C and 103°C. Optimally its pH than 1% of all living bacterial species have been well-characterized and grown in is at 7, but it can stand between a pH of 5 and 9. cultures and assuming that some bacteria can in fact utilize LENRs, is it possible It is anaerobic and heterotrophic in nature and has a fermentative metabolism. It has enzymes that P. furiosus or some yet undiscovered microorganism(s) living somewhere in that contain Tungsten, a very rare phenomena vent systems are creating LENR neutron captures on Tungsten and transmuting it for biological organisms. Tungsten is believed into Gold via the 74W180-seed network or is it somehow occurring abiologically to fuel the growth of the bacterium.” therein? Truly a fascinating possibility for subject matter experts to investigate! May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 54

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Are bacteria transmuting Tungsten → Gold → Mercury? Present-era and ancient ‘fossil’ undersea hydrothermal vent systemsPyrobaculum aerophilum bacteria require Tungsten for at least one key enzyme Quote from Schroeder & de Vries in 2006: “Tungsten salts are poorly soluble and reach significant concentrations only at elevated temperatures. In deep sea hydrothermal vents and hot springs tungsten concentrations can easily exceed 5 µM. We have previously shown that the archaeal denitrifier Pyrobaculum aerophilum strictly requires Tungsten for growth. P. aerophilum grows optimally at 100ºC and incorporates either Molybdenum (Mo) or Tungsten (W) into its respiratory nitrate reductase (Nar). The metal cofactor for Nar is dependent on the external Tungsten concentration. While Tungsten has been Figure from: shown to be detrimental to bacterial NARs, P. aerophilum contains an active WNar.” “Adaptation to a high-Tungsten environment: Pyrobaculum aerophilum contains an active Tungsten nitrate reductase” S. De Vries et al., Biochemistry 49 pp. 9911 - 9921 (2010) DOI: 10.1021/bi100974v Lattice comment: Quoting from abstract: “Nitrate reductases (Nars) belong to the DMSO reductase family In Figure, please note close coordination of of molybdoenzymes. The hyperthermophilic denitrifying archaeon Pyrobaculum Tungsten (W) with Sulfur (S). Interestingly, so- aerophilum exhibits nitrate reductase (Nar) activity even at WO42− concentrations that are called “mass-independent fractionation” of Sulfur inhibitory to bacterial Nars. In this report, we establish that the enzyme purified from isotopes has been published and is well- cells grown with 4.5 μM WO42− contains W as the metal cofactor but is otherwise identical documented for certain hyperthermophiles to the Mo-Nar previously purified from P. aerophilum grown at low WO42− concentrations. W is coordinated by a bis-molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide cofactor ... This is the first Q. Is it simply chemical fractionation or are some description of an active W-containing Nar demonstrating the unique ability of such isotopic shifts really LENR transmutations? hyperthermophiles to adapt to their high-WO42− environment.” May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 55

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Are bacteria transmuting Tungsten → Gold → Mercury?Present-era and ancient ‘fossil’ undersea hydrothermal vent systemsBacteria are known that chemically manipulate and concentrate (enrich) Gold  Frank Reith (Univ. of Adelaide) et al. have done some excellent, truly fascinating work on the geomicrobiology of Gold; here are two references to some recent ‘must-read’ papers on subject:  “The geomicrobiology of Gold” F. Reith et al. The ISME Journal 1 pp. 567 - 584 (2007) http://www.nature.com/ismej/journal/v1/n7/pdf/ismej200775a.pdf  “Mechanisms of Gold biomineralization in the bacterium Cupriavidus metallidurans” F. Reith et al. PNAS 106 pp. 17757 - 17762 (2009) http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/10/06/0904583106.full.pdf+html N.B. - Cupriavidus metallidurans utilizes Tungsten-enzyme, formate dehydrogenase This image shows maps of pure Gold with other elements. By determining what elements  Interesting question for geomicrobiologists: why pray tell would there are, scientists can see where the Gold is located in relation to the cells. These maps are any bacteria ever be ‘fooling around’ with Gold? Is it simply some quantitative X-ray fluorescence maps showing sort of chemical manipulation because Au happens to be present the distribution of Gold, Calcium, Copper, Iron, Sulfur and Zinc in an individual cell after a in their environment? Or are there perhaps some other species minute exposure to Au(III) at pH 7.0 (the (presently unknown to science) of bacteria that are actually quantified area is marked in the image, and engaged in transmuting Gold from Tungsten found in their concentrations are in the image). metallomes for some as of today unknown biological purpose? Credit: Reith et al., PNAS 5-9 October 2009 May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 56

