An Comann

An Comann 50 Small Towns in Scotland Architecture+DesignScotland Ailtearachd is Dealbhadh na h-Alba ISBN 978-0-947649-70-8

m p a r r e k f an comann e a t c e fifty small towns in scotland 1 by laura hart + joanna hooi an comann in scots gaelic means ‘in society, a collection, group or bringing together’ preface Small towns are an important part in the urban fabric of Scotland. This document de-constructs 50 case studies over a 150 year period. Using figure ground illustrations it provides a graphical record of their physical development to reveal patterns of growth. This is accompanied by background research looking at siginificant historic events and trends. Current socio economic statistics are used to establish a broad picture of each town today, to illustrate how the past has impacted on the present performance of each settlement. The purpose of this study is to identify key factors that have led to past failure or success. These towns are categorised selected and grouped to show a correlation between typology and performance. The town types included are; market, industrial, planned, coastal, commuter and tourist. There seems to be a link between historical type and the current success of the settlements. This connection is shown visually through the town’s figure ground. This study seems to show that across the case studies a crucial factor in the development of our towns is function. The demise of industrial towns which after the loss of their main employer have struggled to adjust to the 21st century. Conversely, those towns that have adapted to suit modern lifestyles appear to be thriving. Above all, this study illustrates that important trends of the past can provide the foundation to steer future development whilst respecting the integrity of our towns. The copyright of this thesis belongs to the author under the terms of the United Kingdom Copyright Acts as qualified by University of Strathclyde Regulation 3.49. Due acknowledgement must always be made of the use of any material contained in, or derived from, this document. AC1.indd 1 18/12/2009 13:31:26

Introduction contents 3 c m o a n r t k e e n t t Scotland over time 7 Part A - Past s Scottish small town and planning history 8-9 Part B - Present + Future Location map + regional growth 10 3 Demographic of Scotland today and future predictions 11 How to read this book 13 Case Studies Market towns 15 Case studies 16 - 33 Analysis + Conclusion 35 - 41 Industrial towns 43 Case studies 44 - 67 Analysis + Conclusion 68 - 75 Planned towns 77 Case studies 78 - 89 Analysis + Conclusion 90 - 95 Coastal towns 97 Case studies 98 - 111 Analysis + Conclusion 112 - 117 Commuter towns 119 Case studies 120 - 137 Analysis + Conclusion 138 - 145 Tourist towns 147 Case studies 148 - 161 Analysis + Conclusion 162 - 167 Summary of results 169 Results Table 170 - 171 Summary 172 - 173 Conclusion 174 Bibliography 175 -176 AC1.indd 2-3 18/12/2009 13:31:26

introduction i m n a t r r o k d u e c t t Small towns are very much part of the urban landscape of Scotland. They provide not only a historical legacy i but are important drivers for the economy, activity and culture; they are an important focal point for rural o communities. Creating a successful town can have significant effects for its hinterland and protect the country- n side from unnecessary development. 5 Over the course of the twentieth century, many of Scotland’s small towns have been threatened by decline. Loss of industry and employment has taken the heart out of some of our small towns leaving a legacy of derelict buildings and a commuting workforce. Subsequently the identity, purpose and pride of many small towns are under threat and the economic potential and benefits these towns can offer the rest of the country is not being realised. Conversely, some towns appear to be thriving. This document aims to investigate the factors that influence these situations by providing a comprehensive graphical resource to show the evolution of small towns in Scotland over the past 150 years. A variety of town types and sizes throughout Scotland is analysed to give a broad range of patterns and trends. Historical figure grounds are used to provide a visual record of development over time and to compare and contrast the growth of towns at 50 year intervals. These are then paired with current socio-economic statistics in order to establish the effects that historical development has had on the present status of the selected case studies. As we enter a new age of urban renaissance the way our towns grow and are shaped may be markedly different than the past fifty years. The document is based on the concept that to appreciate small towns and how these may be best adapted in the future, it is important to fully understand how they have evolved over time. It is a morphological study of the built form and the people and processes that have shaped it. The document is divided in to four sections: Section one – Methodology - process undertaken to compile this book Section two – Background Research Scotland over time - [1] History of small towns and planning Scotland [2] Statistical analysis of current demographic trends. Section three - Case studies and analysis - Market towns Industrial towns Planned towns Coastal towns Commuter towns Tourist towns Section four - Results AC1.indd 4-5 18/12/2009 13:31:26

T scotland over time Part 1- History of Small Towns and Planning. Part 2 - Demographic of Scotland Today and Tomor row. This chapter is in two parts. The first section looks at the past giving a brief history of small towns and the Scottish planning system over time. The second part gives an account of current socio-economic conditions and demographics. It then predicts how these may change in the future. AC1.indd 6-7 18/12/2009 13:31:26

