The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution The Last of Europe’s Great Revolutions

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

1) Economic Development Propelled by Population Growth

Economic Development Propelled by Population Growth
Growth never seen before
Resistance to Disease
Reliable Food Supply

Economic Development Propelled by Population Growth
Earlier marriages and more children
High percentage of children in population: Leads to child labor
Migration
Population Growth:
1700 England= 6 million Europe= 100 million
1800 10 million 190 million

2) Agricultural Revolution

Agricultural Revolution
Innovations in manufacturing relied on innovations in farming that provided more food
Potato and Maize from the Americas

Agricultural Revolution
Crops that don’t deplete soil>>> feed cattle>>>>milk and meat >>fertilizer>>>grow more crops
Breeding
Enclosed Land

3) Trade and Inventiveness

Trade and Inventiveness
Trade for sugar, tea, cotton, textiles, iron hardware, pottery, etc..
Scientific Discovery, Commercial Enterprise, and Technical Skills became closely connected

Trade and Inventiveness
Encyclopedia, Expeditions Around the World, Electricity
Eli Whitney and John Hall ….Machines to make other machines

4 ) Britain’s Advantages

Britain’s Advantages
Good harvest, growing population, overseas trade(lots of exports)
Mining and metal industries willing to experiment
Large marine and ship producer

Class lines not as sharply drawn
Transportation
Encouraged Invention

Head start because not dealing with Revolution. A stable Government
Coal and Iron Deposits
Economic Freedoms

Five Innovations that spurred Industrialization

1) Mass Production

Mass Production
Pottery very expensive
Josiah Wedgwood: Division of Labor
Also installs an engine which leads to lower cost and improved quality which leads to major growth

2) Mechanization

Mechanization
Mechanization is the use of machines to do work previously done by hand
Cotton Industry the largest industry of the day
Cotton Laws

Mechanization
Opportunity to make profits
1760’s A series of inventions
Increased productivity for the manufacturer and lower prices for the consumer
Makes cotton America’s most valuable crop

The Power Loom

3 ) Iron Industry

Iron Industry
Limited wood supplies
Abraham Darby: coke
By end of 1700s almost all of Britain’s iron is made with coke
Crystal Palace 1851
Mass production appealing: Interchangeable parts

Coal Mining in Britain: 1800-1914 1, 200, 000 miners 250 million tons 1914 500, 000 miners 300 million tons 1880 200, 000 miners 30 tons 1850 50, 000 miners 1 ton of coal 1800

4 )Steam Engine

Steam Engine
Fossil Fuels
First machine to transform fossil fuels into mechanical energy
James Watt
Coal = Limitless energy!
Boats
Railroads

Steam Ship

An Early Steam Locomotive

The Impact of the Railroad

5 ) Communication over Wires
Electric Telegraph: Wheatstone, Cooke, and Morse
First used by Railroads

Impact of the Early Industrial Revolution

1) New Industrial Cities
Cities Growing
Great wealth for some
Tenements grew as the poor streamed in
Urban Problems

The New Industrial City

2) Rural Environments
Deforestation
Transportation
Canals
Railroads

3) Working Conditions
Successful were the minority
Most jobs boring, long, unsafe, no control
Impacts women and family life
Child Labor

Textile Factory Workers in England >1 million workers 224, 000 looms 1850 200, 000 workers 85, 000 looms 1833 150, 000 workers 2400 looms 1813

Textile Factory Workers in England

The Factory System
Rigid schedule.
12-14 hour day.
Dangerous conditions.
Mind-numbing monotony.

4) Supports Western Political Expansion into other continents. Imperialism!

New Economic and Political Ideas

New Economic and Political Ideas
Laissez Faire Capitalism and its Critics
Positivists and Utopian Socialists
Protests and Reforms

The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists
People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals.
Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

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The Industrial Revolution

by leonardstern on Nov 04, 2006

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The Industrial Revolution — Presentation Transcript