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLCSpeculative future economics of ‘mining’ Gold via LENRsCommercial transmutation could potentially produce precious metalsLower-cost ‘seed’ elements + energyinput  + nLENRs  higher-priced elements LENR transmutation processes would be similar to conventional mining in that high-$ valuable precious metals would also be commercial end-products of business activity Would differ from age-old mining practices in that LENRs would not necessarily require digging huge holes in the earth’s crust and then crushing many tons of ore-bearing rock (which uses lots of $ energy) before conventional, chemically-based extraction/ processing/refining technologies can be used to produce desired Au, Pt end-products Since LENR transmutation ‘factories’ would not necessarily require large amounts of energy-intensive digging and megatons of rock crushing to produce commercially valuable precious metal products, the labor, energy, and capital equipment costs associated with those traditional aspects of conventional mining operations would be absent from bill-of-materials production costs for Au and Pt made in LENR ‘factories’ Intermediate mixtures of isotopes created in LENR production processes would be ~benign and not radiologically ‘hot’, so there would not be any $ costly nuclear safety issues to be addressed (unlike fission plants); cost-effective existing bulk chemical processing/separation/refining techniques could be used to produce saleable products May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 57

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLCSpeculative future economics of ‘mining’ Gold via LENRsCommercial transmutation could potentially produce precious metalsTransform lighter, lower-cost Tungsten into heavier, higher-priced Pt and Au In Nagaoka et al.’s 1920s experiments involving high-current electric discharges with Tungsten electrodes in transformer oil laced with Mercury, they observed production of macroscopic flecks of Gold and Platinum particles that were readily visible to the naked eye after as little as four hours of electric arcing inside the apparatus (sensitive post-experiment chemical tests on produced materials revealed that many small colloidal particles of Gold were also present in samples) If Nagaoka’s “black masses” of arcing products produced during experiments had instead been a solid rock sample showing scattered visible flakes of Au and Pt, a gold geologist examining it might likely have concluded that it represented a rich, very promising sample of ore (in many gold mines being worked profitably today, vast majority of commercially recoverable Gold is in form of innumerable tiny nanoparticles so well-disseminated inside the rock that they are invisible to the naked eye). This hypothetical gold geologist would then very likely have recommended investment in further exploration of the parent ore body to determine its average grade and spatial extent which determines estimates of total recoverable product tonnage in mining deposit If early Japanese experiments as well as those of Cirillo et al. could be successfully repeated to demonstrate proof-of-concept with respect to producing quantities of stable Gold that are detectable with sensitive mass spectroscopy, then further investment in an engineering program would be warranted to assess whether W  Au conversion via LENR transmutation might developed into a commercially viable process having a competitive cost structure (vs. conventional mining) and % good-product yields that could be scaled-up to levels that would be attractive enough to pursue transmutation ‘mining’ as a profit-making business venture Ratio of recent market price of Gold/troy ounce vs. market price of Tungsten/troy ounce places a maximum upper bound on potential economic profitability of W  Au LENR transmutation processes. In chart on the next Slide, it is apparent that based on today’s price relationships, price ratio of Au/W per troy ounce is a very attractive 2,278x. If such a relationship continued to be maintained, it suggests that even inefficient % yield W  Au processes might still be highly profitable if technically feasible. Also, at present all of the saleable stable intermediate products in W  Au pathway are also priced at significant multiples of W’s $ Interestingly, various alternative W → Re → Os → Ir → Pt → Au LENR transmutation pathways are all very exothermic and release substantially larger amounts of nuclear binding energy in form of clean heat compared to the energetic costs needed to create the neutrons that drive LENR reactions. This raises possibility, at least in theory, that someday electric power generation plants could potentially be designed and built to produce and sell low-cost electricity with pricy precious metals as valuable ‘waste’ byproducts May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 58

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Speculative future economics of ‘mining’ Gold via LENRsAu, Pt large multiple of Tungsten $ suggests LENRs might be profitableNew technologies can sometimes create unique price arbitrage opportunities Price Current Recent price Recent multiple annual global Metallic US$ / price in Comment versus production in Element measure of troy Tungsten metric tons quantity ounces (W) (metal equiv.) Gold (Au) 1,572 /troy same Product 2,278x Stop ~2,600 Platinum (Pt) 1,454 /troy same Product 2,107x ~202 Elemental conversion via LENR transmutations 1,050 Iridium (Ir) same Product 1,522x ~10 Gold via LENRs /troy ounce 400 Osmium (Os) same Product 580x ~0.6 /troy ounce 2,000 /lb. Rhenium (Re) ~US$ 137 Product 199x ~45 (99%) ‘Mining’ 82 /lb. ‘Seed’ Tantalum (Ta) 82% wt. of Ta2O5 ~US$ 5.62 scrap metal 8x ~1,700 Gold-bearing Quartz veins Estwing rock hammer shows scale ~20,000 ‘Seed’ Blue Ribbon Mine, Alaska Tungsten (W) ~US$ 0.69 scrap metal 1.0x Start ~78,000 /short ton Photo credit: Dennis Garrett, 2001 May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 59

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Speculative future economics of ‘mining’ Gold via LENRsIn 2010 total annual demand for Gold was dominated by India and ChinaGlobal uncertainties and good GDP growth in India, China bolster Gold demand Note: during Q4 of 2011, China’s total quarterly demand (~191 tons) exceeded India’s (~173 tons); according to World Gold Council, in CY 2012 China total may surpass India’s annual demand for first time ever May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 60