12th - 15th centuries 16th & 17th centuries 18th & 19th centuries 20th & 21st centuries scotland through time m p a a r s 12th century - Market towns were the first type of 16th Century - Developments in quarrying techniques leads - The Union of the Parliments in 1707 joined Scotland and - Legacy of the industrial revolution century left k t settlement to emerge. They were designed in a to a change in building material & stone takes over from England. Peace allowed the country to develop. Scotland’s urban communities in an appalling condition. defensive pattern, with high streets often tightly timber construction. This allowed important buildings to e arranged along routes to Castles. become more prominent. - Scotland entered a new era in economics and wealth - First part of the century was dominated by the first t brought on by the progress in manufacturing and engi- and second World Wars, through which Scotland - Introduction of Royal Charters. These titles were - Foreign Trade prospered and development continued with neering methods. continued as an industrial nation. appointed to settlements giving them trading a further 77 royal burghs forming throughout the 16th monopolies and access to ports (Royal Burgh, Burgh century. - Towns emerged as industrial settlements, a new second - 20th century drew a great blow to Scotland. From the of Barony etc). rank of town after the Royal Burghs. 1970’s onward traditional industries that had brought 9 17th Century - Period of development with over 160 small great wealth through the 18th and 19th century began - 13th century - Expansion of trade and discovery of villages elevated to burgh status, however only a few of - New settlements were often villages that had merged to decline, mainly through competition from foreign water power introducing mills and the textile indus- these succeeded. together or extensions of existing rural parishes. They did counties. try. not manage to assume any of the power of the Royal - Industrialisation began with factories appearing in Burghs, but instead formed as single function industrial - Between 1981 and 2001 70% of all jobs in the primary - 14th/15th centuries - Success achieved in the 12th Glasgow and Greenock and smaller burghs venturing into towns. and manufacturing industries had been lost and vast and 13th century came to an abrupt stop in 1296. glass and pottery. quantities of industrial land has been left vacant and For 21 weeks Edward I of England launched a cam- - Early 19th century saw the arrival of railways, this had undeveloped. paign on Scotland, sweeping through the country - New buildings and institutions, such as banks, were huge consequences for Scotland’s towns. A mobile popula- taking every notable castle. required to support new industry. Royal Burghs formed; tion created the tourism market and the transport of goods - Economy becomes based upon service industry with they accommodated most of these becoming administrative vastly improved industrial productivity. Cities and towns 4/5 jobs expected to be in this sector by 2010. Some - Throughout the 14th and 15th centuries numerous and financial centres. multiplied. communities struggle still with industrial decline towns were burnt to the ground on the commands of the English kings, sparing nothing. This period was - War with England lead to a depreciation in trade as intermingled with war, famine and economic decline. commerce with the country ceased, the two competed for overseas trade. - In an effort to mend the failing economy laws were introduced regarding clothing, drinking times and - Plague and famine devastated Scotland leading to a 20 % sport. In the later half of 15th century, empty sites loss in population 1909 Housing Act started an era associated with Public were given grants to repopulate areas where trade Housing Policy. 1919 Housing Act followed - this pro- was depressed. 40- 50 new Burghs formed between moted an ideal model for housing, the garden city. Dean of the Guilds established to enforce regulations. the 14th and 15th century. Many local authorities chose not to have one as it 1930 Housing Act - allows for slum clearance and the hindered devlopment and financial gain. Number of Dean construction of New Towns. Nothing is constructed until of the Guild Courts reduced form 49 to 12 by 1869. the end of the second world war. 1947 housing acts Distastrous consequences for built environment followed creates modern planning system. Vast estates are built. with overcrowded, unsanitary, disease ridden conditions In cities, tenement slums are demolished and replaced by emerging as people flocked to towns for work. Urban tower blocks or population sent to new towns. Small population was housed in traditional tenements, often towns see lower density terraced estates form. overcrowded. 1970/80s - Policy change to rehabilitate rather than planning - Towns designed by surveyors appointed by King, - Dean of the Guild evolve from being concerned with Some planned settlements emerged, but these were layouts related to defence and the protection of mainly mercantile interests to protecting the public. demolish existing slums. Tower blocks are already generally funded by private landowners. public buildings. proving unpopular. In the 1980’s Thatcher government - First set of building control clauses is published in sell- off council houses under the ‘Right to buy’ scheme The Victorian era linked social and health issues to the - Some early regulation monitored by the Dean of Edinburgh in 1674, this adresses fire safety, protection of and housing policy is no longer as important. High rise built environment and a full set of building regulations the Guild. They would control alterations and private property and the introduction of a land use register. and peripheral estates fail and are hot beds for social was introduced by the 1890’s. Building regulations came additions to the town as well as ensure uniform However, adoption of the regulations was not compulsory problems, industrial decline creates social tensions too late and the cost of compliance was too much for appearance and disposal of waste. Mainly and was often ignored. some landlords.Conditions of new buildings improved concerned with protection 1900- 2000’s - Modern slums are as problematic as while older ones declined further. victorian ones and begin to be demolished. A return to traditional urban form is seen. AC1.indd 8-9 18/12/2009 13:31:27

demographic of scotland today + future predictions location map 14 - 17 % Scotland’s population is relatively the same as it was in the 1950’s with no major change expected until the 2030’s. However the demographic has altered. This will pose challenges to the economy and planning considerations of the future. The current population of 5,144,200 [june 07], marks the fifth consecutive year of growth. The population is expected to gradually rise until the end of the next decade . It is then expected to reverse and decline to 5.07 million in 2031, lowering to the 5 million m p a r r e k s 9 e e mark by 2036. t n Since the 1960’s the standard of living has improved considerably. This is expected to continue and a change of lifestyle t anticipated. Key facts affecting future demographic: 15 ageing population 11 --> people are living longer - one in eight people will be over 75 by 2031 --> women are having less children - children under 16 will fall from 18% now to 15.7% in 2031 smaller families + 10.5 % highland --> family size has been reducing for the last 50 years leading to a decreasing available workforce - working age population will decline from 62.7% in 2006 to 58.5% in 2031 --> former “typical” family household of (at least) two adults and two or more children will account for only one household in eight moray + 3.9 % in 2024 aberdeenshire + 25.1% migration --> traditionally Scotland has been a net out-migration country with loss of population to England or overseas destinations however the trend for migration of eastern europeans to Scotland over recent years has reversed this. --> internal movements now dominate with the rural areas losing population to the north east. --> highest out-migration regions 1996 - 2006 were the Shetland Islands, Aberdeen City and Dundee city. --> highest in-migration regions 1996 - 2006 were Perth + Kinross, East and West Lothian. angus + 3.5 % 1 inverclyde employment perth + kinross + 15 % Industrial job losses of the 1980’s hit Scotland hard, particularly town and village communities. 2 midlothian --> this left large amounts of derelict land; 50% of which was still unrecovered in 2004. 3 north lanarkshire --> 1981 - 2001 the manufacturing and primary industrys lost 36.8% and 34.7 % of their employment respectively. 4 east renfrewshire --> by 2011 it is predicted that 2/3 of the above industries will have vanished + 0.5 % argyll + bute fife + 5.1 % --> in 2006, 44.67% of the population aged 16-74 were in employment with 3.97% classed as unemployed. 5 clackmannanshire + 9.4 % stirling 5 + 1.4 % 6 edinburgh, city of urban structure - households 7 falkirk 16 7 + 3.1 The above categories of ageing population and smaller families both impact on the structure of households 10 6 east + 15 % + 3.9 % --> the population is not expected to markedly change up until 2024 however predictions state that there will be in 11% increase in - 19.4 % 1 3 12 lothian 8 north ayrshire 13 11 the number of households 2 - 5.1 % 9 + 11.9 % 4 --> the number of single person households is expected to increase by 33% for women and 47% for men in the next 16 yrs. shetland islands - 5.2 % - 1.3 % 8 south --> by 2024 single person households are expected to make up 42 % of all households 10 east dunbartonshire - 0.7 % lanarkshire scottish borders + 8.9 % --> even when the overall population is expected to decrease around 2031 the no. of households is still predicted to increase 11 glasgow city east not included in study - 6.3 % ayrshire 12 west lothian uk perspective south - 1.3 % ayrshire --> Scotland is the only of the 4 countries that is expected to decline from 2031 13 renfrewshire [England is expected to reach approximately 57 million by 2031 which is an increase of 6million. This pattern is expected to then 14 orkney continue, reaching 61.4 by 2074] dumfries + galloway + 1.7 % --> Scotland doesn’t follow British trends it follows european population trends 15 eileen star --> Scotland’s proportion of the UK population has consistantly fallen since 1861, by 2071 it is projected to decline to 6.1 %. 16 west dumbartonshire All facts presented on this page are from the following documents; [The Register General, (2007) Annual review of demographic trends, Scotland’s population 2006.] % shown = growth 1981 - 2006 [The Register General, (2008) Mid-2007 Population Estimates Scotland.] [Scottish Parliament, (2006) Scotland with an ageing population: economic and demographic challenges we should have met by 2031] AC1.indd 10-11 18/12/2009 13:31:28

