The Industrial Revolution The Last of Europe’s Great Revolutions

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

1) Economic Development Propelled by Population Growth

Economic Development Propelled by Population Growth Growth never seen before Resistance to Disease Reliable Food Supply

Growth never seen before

Resistance to Disease

Reliable Food Supply

Economic Development Propelled by Population Growth Earlier marriages and more children High percentage of children in population: Leads to child labor Migration Population Growth: 1700 England= 6 million Europe= 100 million 1800 10 million 190 million

Earlier marriages and more children

High percentage of children in population: Leads to child labor

Migration

Population Growth:

1700 England= 6 million Europe= 100 million

1800 10 million 190 million

2) Agricultural Revolution

Agricultural Revolution Innovations in manufacturing relied on innovations in farming that provided more food Potato and Maize from the Americas

Innovations in manufacturing relied on innovations in farming that provided more food

Potato and Maize from the Americas

Agricultural Revolution Crops that don’t deplete soil>>> feed cattle>>>>milk and meat >>fertilizer>>>grow more crops Breeding Enclosed Land

Crops that don’t deplete soil>>> feed cattle>>>>milk and meat >>fertilizer>>>grow more crops

Breeding

Enclosed Land

3) Trade and Inventiveness

Trade and Inventiveness Trade for sugar, tea, cotton, textiles, iron hardware, pottery, etc.. Scientific Discovery, Commercial Enterprise, and Technical Skills became closely connected

Trade for sugar, tea, cotton, textiles, iron hardware, pottery, etc..

Scientific Discovery, Commercial Enterprise, and Technical Skills became closely connected

Trade and Inventiveness Encyclopedia, Expeditions Around the World, Electricity Eli Whitney and John Hall ….Machines to make other machines

Encyclopedia, Expeditions Around the World, Electricity

Eli Whitney and John Hall ….Machines to make other machines

4 ) Britain’s Advantages

Britain’s Advantages Good harvest, growing population, overseas trade(lots of exports) Mining and metal industries willing to experiment Large marine and ship producer

Good harvest, growing population, overseas trade(lots of exports)

Mining and metal industries willing to experiment

Large marine and ship producer

Britain’s Advantages Class lines not as sharply drawn Transportation Encouraged Invention

Class lines not as sharply drawn

Transportation

Encouraged Invention

Britain’s Advantages Head start because not dealing with Revolution. A stable Government Coal and Iron Deposits Economic Freedoms

Head start because not dealing with Revolution. A stable Government

Coal and Iron Deposits

Economic Freedoms

Five Innovations that spurred Industrialization

1) Mass Production

Mass Production Pottery very expensive Josiah Wedgwood: Division of Labor Also installs an engine which leads to lower cost and improved quality which leads to major growth

Pottery very expensive

Josiah Wedgwood: Division of Labor

Also installs an engine which leads to lower cost and improved quality which leads to major growth

2) Mechanization

Mechanization Mechanization is the use of machines to do work previously done by hand Cotton Industry the largest industry of the day Cotton Laws

Mechanization is the use of machines to do work previously done by hand

Cotton Industry the largest industry of the day

Cotton Laws

Mechanization Opportunity to make profits 1760’s A series of inventions Increased productivity for the manufacturer and lower prices for the consumer Makes cotton America’s most valuable crop

Opportunity to make profits

1760’s A series of inventions

Increased productivity for the manufacturer and lower prices for the consumer

Makes cotton America’s most valuable crop

The Power Loom

3 ) Iron Industry

Iron Industry Limited wood supplies Abraham Darby: coke By end of 1700s almost all of Britain’s iron is made with coke Crystal Palace 1851 Mass production appealing: Interchangeable parts

Limited wood supplies

Abraham Darby: coke

By end of 1700s almost all of Britain’s iron is made with coke

Crystal Palace 1851

Mass production appealing: Interchangeable parts

Coal Mining in Britain: 1800-1914 1, 200, 000 miners 250 million tons 1914 500, 000 miners 300 million tons 1880 200, 000 miners 30 tons 1850 50, 000 miners 1 ton of coal 1800

4 )Steam Engine

Steam Engine Fossil Fuels First machine to transform fossil fuels into mechanical energy James Watt Coal = Limitless energy! Boats Railroads

Fossil Fuels

First machine to transform fossil fuels into mechanical energy

James Watt

Coal = Limitless energy!

Boats

Railroads

Steam Ship

An Early Steam Locomotive

The Impact of the Railroad

5 ) Communication over Wires Electric Telegraph: Wheatstone, Cooke, and Morse First used by Railroads

Electric Telegraph: Wheatstone, Cooke, and Morse

First used by Railroads

Impact of the Early Industrial Revolution

1) New Industrial Cities Cities Growing Great wealth for some Tenements grew as the poor streamed in Urban Problems

Cities Growing

Great wealth for some

Tenements grew as the poor streamed in

Urban Problems

The New Industrial City

2) Rural Environments Deforestation Transportation Canals Railroads

Deforestation

Transportation

Canals

Railroads

3) Working Conditions Successful were the minority Most jobs boring, long, unsafe, no control Impacts women and family life Child Labor

Successful were the minority

Most jobs boring, long, unsafe, no control

Impacts women and family life

Child Labor

Textile Factory Workers in England >1 million workers 224, 000 looms 1850 200, 000 workers 85, 000 looms 1833 150, 000 workers 2400 looms 1813

Textile Factory Workers in England

The Factory System Rigid schedule. 12-14 hour day. Dangerous conditions. Mind-numbing monotony.

Rigid schedule.

12-14 hour day.

Dangerous conditions.

Mind-numbing monotony.

4) Supports Western Political Expansion into other continents. Imperialism!

New Economic and Political Ideas

New Economic and Political Ideas Laissez Faire Capitalism and its Critics Positivists and Utopian Socialists Protests and Reforms

Laissez Faire Capitalism and its Critics

Positivists and Utopian Socialists

Protests and Reforms

The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals. Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few. Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals.

Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.

Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].