Causes of the Scientific Revolution 1) Trade 2) Universities 3) Renaissance 4) Humanism 5) Reformation

1) Trade

2) Universities

3) Renaissance

4) Humanism

5) Reformation

Great Scientists of the Era Copernicus Kepler Galileo Newton

Copernicus

Kepler

Galileo

Newton

New Attitudes Developing Skepticism about old authority The power of reason Natural Law A can-do approach

Skepticism about old authority

The power of reason

Natural Law

A can-do approach

Rebirth of Philosophy

Rationalism Descartes Spinoza Leibniz

Rationalism

Descartes

Spinoza

Leibniz

Empiricism Francis Bacon Thomas Hobbes John Locke Bishop George Berkley David Hume

Francis Bacon

Thomas Hobbes

John Locke

Bishop George Berkley

David Hume

Immanuel Kant : Moral Theory and the Idea of Duty

Enlightenment Reason Natural Law Happiness Promotes ideas of Change and Progress Liberty Toleration

Reason

Natural Law

Happiness

Promotes ideas of Change and Progress

Liberty

Toleration

Centers of the Enlightenment

Philosophes The people who were the thinkers in France were known as PHILOSOPHES. They were not on the whole original thinkers, but were great publicists of the new ideas.

The people who were the thinkers in France were known as PHILOSOPHES. They were not on the whole original thinkers, but were great publicists of the new ideas.

A Parisian Salon

A Parisian Salon

BIG DEBATE: Religion v. Reason The Enlightenment did NOT banish religion and superstition. They existed side by side –-- one often provided justification for the other. The clergy played an important role in the training of scientists & philosophers. (many were active in the field themselves!) Voltaire fought for those accused of heresy. The Encyclopedie used covert topic headings to address religion critically.

The Enlightenment did NOT banish religion and superstition.

They existed side by side –-- one often provided justification for the other.

The clergy played an important role in the training of scientists & philosophers. (many were active in the field themselves!)

Voltaire fought for those accused of heresy.

The Encyclopedie used covert topic headings to address religion critically.

Denis Diderot (1713-1784)

Thomas Hobbes Natural State of Affairs Man is brutish by nature Leviathan - Need for state control which will take care of the welfare of all Absolute power of the state

Natural State of Affairs

Man is brutish by nature

Leviathan - Need for state control which will take care of the welfare of all

Absolute power of the state

John Locke (1632-1704) Letter on Toleration , 1689 Two Treatises of Government , 1690 Some Thoughts Concerning Education , 1693 The Reasonableness of Christianity , 1695

Letter on Toleration , 1689

Two Treatises of Government , 1690

Some Thoughts Concerning Education , 1693

The Reasonableness of Christianity , 1695

John Locke’s Philosophy (I) Man is rational and born equal. Virtue can be learned and practiced. Human beings possess free will. - they should be prepared for freedom. - obedience should be out of conviction, not out of fear. Pleasure and pain motivate people. Government should use this idea to educate people.

Man is rational and born equal.

Virtue can be learned and practiced.

Human beings possess free will. - they should be prepared for freedom. - obedience should be out of conviction, not out of fear.

Pleasure and pain motivate people. Government should use this idea to educate people.

Man’s natural state was of harmony and equality People make a contract with the government to protect their rights. People have the right to oppose the government if their rights are not being protected. Natural Rights: Life, Liberty, and Property

Man’s natural state was of harmony and equality

People make a contract with the government to protect their rights.

People have the right to oppose the government if their rights are not being protected.

Natural Rights: Life, Liberty, and Property

The Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) Persian Letters , 1721 On the Spirit of Laws , 1758

Persian Letters , 1721

On the Spirit of Laws , 1758

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) Discourse on the Arts & Sciences , 1751 Emile , 1762 The Social Contract , 1762

Discourse on the Arts & Sciences , 1751

Emile , 1762

The Social Contract , 1762

Frederick the Great of Prussia (r. 1740-1786) 1712 -– 1786. Succeeded his father, Frederick William I (the “Soldier King”). He saw himself as the “First Servant of the State.”

1712 -– 1786.

Succeeded his father, Frederick William I (the “Soldier King”).

He saw himself as the “First Servant of the State.”

Catherine the Great (r. 1762-1796) German Princess Sophie Friederike Auguste of Anhalt-Zerbst. 1729 -– 1796.

German Princess Sophie Friederike Auguste of Anhalt-Zerbst.

1729 -– 1796.

The Legacy of the Enlightenment? The democratic revolutions begun in America in 1776 and continued in Amsterdam, Brussels, and especially in Paris in the late 1780s, put every Western government on the defensive. Reform, democracy, and republicanism had been placed irrevocably on the Western agenda.

The democratic revolutions begun in America in 1776 and continued in Amsterdam, Brussels, and especially in Paris in the late 1780s, put every Western government on the defensive.

Reform, democracy, and republicanism had been placed irrevocably on the Western agenda.

The Legacy of the Enlightenment? New forms of civil society arose –-- clubs, salons, fraternals, private academies, lending libraries, and professional/scientific organizations. 19c conservatives blamed it for the modern “egalitarian disease” (once reformers began to criticize established institutions, they didn’t know where and when to stop!)

New forms of civil society arose –-- clubs, salons, fraternals, private academies, lending libraries, and professional/scientific organizations.

19c conservatives blamed it for the modern “egalitarian disease” (once reformers began to criticize established institutions, they didn’t know where and when to stop!)

The Legacy of the Enlightenment? It established a materialistic tradition based on an ethical system derived solely from a naturalistic account of the human condition (the “Religion of Nature” ). Theoretically endowed with full civil and legal rights, the individual had come into existence as a political and social force to be reckoned with.

It established a materialistic tradition based on an ethical system derived solely from a naturalistic account of the human condition (the “Religion of Nature” ).

Theoretically endowed with full civil and legal rights, the individual had come into existence as a political and social force to be reckoned with.