how to read this book. . . . mk a key % non flatted accomodation photo timeline table: growth diagrams e ry k £ e average house price t indicates population unknown area [ha] number of dwellings original core 13 indicates known population secondary growth density [u/ha] current boundaries populations have been taken from 1851, 1901, 1950 + 2006 census figures timeline population date of map maps have been sourced as closely as possible to these 50 year intervals tables individual town type tables [type of employment] --> top three types based on % breakdown of working population [% in employment] --> represents all people aged 16 - 74 in employment education [% with a quailification] --> includes; standard grades, highers, HND, SVQ [or equilivant] + degree level [% good general health] --> refers to health rated as good or fairly good over the 12 months prior to census day (29 April 2001) real estate [average house price] --> refers to percentage above or below the scottish average; current, 7th august 2008 [owner occupied] --> includes those who own outright, owns with a mortgage or loan + shared ownership [railway station] --> refers to towns with an active railway station; current august 2008 retail [30 miles from larger settlement] --> distance measured to settlements with populations of 30 000 or above [% growth] --> percentage difference calculated between the 1950 + 2006 census data [s.a.] = scottish average health + social work indicates better than the scottish average indicates worse than the scottish average p indicates hotels + [excluding growth which just indicates positive or negative which no relationship to the scottish average] previous railway restaurants final table - comparison of town types manufacture [type of employment] --> represents the top employment type only } [% in employment] [% with a quailification] [% good general health] average has been calculated using data from each town in the category public admin [% owner occupied] [average house price] --> % of towns in the category rating above the scottish average construction [railway station] [30 miles from larger settlement } % of towns in the category with [% growth] --> % of towns in the category with positive growth AC1.indd 12-13 18/12/2009 13:31:29

market towns have played an important role in Scotland’s rural communities throughout history. The legal right to hold a market distinguished these towns from other settlements and signified their importance. This role not only protected the towns but allowed them trading privileges leading to growth. case studies - brechin, clackmannan, cupar, dingwall, forres, kelso, kirkcudbright, lanark + tain. AC1.indd 14-15 18/12/2009 13:31:29

population 8210 10444 8203 6950 date of map 1856 1903 1959 2008 m a r k e t 17 brechin Brechin has a long history. The reason for its existence is its cathedral originating in 56.74% the 12th century. The town struggled in its early years until it was awarded Royal Burgh Status in the 1400’s. This allowed the town the right to hold a market and provided the town with great wealth. By the 19th century the town became an associated with the textile industry and there were four major mills in the town. Further- £ £132,091 10 000 1400 royal burgh at cathedral 1850 textile industry and trade centre 1950 industry declines 2008 town becomes tourist centre more distilleries provided a vital source of employment. Subsequently between 1851 and 1900 the population grew by over 2000. Railways came to the town in 1895. 267ha Industry did not sustain the town throughout the 20th century and the population decreased considerably between 1900 and 1950. This decline has continued but slowed down in subsequent years with a population loss of 100 between 1950 and 3364 2006. Passenger rail services have left the town. However Brechin is home to the Caledonian Railway, a steam train run by enthusiasts for tourists during the summer months. 12.59 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 16-17 18/12/2009 13:31:49

population 3002 2501 3024 3420 date of map 1850 1920 1958 2008 m a r k e t 19 clackmannan 82.55% Clackmannan’s early role was that of a port where the River Black Devon met the River Forth. The location was also home to Clackmannan Tower, built in the 9th Century. However the £ 800 town established at castle 1800 admin. centre and weaving town 1900 industry/population declines 2008 pleasant town retains residents port silted up and the town came to dominance as the administrative centre of Clackman- nanshire. The towns tollbooth built in 1592 was the main administration building in the £129,499 10 000 county containing a court and prison. This enjoyed a prominant position in the town’s market place. Here also stands The Clack - an ancient stone dating back to Celtic times. The town’s role continued to be that of an administrative centre throughout its history. Although, some 104ha industry was present during the 18th and 19th C, such as shallow shaft coal mines, an iron foundry and a distillery. However, the town’s prosperity did not continue and many people left to seek work in other locations, especially in neighbouring Alloa where there was a booming 1453 manufacturing industry. By 1901 the population of the town had halved. The 20th Century saw the towns grow both physically and in terms of population. This may be due to its location along the A907 to Stirling. 13.9 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 18-19 18/12/2009 13:32:00

population 7427 6766 8085 8800 date of map 1856 1896 1938 2008 m a r k e t 21 cupar 63.36 % In 12th century Cupar was established as the county town of Fife. It prospered in its early days on the back of the wool industry and later grew as a market town and administrative centre. It served a huge population encompassing much of south east fife. The 19th Century saw Cupar at its most fortunate. The early part of the century saw it establish £ £245,220 10 000 1850 county town of fife 1900 cupar thrives as financial centre 1950 town continues to prosper 2008 retains market town character itself in financial services and as home to the county newspaper. Further development occurred with the arrival of the railway in 1847. The population of the town grew steadily 355ha throughout the century from 4463 in 1800 to 6766 in 1901. Due to its wealth the town housed numerous fine buildings and churches many of which can still be seen today. Although stripped of its role of county town in 1974 when the council gave the title to the new town of Glenrothes, the town has continued to prosper and grow. This may 3805 have been aided by the retention of the railway and location close to the M90 motorway. 10.7 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 20-21 18/12/2009 13:32:20

population 2364 2758 3604 5080 date of map 1876 1906 1959 2008 m a r k e t 23 dingwall 78.86% It is believed that Dingwall was first established around 1050 lying in a strategic position at the head of Cromarty forth. In 1814 the bridging of the rivers Conon and Buely and the construction of the parliamentary roads, lead to Dingwall becoming the centre of communications for the north. It became the administrative centre for much of northern Scotland. In 1820 the harbour arrived and it became a port. Agricultural change in the £ £207,111 10 000 1820 became a port 1862 railway arrived 1900’s high street part of the A9 2008 bustling market town 1800’s lead to commercial farming and brought new business to the town. The arrival of the railway in 1862 lead to further growth and the town established itself as an agricul- 326 ha tural market place. In 1890 the town set up permanent livestock markets however these have since been relocated to allow for a large superstore in the town centre. Originally in the 1900’s the high street was part of the A9. The creation of the Cromarty Firth bridge 2163 redirected this and relieved the town of the heavy traffic it experienced in the 19th century when it was the busiest route centre in Northwest Scotland. 6.64 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 22-23 18/12/2009 13:32:37

population 4069 5241 5231 8990 date of map 1873 1906 1959 2008 m a r k e t 25 forres Forres is one of the oldest towns in Scotland, holding Royal Burgh status since 1140. With lim- 83.37 % ited growth from the 17th century, Forres entered a period of development beginning in 1810 and by the 1820’s the town experienced rapid expansion with new developments emerging on the outskirts of town. Nestled on the flood plane of river Findhorn, the great flood of 1829 transformed the town with many of the population seeking high ground and relocating to the £ £170,600 10 000 1820’s large expansion 1910 market town 1985bypass introduced 2008 town centre largly unchanged Cluny Hills. However despite this natural disaster Forres transformed in the 19th century with the help of the introduction of the railway. This strengthened the economy, allowing export 381 ha of agriculture by rail, which in turn brought improved road connections and infrastructure investment. Today the composition of the town remains relatively unchanged having retained the original layout of the medieval town plan. The market history of the town is still evident, the 3801 high street widening where the market was originally held. Many fine buildings also remain including the tolbooth and mercat cross. Through retaining it heritage and tradition Forres today is an attractive place to visit, famous for its floral displays. 9.97 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 24-25 18/12/2009 13:33:02

