Immunology

Haematology and Immunology Introduction to Immunology MB, ChB Phase II Prof Gerhard Walzl

Figure 1-1 Origin of immunology

Attributed to Edward Jenner

1796, cowpox (vaccinia) vaccination against smallpox

By 1979: smallpox eradicated

A patient with smallpox

Figure 1-2

History of immunology

‘ Infectious agents’: Robert Koch, late 19 th century

Louis Pasteur, 1880, vaccines against cholera in chicken, rabies in humans

Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasano (1890’s): ‘antitoxic’ activity in serum of animals immune to diphtheria or tetanus

Functions of the immune system

Protection against invaders

Removal of dead or damaged tissues

RBC

Wounds

Recognition and removal of abnormal or foreign cells or substances

Malignancies

Transplanted tissue

Foreign bodies/substances

Figure 1-23

Some basic concepts in immunology

Organization of the immune system External defenses Internal defenses Anatomical barriers Body secretions and excretions Normal commensal flora Cilia Innate immunity Adaptive immunity Humoral immunity Cell-mediated immunity Phagocytic cells Chemicals Complement Acute phase proteins Cytokines etc. The immune system

… Internal defenses Innate immunity Adaptive immunity Humoral immunity B cells Plasma cells Antibody Cell-mediated immunity CD4+ T cells Th1 cells Th2 cells Treg cells Th17 cells CD8+ T cells Subtypes NK T cells Phagocytic cells Neutrophils Macrophages Dendritic cells NK cells Chemicals Complement Acute phase proteins Cytokines

Innate immunity Adaptive immunity Preformed mediators- immediate effect Non-specific recognition (pattern recognition receptors) No memory, no improvement in performance during future exposure to same antigen Effectors need clonal expansion- takes days Highly specific recognition (T cell receptors and antibody) Memory: enhanced performance during future exposure to same antigen

Figure 1-7 Anatomy of the immune system

Figure 1-11 Lymphocytes circulate between blood and lymph : Naïve lymphocytes recirculate constantly through peripheral lymphoid tissue, here illustrated as a lymph node behind a knee or popliteal lymph node. Here they may encounter their specific antigen, draining from an infected site on the foot. These so-called draining lymph nodes are sites at which lymphocytes may become activated by encountering their specific ligand.

Figure 1-12 What happens when bacteria are phagocytosed? Cytokines = chemical messengers between cells, bind to receptors on target cells, change activation, behavior and differentiation of target cells. Chemokines = type of cytokine that attracts and activates target cells

Figure 1-13 Dendritic cells form the link between the innate and adaptive immune systems.

Figure 1-14 The development of the lymphocyte receptor repertoire in the thymus and the clonal selection hypothesis .

Figure 1-15

Figure 1-16 Schematic representation of antibody structure. Fab region Fc region

Figure 1-20 Memory is an important feature of the adaptive immune response.

Figure 1-22 The most important antigen presenting cells .

The distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations in human peripheral blood. As shown on the outside of the circle, lymphocytes can be divided into T cells bearing T-cell receptors (detected with anti-CD3 antibodies), B cells bearing immunoglobulin receptors (detected with anti-immunoglobulin antibodies), and null cells including natural killer (NK) cells, that label with neither. Further divisions of the T-cell and B-cell populations are shown inside. Using anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 antibodies, a:b T cells can be subdivided into two populations, whereas  :  (gamma:delta) T cells are identified with antibodies against the  :  T-cell receptor and mainly lack CD4 and CD8.

The results of immune cell activation

Figure 1-25 The result of activation of a cytotoxic T cell (CD8+ T cell) by a virus infected cell:

Figure 1-26 The result of activation of a T helper cell by a macrophage infected by an intracellular pathogen like TB is that the T cell activates the macrophage, thereby enabling it to kill its invader.

Figure 1-27 Antigen presentation Antigen is recognized by T cells only if presented by antigen presenting cells on MHC molecules.

Figure 1-32 Response Deficient response