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Speculative future economics of ‘mining’ Gold via LENRsRecent £ increases reach real Gold prices not seen for nearly 500 yearsGlobal Gold production responding to sharply higher prices since early 1970s Lattice comment: in historical terms, real price of Gold has recently gotten relatively expensive again May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 61

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLCSpeculative future economics of ‘mining’ Gold via LENRsHigher Gold prices further improve economics of LENR transmutation April 30, 2012: interview with Tom Fitzpatrick regarding the, a veteran Citigroup analyst, published in King World News Blog (direct quotes follow): “ ... We’ve already iterated a target in the more medium to long-term of $3,400 [per troy ounce], and over the next twelve months as high as $2,400 ... Also, in this dynamic where we are seeing a lot of paper printing, a lot of money printing and monetary experiments, gold is reverting to its true safe haven status, which is first and foremost as a hard currency.” May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 62

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable elements Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Lattice Energy LLC Final thoughts and conclusionsLess expensive, LENR ‘green’ More expensive, lighter stable transmutation heavier stable elements +n elements “An era can be said to end when its basic illusions are exhausted.” Arthur Miller, American playwright and essayist “When it came apart,” New York Magazine Dec. 30, 1974 - Jan. 6, 1975 May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 63

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Final thoughts and conclusions Herein, we have outlined a hypothetical WLT LENR neutron-catalyzed transmutation network that produces stable Gold and Platinum end-products from Tungsten ‘seed’ scrap metal Published third-party data has been presented which strongly suggests that W  Au precious metals production by WLT LENR transmutations has truly been observed in laboratory experiments dating back to the 1920s and is also operating on Earth out in Nature Hydrothermal vent systems appear to be one example of a natural environment in which LENR W  Au networks have likely operated in the distant past as well as in the present era Based on published data, it appears that natural W  Au LENR transmutations may occur out in Nature both abiotically and/or perhaps even biologically with certain species of bacteria Speculative analysis of the potential economics of future W  Au ‘transmutation factories’ for production of precious metals such as Gold and Platinum suggests that, if present relative price relationship of Tungsten vs. Gold and Platinum were to continue into the future, ‘conversion’ of Tungsten into precious metals has the potential to become a highly profitable business activity. If such processes can be scaled-up volume-wise and production costs reduced further by riding the “experience curve,” LENRs might compete with conventional mining within <10 - 15 years Lattice would be interested in strategic partnering with a large established company in the gold mining or metals business. We are also willing to engage in fee-based private consulting with such companies as well as with hedge fund operators and central banks wishing to assess the potential long-term impact of LENR transmutation technology on their present Gold-related investments, assuming LENR technology can be successfully commercialized over time May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 64

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC “Nothing is too wonderful to be true, if it be consistent with the laws of nature; and in such things as these experiments is the best test of such consistency.” Michael Faraday Native Gold on Quartz Eagle’s Nest Mine Laboratory journal entry #10,040 Placer County, California USA March 19, 1849May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 65

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kBPVlTibs0o Commercializing a next-generationTo Heaven“ of valuable stable elements "Stairway source Lyrics by Led Zeppelin, released November 8, 1971 Lattice Energy LLC “Theres a lady whos sure, all that glitters is gold And shes buying a stairway to heaven. When she gets there she knows, if the stores are all closed With a word she can get what she came for. Ooh, ooh, and shes buying a stairway to heaven. Theres a sign on the wall, but she wants to be sure Cause you know sometimes words have two meanings. In a tree by the brook, theres a songbird who sings, Sometimes all of our thoughts are misleading. Ooh, it makes me wonder, It makes me wonder. Theres a feeling I get when I look to the west, And my spirit is crying for leaving. In my thoughts I have seen, rings of smoke through the trees, And the voices of those who stand looking. Ooh, it makes me wonder, Really makes me wonder. And its whispered that soon, if we all call the tune Then the piper will lead us to reason. And a new day will dawn, for those who stand long And the forests will echo with laughter. If theres a bustle in your hedgerow, dont be alarmed now, Its just a spring clean for the May queen. Yes, there are two paths you can go by, but in the long run Theres still time to change the road youre on. And it makes me wonder. Your head is humming and it wont go, in case you dont know, The pipers calling you to join him, Dear lady, can you hear the wind blow, and did you know Your stairway lies on the whispering wind. And as we wind on down the road Our shadows taller than our soul. There walks a lady we all know Who shines white light and wants to show How everything still turns to gold. And if you listen very hardColor-composite image of E0102-72.3 The tune will come to you at last.Supernova remnant located in Small Magellanic Cloud When all is one and one is allATCA radio image by Shaun Amy To be a rock and not to roll.X-ray: NASA/CXC/SAOOptical: NASA/HST And shes buying a stairway ... to heaven.” May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 66

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Lattice Energy LLC- LENR Transmutation Networks can Produce Gold-May 19 2012

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Lattice Energy LLC- LENR Transmutation Networks can Produce Gold-May 19 2012 Presentation Transcript