population 5634 4525 4518 5380 date of map 1862 1899 1938 2008 m a r k e t 27 kelso Located where the rivers Tweed and Teviot meet, Kelso developed from a small 64.7% hamlet as a direct result of the Kelso Abbey which was established in 1128. Upon completion, the town flourished and attracted monks who were skilled craftsmen, this helped the population to expand. However there were large scale fires in 1645 £ £192,753 10 000 1128developed with creation of abbey 1803 first bridge constructed 1905 largest market square in scotland 2008 a charming town and 1742 which destroyed the central part of town. Controlled predominately by the abbey the wealth and power declined in the 16th century yet the construction of the Kelso Bridge in 1754 lead to Kelso becoming an important stop on the London 151 ha to Edinburgh coach route. During the 18th and 19th centuries stately homes were built outside the town centre due to the growth of a richer middle class. Today the town retains the original central layout with four cobbled streets merging into a 2363 central cobbled market square. Most of the current town centre features Georgian or Victorian architecture with the town hall from 1816 sitting on the site of the original tollbooth. 15.6 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 26-27 18/12/2009 13:33:20

population 3555 3309 3316 3240 date of map 1854 1909 1951 2008 m a r k e t 29 kirkcudbright 80.33% Situated on the River Dee, Kirkcudbright achieved Royal Burgh status in 1455. This gave the town the right to trade with ports outside Scotland an emphasised the importance of the harbour. The original town was built around the high street. The River Dee protected its castle, habour and moat on all sides giving security which lead to the town prospering. The £ £273,720 10 000 1854 arrival of railway 1900 high street is wrapped 2 sides of core 1950 town retains character as artist town 2008 scenic scottish fishing town town gained considerable wealth in the early centuries and during the 1400’s a quarter of all Scotland’s cloth exports left from Kircudbright’s harbour. The town then faced a 152 ha time of decline in the 1600 and 1700’s however the arrival of the railway in 1864 allowed Kircudbright to make its mark as a centre for artists and maintain a steady population through the 19th and 20th century. The high street in kirkcudbright is unusual as it wraps 1620 around the two sides of the town core rather than forming a central thoroughfare, this can be clearly seen in the figure grounds above. Many old town houses still line the high street hinting to kirkcudbright’s history. 10.65 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 28-29 18/12/2009 13:33:34

population 8243 8103 9250 8200 date of map 1864 1898 1958 2008 m a r k e t 31 lanark Becoming a Royal Burgh in 1140, Lanark has been an important market town since medieval times and was the location of the first Scottish parliament meeting in 978. 1785 70.25 % brought large change when the water power of the river Clyde was harnessed by the cotton mills built at New Lanark (located one mile from the existing town). Whilst Lanark served as a focus for the wider rural community New Lanark drove the local economy. In £ £200,741 10 000 1785 mercat cross demolished 1855 railway arrived 1950 town continued to flourish 2008 retains market town character 1845 the railway arrived and Lanark flourished as a market town holding regular livestock markets. The mills in New Lanark closed in 1968 & 74 which threatened its existence and 268 ha the economy of the surrounding areas. However, it began a process of regeneration and survived. Today the older buildings lining the high street reveal Lanark’s character as a market town. There has been a considerable amount of investment in Lanark over recent 3656 years, though the narrow streets and vennels have prevented major redevelopment of the shops. The site of the original mercat cross marks the foot of the high street and is still known as ‘the cross’. Today there is little industry although it still holds one of Scotland’s largest farming markets. 13.6 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 30-31 18/12/2009 13:33:55

population 3574 2756 2348 3380 date of map 1879 1907 1960 2008 m a r k e t 33 tain Tain is Scotland’s oldest Royal Burgh granted the title in 1066. It developed as a market and administrative centre. It was an important religious centre containing the shrine of St 87.02% Duthus, a Christian figure in the 8th and 9th century. The town is dominated by its Toll- booth, first constructed in 1630. This historically held many administrative functions. The railway arrived in in 1864 and helped the town continue to prosper in its original role. The £ £204,125 10 000 1800 royal burgh and admin centre 1864 railway arrived - remains admin centre 1930 war time air base 2008 popular with visitors & locals railway effectively cut the town off from its sea front. Although enjoying a coastal location, Tain does not interact with the water, in fact the water’s edge is lined with a golf course. 279ha This is perhaps not surprising as the town never functioned as a port, but is unusual for a sea side town. In the 1930’s Tain was home to many RAF with the construction of an aerodrome. The population of Tain has remained relatively stable through out its existence 1536 varying between 2277 in 1800 to 3340 in 2006. Its lack of industry failed to attract a vast population. It may have lost its administrative role, but remains a popular place, partly due to its intact townscape and good road and rail connections. 5.5 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 32-33 18/12/2009 13:34:08

economy social housing connections growth top three % in education: health: % % +/- average % owner railway within thirty % growth employment employment % with a good general house price occupied station miles of large 1954 - types [s.a. 44.67] quailification health [s.a.£150,257] [s.a. 62.59] settlement 2006 [s.a. 66.77] [s.a. 89.85] m a r brechin k e t 43.63 61.41 91.41 12 56.93 p - 15.28 35 calckmannan 41.77 64.9 87.69 16 57 p 13.09 cupar 44.79 76.04 91.77 39 70.98 8.84 dingwall 46.86 63.8 91.25 138 61.77 36.23 AC1.indd 34-35 18/12/2009 13:34:10

economy social housing connections growth top three % in education: health: % % +/- average % owner railway within thirty % growth employment employment % with a good general house price occupied station miles of large 1954 - types [s.a. 44.67] quailification health [s.a.£150,257] [s.a. 62.59] settlement 2006 [s.a. 66.77] [s.a. 89.85] m a r k e forres t 47.93 70.09 92.66 13 63.03 71.86 37 kelso 47.77 55.84 92.47 28 58.27 p 19.07 kirkcudbright 41.6 65.76 90.95 82 70.8 p - 2.3 lanark 44.81 56.65 89.96 34 65.12 - 11.36 AC1.indd 36-37 18/12/2009 13:34:10

economy social housing connections growth top three % in education: health: % % +/- average % owner railway within thirty % growth employment employment % with a good general house price occupied station miles of large 1954 - types [s.a. 44.67] quailification health [s.a.£150,257] [s.a. 62.59] settlement 2006 [s.a. 66.77] [s.a. 89.85] m a r k e t tain 42.01 60.53 91.6 35 59.37 43.95 39 AC1.indd 38-39 18/12/2009 13:34:11

performance structure and history Conclusion top employer [s]- manufacturing and retail Early maps show distinct patterns of development. As Roy- al Burghs, many of these towns were somewhat planned and grew in a pattern of a high street with vennels and Despite variations between towns, market towns generally 5/9 have above average % of people in employment 2/9 have a higher than average % of people with closes running at right angles. The towns formed organi- cally to accommodate and protect the market place. Most appear to be successful when compared with national qualifications towns, at some point in history, contained tolbooths and mercat crosses signifying their importance. averages for a number of socio – economic indicators. 8/9 have better health than average 7/9 have higher than average house price In most cases, the original core has survived throughout Most grew steadily through time, seeing major expansion history and remains clearly visible on modern maps. The 4/9 have higher than average owner occupation retention of the original townscape may be a positive occur in the mid to late twentieth century. Despite some attribute as historic buildings and features have been 5/9 have a railway preserved. Additionally, as market towns have a history industrial development in the 19th century, they managed 7/9 are within 30 miles of large settlements of wealth created by trade, the built environment itself 6/9 have increased in population from 1954 – consistently contains finer than usual buildings. to retain their role as regional centres throughout time. 2006 The towns grew slowly between 1800 and 1950. In general terms, the role of this type of settlement has changed This has secured their position as attractive places to live very little over time. They grew as county towns and meeting places for surrounding communities. They did not and promoted growth. attract a huge amount of industry in the 19th Century and managed to maintain a purpose throughout history. Major expansion occurred between 1950 and 2008. This period of growth seems to lack real structure or relation Although they do not appear to hold the status they once to the original core. In addition, development seems com- pletely focused on low density housing. had, market towns retained their character and have well Undoubtedly, market towns will have suffered with the established town centres. As Scotland’s earliest towns they trend to focus retail and leisure facilities in out of town retail parks or larger settlements. Subsequently, they no hold special historical significance. This is their most longer possess the status they once held as Royal Burghs or county towns. However, they appear to perform rela- important asset. tively well across the board of socio-economic indicators. There is variation between settlements, with Forres and Cupar achieving positive results in every category. Conversly,Clackmannan achieves much poorer results. Interestingly, this town was not ever awarded the Royal Burgh status. AC1.indd 40-41 18/12/2009 13:34:11

industrial towns are those whose primary economic function was or is industry. These settlements have historically relied on industry for employment. Many have seen the loss of the sector over the last fifty years and have struggled to recover. Others have retained some industrial employment or reinvented themselves to serve other purposes. case studies – auchinleck, banknock, cumnock, dalry, kilbirnie, kincardine, lesmahagow, loanhead, mauchline, neilston, new cumnock + west kilbride. AC1.indd 42-43 18/12/2009 13:34:11

population 3697 6605 6511 3650 date of map 1860 1910 1968 2008 i n d u s t r i a l 45 auchinleck 78.06 % Auchinleck is a small town in East Ayrshire. Its main reason for existence was coal mining from the 1800’s right through the late twentieth century. Historically, the village was the home of the 8th Earl of Auchenleck, His fine manor house dating from 1760 still stands today and is a fine example of the architecture of the time. The town grew in a £ £101,820 10 000 1790’s home of 8th lord of auchinleck1800’s railway and prominance of mining 1950’s mining /industrial town until 1980’s 2008 rundown + neglected linear fashion along its main street and the population soared with the demand for coal. The population was 1214 in 1800, by 1901 it was 6605. Newer settlements grew away 142ha from the original core. Industry was an important part of the town until the 1980s. In 1983 High House mine closed under Margaret Thatcher’s reform of the Coal Industry and later in 1989 Barony Mine also closed. Other industry such as Curries soft drinks 1494 Factory also closed at this time. Auchinleck has never recovered from these losses and is now victim to many poverty related problems. The population is now 3450. 10.5 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 44-45 18/12/2009 13:34:22

population ???? ???? 1944 3220 date of map 1864 1922 1958 2008 i n d u s t r i a l 47 banknock Banknock is located on the Bonny water near Falkirk, just to the north of the Forth and 81.31% Clyde Canal. The canal, which for many years transported goods across Scotland, gave the town early reason to develop, especially for industry. The 18th century saw two major developments, firstly the arrival of the railways and secondly the explosion of £ £168,230 10 000 1700’s canal spurns early growth 1800’s railway and canal create industrial hub 1980’s bankier distillery last industry to close 2008 popular commuter town the coal industry. A wagon way connected the mines to the canal. Along the railways, this area was a hive of industrial activity, including brickworks and iron foundries. The 110ha industrial landscape is now a wasteland. The town also contained the Bankier Distillery which was active until the 1980’s. Despite the demise of industry and loss of railway, Banknock has retained its population and has even seen a rise from 1944 in 1951 to 1266 3220 in 2006. Its central location between, Edinburgh, Stirling and Glasgow and the road network ensures residents access to employment in other areas. [populations for 1851 and 1901 unknown] 11.5 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 46-47 18/12/2009 13:34:31

population 3777 5144 7870 9020 date of map 1860 1910 1958 2008 i n d u s t r i a l 49 cumnock Although older in origin, Cumnock saw its main growth period occur in the Victorian Era. At this point the neighboring town of Lugar saw the opening of the Lugar Iron Works. The 73.37% area was the focal point of coal and iron stone mining throughout the 1800’s and the town’s £ 1700’s 1800’s coal mining and railways arrive 1900’s closure of heavy industry 2008 unemployment + slow re-invention population is testament to this. Between 1800 and 1850 the population rose by more than small market town 2000 and then by almost 2000 more by 1900. A network of freight railways linked mines £134,700 10 000 and works and a passenger railway led to Glasgow, Dumfries Ayr and Carlisle. The town was also a market town with a mercat cross dating back to the 1700’s. Industry continued in the town in the 20th century with Cumnock being home to several manufacturing plants. 340 ha However, much of the heavy industry, including mining which had been the towns primary reason for existence disappeared, as did the railway and by the end of the 20th Century manufacturing was also under threat. Although the population did not decrease, Cumnock 3845 became a hot bed for unemployment and related social problems. It housed a stagnant im- mobile population. Many of these problems persist, although the town has begun to attract some commuters to Glasgow and Ayr with a number of modern private housing estates 11.3 dwellings/ha emerging. AC1.indd 48-49 18/12/2009 13:34:47

population 8865 8212 6762 5620 date of map 1856 1897 1911 2008 i n d u s t r i a l 51 dalry 76.56% Located between the rivers Caaf and Rye and on the bank of river Garnock, Dalry translates to “king’s valley,” in Gaelic. In the 15th century Dalry was little more than a village containing six dwellings with a population of less than 100. The town developed following the erection of a parish church at the beginning of the 17th century. By 1837 it had grown to approximately 1000 inhabitants and the town had formed £ £144,001 10 000 1750 consisted of only 5 streets 1840’s industrial character of town changed 1973 railway closed 2008 retains 5 radial principal streets into 5 streets converging into a central square. The majority of the residents were employed by manufacturers in Glasgow and Paisley to weave cotton and carpet yarn 159 ha with silk and also sewing and embroidering. In 1840 the arrival of many lime works, iron works and coal pits changed the character of the town. A vitamin production factory was established in 1958 which remains in operation today. However this 2397 town, once supported by industry has seen a sharp decline of traditional industry leading to the population of Dalry decreasing consistently for the past 100 years. 15.07 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 50-51 18/12/2009 13:35:01

population 5484 7207 7626 7310 date of map 1857 1897 1938 2008 i n d u s t r i a l 53 kilbirnie Kilbirnie is situated 20 miles south west of Glasgow and stands on the right brow of 75.49 % Garnock River. In the 16th century the population of Kilbirnie was less than 300 with only three houses in the town. However, relatively quickly, it grew to contain approximately 800 people by 1821. Prior to the 19th century the predominant industries £ £107,317 10 000 1840 steel works took over 1937 famous for its dance hall 1979 steelworks closed 2008 disintegrating main street were flax and weaving, these were eventually over taken by steel and iron. 1841 saw a large increase in population due to Glengarnock steel work opening. This resulted 300 ha in a total population of 5484 in 1851 compared to that of only 959 in 1801. During the 1950’s and 60’s Kilbirnie was famed for having a dance hall ‘Walker Hall’ which hosted big name events. The steel works remained open until 1985 but following 3253 the closure Kilbirnie became an unemployment black spot. Today there are few shops left in the main street with many vanishing and being replaced with large supermarkets. The majority of residents travel out of town for work. 10.8 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 52-53 18/12/2009 13:35:17

population 2697 1265 1834 3000 date of map 1862 1897 1966 2008 i n d u s t r i a l 55 kincardine Kincardine is situated on the Forth Estuary at the point where it narrows to become a river. This location dictated the town’s early role as a seaport. It was as a made a Burgh of Barony in 1663. 72.03% This title was different from Royal Burgh as the right to trade fell to the towns land owner as 1906 railway cuts town from shore 1950 road bridge brings traffic £ 1800 small seaport and market town 2008 power station provides jobs opposed to the town’s people. Kincardine remained relatively unchanged over time, the sea port did not develop as the town did not develop industry, although the surrounding area was £124,289 10 000 being mined extensively for coal. By 1900 the town was simply characterised as a ferry port for a steam ships crossing the Forth. Kincardine was subject to a series of disastrous developments that changed its character. In 1906, railways cut the town off from its river frontage. Shortly after, 100ha the construction of a main road linking Dumfermline and Alloa cut the north side of the town from the centre. In 1936, the Kincardine Road Bridge was built, and the road constructed to carry traffic through the town cut off the eastern part of the village from the centre. Fifty years later the 1329 town bacame home to Kincardine Power station, located on the banks of the Forth. Only years later a second power station, Logganet opened nearby. The population grew to accommodate workers in the station. They were housed in a handfull of tower blocks that failed to integrate in 13.29 dwellings/ha to the town. The original power station closed in 2001, although Logannet is still operational. AC1.indd 54-55 18/12/2009 13:35:27

population 7746 10954 11554 4160 date of map 1864 1898 1958 2008 i n d u s t r i a l 57 lesmahagow 73.37 % Lesmahagow originated as a religious centre with the construction of Lesmahagow Priory in 1144. This was destroyed in the reformation with archeological digs uncovering in 1975. The town is situated in fertile farmland and agriculture has always been an important part of the local economy. However, the main reason for Lesmahagow’s existence was the exten- £ £179,514 10 000 1700’s originated as religious centre 1800’s major expansion from mining 1900’seventual closure of rail + mines 2008 commuter town/conservation area sive mining at Coalburn in the 18th and 19th century. Industry was supported by a large network of railways at this time. Between 1800 and 1950, the towns population increased form 122ha 3070 to 11554 . Lesmahgow grew sharply and spread in a particularly sparse pattern with very little relation to its centre. Its current day population is only 3910 as industry has left the area. Lesmahagow is growing as a commuter town with good links to neighbouring towns 1466 of Hamilton and Lanark. Additionally the town is situated very close to the M74 motorway to Glasgow. The original centre has been granted Conservation Area status, however it requires considerable investment to return to its former glory. 12.01 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 56-57 18/12/2009 13:35:48

population 1310 3011 4882 6290 date of map 1855 1908 1938 2008 i n d u s t r i a l 59 loanhead Loanhead is a former mining and papermaking town located 5miles south east of Edinburgh. It also had a market from the late 17th century. The town began as a tiny vil- 65.38 % lage in the 1600’s, in 1685 it began coal mining and the first paper mill was constructed in 1742. By 1750 a second mill had been constructed however the limestone industry took over in the 18th century. The arrival of the railway and the coal industry continuing £ £154,717 10 000 1700’s paper mills main industry 1920 tradition of children’s day began 1955 paper mill closed 2008 dominated by ikea + retail parks to grow brought and increased population and the town was granted burgh status in 1884. Unfortunately in the early 20th century the industries began to decline with the 333 ha shale mines closing in 1909 and the lime works in 1912. This trend continued into the mid to late 1900’s with the paper mill closing in 1955 and coal mining ceasing in 1988. This was a major blow to Loanhead as the Bilston Glen coal mine employed 2300 men. 2743 Nevertheless the town continues to grow but now this is primarily because of large retail parks. Loanhead has managed to retain some local shops but many of its residents now commute to work particularly to Edinburgh. 8.23 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 58-59 18/12/2009 13:36:02

population 2470 2572 4161 4020 date of map 1857 1896 1967 2008 i n d u s t r i a l 61 mauchline Mauchline, located 11miles north east of Ayr, was granted a burgh of Barony in 79.36% 1510. The village has a history of trade with several industries prominent in the town including, clock making, box works, curling stone production and it was once the centre for sandstone quarrying. The initial trade for the town was clock making however this died out in the 17th century. Sandstone quarrying in the town dates back £ £127,650 10 000 1788 main entrance to the cross 1848 railway opened 1968 colliery closed 2008 known as the home of robert burns to the 18th century with peak production being carried out in the 19th century when it provided employment for over 200 men. The introduction of bricks provided a 127 ha cheap alternative after 1918 and lead to a decline in demand for sandstone with the last quarry closing in 1950. The production of box-work was carried out from the 1820’s until 1933, these were highly collectable and a trade mark for Mauchline 1668 dubbed ‘Mauchline ware’. Mauchline is also renowned for being the home of Robert Burns who lived on the outskirts of the town. The town boasts a monument to Burns located on the north edge of the town. 13.1 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 60-61 18/12/2009 13:36:15

population 12233 13716 16009 5410 date of map 1863 1898 1938 2008 i n d u s t r i a l 63 neilston Prior to the arrival of industry Neilston was a small village consisting of a series of 77.54% thatched roof, single storey houses. In 1780 cotton became the primary industry and peak 16009 within the next 30 years six cotton mills were opened, these combined, employed 1000 people, mainly women. The growth of the cotton industry lead to a need for housing and £ £208,426 10 000 1163 church is focus of community 1700’s became a centre for cotton 1903 railway opened 2008 growing as a commuter town small settlements arose close to the factories. However it wasn’t until 1900 that the first large housing development arrived when one of the larger mills provided 400 homes 119 ha for its workers. Neilston experienced a massive population increase with people coming from Glasgow to gain work; this peaked at 16009 in 1950. Prior 1920 the town was divided into two with the mills on one side and the old village on the other, from 1920-40 1986 the council built several developments which joined the two sides of the town. Although the industry has declined this century, Neilston maintains a population of 5450 and is now re-establishing as a commuter town helped by a popular rail service. 16.68 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 62-63 18/12/2009 13:36:26

population 2759 5367 6705 3040 date of map 1860 1897 1957 2008 i n d u s t r i a l 65 new cumnock 75.26% In 1650 the Parish of Cumnock was split in two giving rise to old and new Cumnock. A new church was built to serve the new settlement and this was to be the heart of the village. New Cumnock grew as a small parish until the 19th century and the arrival of the coal industry. This was the life blood of the community and can be seen in the rising £ £139,719 10 000 1700’s small rural parish 1800’s coal industry + population growth 1900’s late 20th C closure of industry 2008 rundown +neglected population from just over 1000 in 1800 to 6705 in 1951. 1950 saw the Knockshinnoch mining disaster in which 129 men were trapped in an underground mine, 13 of whom 151ha lost their lives. The town expanded in the twentieth century with modern housing estates that had very little relation to the centre. Margaret Thatcher’s ‘Plan for Coal’ delivered the death knell for the town in the 1980’s as the coal industry in the UK was destroyed. 1435 The town has not recovered and the population has sunk to 3040. However, the town has kept its railway and road connections to larger settlements could see it develop for commuters. 9.5 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 64-65 18/12/2009 13:36:36

population 2021 2928 4241 4670 date of map 1856 1896 1938 2008 i n d u s t r i a l 67 west kilbride 76.66 % West Kilbride, North Ayrshire is located on the west coast of Scotland overlooking Arran. During the 18th century it developed as a weaving village however today it is probably better known for its growing of Ayshire potatoes. It has 4 castles, built over several centuries, which remain standing today, Law castle, Portencross castle, £ £182,831 10 000 1600 4 castles in the town 1700’s primarily a weaving village 1878 railway opened 2006 named UK’s capital of enterprise Hunterston castle and Crosbie castle. With the arrival of the railway in 1878 providing a link to Glasgow, West Kilbride became a dormitory settlement. From the late 173 ha 1990’s West Kilbride dubbed itself ‘Scotland’s craft and design town’. The town has retained its train station and has good road links via the A78 and B781. It has become a popular retirement place with a 18 hole golf course nearby. West Kilbride 1891 has maintained steady growth from the1950’s with a current population of 4,670. 10.9 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 66-67 18/12/2009 13:36:50

economy social housing connections growth top three % in education: health: % % +/- average % owner railway within thirty % growth employment employment % with a good general house price occupied station miles of large 1954 - types [s.a. 44.67] quailification health [s.a.£150,257] [s.a. 62.59] settlement 2006 [s.a. 66.77] [s.a. 89.85] auchinleck i n d u s 33.71 46.35 84.14 32.3 43.33 - 48.35 t r i a l 69 banknock 47.32 67.56 87.48 11 57.03 p 65.63 cumnock 39.74 56.01 84.66 12 48.49 p - 17.91 dalry 41.42 58.06 90.5 4 41.23 - 16.91 AC1.indd 68-69 18/12/2009 13:36:52

economy social housing connections growth top three % in education: health: % % +/- average % owner railway within thirty % growth employment employment % with a good general house price occupied station miles of large 1954 - types [s.a. 44.67] quailification health [s.a.£150,257] [s.a. 62.59] settlement 2006 [s.a. 66.77] [s.a. 89.85] i kilbirnie n d u s 40.43 72.81 86.07 29 41.23 p - 4.15 t r i a l 71 kincardine 43.69 67.56 89.44 17 52.66 p 63.57 lesmahagow 39 65.80 82.15 19 70.8 p - 66.61 loanhead 48.14 59.92 91.5 2 57.32 p 28.84 AC1.indd 70-71 18/12/2009 13:36:53

economy social housing connections growth top three % in education: health: % % +/- average % owner railway within thirty % growth employment employment % with a good general house price occupied station miles of large 1954 - types [s.a. 44.67] quailification health [s.a.£150,257] [s.a. 62.59] settlement 2006 [s.a. 66.77] [s.a. 89.85] i mauchline n d u s 43.43 69.19 89.4 17 70.76 p - 3.39 t r i a l 73 neilston 48.28 86.04 91.08 39 68.71 - 66.21 new cumnock 32.95 81.06 84.51 7 49.46 54.67 west kilbride 42.0 60 91.65 21 77.08 10.11 AC1.indd 72-73 18/12/2009 13:36:53

performance top employer [s] - manufacturing structure and history Towns such as Auchinleck and Darvel seem to have sim- Conclusion ply developed along main roads. There was no traditional street pattern, such as the medieval high street visible in 4/12 have higher than average % of people in market towns. With the exception of Kincardine, which In general, industrial towns perform poorly across a employment has only become industrial in the 20th century, there is 6/12 have a higher than average % of people with qualifications very little evidence of monument buildings or market squares in the development of town centres. number of socio-economic indicators. Many were 8/12 have better than average health Settlements, such as New Cumnock were formed when devastated by the loss of industry and have struggled to 6/12have higher than average house price neighbouring villages merged together with the growth of industry. Again there seems to be very little planning re-invent themselves. Some have managed to become 4/12 have higher than average owner occupation 5/12 have a railway involved in their structure. commuter towns. Others fight to overcome the effects of Evidence of large industrial buildings can be seen across 12/12 are within 30 miles of large settlements the historic figure grounds and often appear in unemployment. With development continually focused on inappropriate locations. Redevelopment of these towns is 5/12 have increased in population from 1954 – 2006 no doubt made more difficult by issues of contaminated brownfield land from the past. larger settlements the future for these towns is uncertain. Many experienced their main period of growth between 1900 and 1950. This could be attributed to the construction of government subsidised housing for Failing on most levels, investment needs to focus on the workers. There has been some growth post 1950. This has mainly been down to the towns that have seen some wide variety of physical and social issues that face these change in role and become commuter settlements. All of these are within ten miles of larger settlements. towns today. They are in a difficult position with no Industrial towns under-perform in a majority of socio- obvious or immediate solution. Industrial towns are an economic indicators. There is a clear connection between industrial decline and the current state of these towns. With re-industrialisation unlikely, they will have to at- example of the danger of relying on one source of tract new forms of employment and purpose to survive. There seems to be a correlation between employment and employment and the devastating effects when it is lost. growth, both of which are low scoring characteristics of industrial towns. Considerable investment would be required to regenerate these towns as they lack any sort of attraction to improve the demographic profile. AC1.indd 74-75 18/12/2009 13:36:54

planned towns are settlements that have been planned from their inception on a previously undeveloped area or as an extension of an existing community. Generally, these settlements have been planned for specific reasons due to geographical or financial opportunities offered by their locations. case studies – castle douglas, dalbeattie, darvel, huntly, lockerbie + thurso. AC1.indd 76-77 18/12/2009 13:36:54

population 1992 3018 3322 3870 date of map 1853 1909 1951 2008 p l a n n e d 79 castle douglas 77.54 % The small town of Castle Douglas is situated near the centre of Dumfries and Galloway. It was originally known as Causewayend and later Carlingwark however in 1789 the town was rebuilt by William Douglas, a wealthy descendant of the Douglas family and was renamed Castle Douglas. Around the shores of the Carlingwark Loch the town plan was £ £201,034 10 000 1792 established cotton industry 1859 railway opened + town grew 1900’s hexagonal market building built 2008 tourist town + traditional shops based around the grid pattern of Edinburgh’s new town. Castle Douglas began to prosper originally as a result of its hand woven cotton industry; this is how one of its main streets 162 ha ‘Cotton Street’ came to get it name. Its success did not last as it could not compete with cotton mills elsewhere. However with the arrival of the railway in 1859 and improved road connections it became a major market town for the surrounding areas. The rail unfortu- 1696 nately closed in 1965 but it was replaced with the A75 and Castle Douglas is now a popular tourist destination and prides itself on being the ‘Food town’ of Dumfries and Galloway. 10.5 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 78-79 18/12/2009 13:37:07

population 1736 3469 3285 4310 date of map 1854 1909 1951 2008 p l a n n e d 81 dalbeattie Dalbeattie is situated 15 miles south west of Dumfries in the sheltered valley of the 85.47% river Urr. It developed in the 1790’s as a planned town when long term tenancies were given on both sides of the burn. South of the burn a grid iron pattern of streets was laid out and to the north plots were arranged with east west orientation parallel to the main £ £201,034 10 000 1790’s founded beside the water power 1850 infectious diseases swept the town 1920 recession reduced population 2008 commuter + tourist town road. The design of both sides was dependant on the slope of the land as it sloped quite steeply. Only seven years later Dalbeattie was thriving, largely due to the water pow- ered mills. However between 1840-50 the town suffered a severe knock, struck down 162 ha with typhoid, small pox, and cholera epidemics due to poor water supply. The water supply was improved in 1879 but the recession followed and the population only then recovered in the 1920’s with growth in the granite industry. Over the last 50yrs many 1696 of the industries declined with the paper mills and water mills closing. Today the future of Dalbeattie is uncertain. A large steel works opened in 1983 was a great boost to the town however today it is primarily inhabited by commuters and retirees. 10.5 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 80-81 18/12/2009 13:37:21

population 1701 3070 3239 3620 date of map 1863 1899 1968 2008 p l a n n e d 83 darvel Darvel, the most easterly of the textile towns, emerged from nothing as a planned 69.45% town in the 16th and 17th century. It was laid out in a grid pattern of roads which formed a straight wide main street. It was initially just 12 plots in 1752 when the fourth Earl of Loudoun built homes for people displaced from land in the agricultural £ £122,411 10 000 1800’s initially just 12 plots 1870 lace making village 1900’s loss of industry to india 2008 central square focus of town revolution. The town grew rapidly throughout 1780 with the population increasing by nearly 1000 in one year. Locally grown flax was the basis of the linen industry, 113 ha mills appeared in the late 1870’s and the town began to manufacture lace which was a large success, exporting to around the world. The lace industry quickly declined in the early 20th century due to competition from India. Lace is still made in 1495 the Irvine Valley but the factory in Darvel is now closed. The town largely remains in the form of one street, running half-a-mile east to west. 13.23 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 82-83 18/12/2009 13:37:32

population 3519 4136 4198 4400 date of map 1871 1902 1967 2008 p l a n n e d 85 huntly 78.3% Located in Aberdeenshire, Huntly’s origins date back to the 1100’s when it was originally know as Milton of Strathbogie. It was established as a planned town in 1769 and was subsequently named Huntly. Over the following 30 years Huntly grew to a population of 3000 and a range of industries developed. These primarily £ £194,239 10 000 1854 train arrived 1890 central clock tower built 1970 bypass built diverting traffic 2008 square still central focus involved textiles. Huntly did try distilling but had little success compared to other towns in the area. The textile industry declined in the 1850’s however the arrival of 175 ha the railway four years later lead to Huntly becoming a important freight centre on the Aberdeen to Inverness line. At the centre of Huntly is the town square surrounded by large grey stone buildings with the street leading off it merging into smaller stone 2045 cottages. Today Huntly is well serviced with a new railway station constructed in 2000 and being situated on the A96 which takes the traffic from Aberdeen to Inver- ness through the south of the town. 11.68 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 84-85 18/12/2009 13:37:48

population 1709 2358 2621 4110 date of map 1861 1920 1950 2008 p l a n n e d 87 lockerbie Lockebie dates back to AD900 and was first recorded in history in 1306. The town has long 79.89% been a trading post for cattle and sheep, due in part to its location close to the English border. The town experienced its major growth period after 1730, when local landowners, the John- stone family , released plots of land for sale along the high street. This formed the settlements £ £155,471 10 000 1847 railway arrives 1900 town grows steadily as market town 1988 pan am disaster devastates town 2008 sustained growth early structure. Within twenty years the town had grown in size and significance . In the late 18th century it became a staging post on the carriage route from London to Glasgow. The railway arrived in 1847 and subsequently the towns role in the cattle and sheep trade grew. 236 ha Population growth between the 19th and 20th century was steady, rising from 1569 to 2358 between 1800 and 1901. This pattern continued through the 20th century. In 1988 the town was struck by tragedy when Pan Am American Flight 103 flying from London to New York 1781 exploded over the town killing all passengers and eleven locals. In recent years the town has continued to grow aided in part by good road connections to the M4 and retention of the railway. Cattle and sheep trade still play an important part in the towns economy. 7.54 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 86-87 18/12/2009 13:38:02

population 5096 5406 4210 7540 date of map 1876 1907 1960 2008 p l a n n e d 89 thurso Thurso dates back to Viking times and is Scotland’s most northerly town. Throughout 86.84% history it has been an important port and was a Royal Burgh. 1798 saw a major expansion with the planned execution of Thurso’s New Town, which followed a grid pattern. As well as being a successful port, the town thrived with other industry. Most notable was the flagstone industry which was a huge employer until the 1890’s. Over the course of the £ £136,386 10 000 1800’s new town of 1790 established 1890 flagstone industry declines 1955power station constructed 2008 remains important port 18th century Thurso grew from 3628 to over 5000. Unfortunately, this declined and the town’s population reduced to 4200 in 1951. However, the town’s fortunes turned again 485ha in the 20th century. Between 1955 and 58 the population soared to 12,000. this was due to the construction of the Dounray Nuclear Power Station. This dropped when the construction crews left, but the station itself became a major employer . The harbour remains 3401 an active and important element of the town and many ferries serving the islands, Norway and Denmark. The fishing industry is also still active. The town has retained its railway and is on the A9 road to Inverness. 7 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 88-89 18/12/2009 13:38:17

economy social housing connections growth top three % in education: health: % % +/- average % owner railway within thirty % growth employment employment % with a good general house price occupied station miles of large 1954 - types [s.a. 44.67] quailification health [s.a.£150,257] [s.a. 62.59] settlement 2006 [s.a. 66.77] [s.a. 89.85] castle douglas p l 42.52 59.89 90.19 26 63.79 p 14.38 a n n e d 91 dalbeattie 41.08 60.67 90.38 27 58.26 p 31.2 darvel 46.68 60.96 89.35 19 65.42 p 5.89 huntly 41.8 57.23 88.87 29 54.58 6.24 AC1.indd 90-91 18/12/2009 13:38:19

economy social housing connections growth top three % in education: health: % % +/- average % owner railway within thirty % growth employment employment % with a good general house price occupied station miles of large 1954 - types [s.a. 44.67] quailification health [s.a.£150,257] [s.a. 62.59] settlement 2006 [s.a. 66.77] [s.a. 89.85] lockerbie p l 43.63 42.2 91.74 3 70.36 56.81 a n n e d 93 thurso 46.68 60.87 92.79 10 59.13 79.09 AC1.indd 92-93 18/12/2009 13:38:20

performance top employer [s]- manufacturing structure and history Planned towns are exceptions to the normal pattern of Conclusion development seen through this study. They were designed 2/6 have higher than average % of people in rather than forming naturally as defensive or trading centres. This was unusual as very little town planning occurred during Although all of the case studies have grown since 1954, employment this period. 0/6 have a higher than average % of people with qualifications There appears to be two categories. The first contains planned towns do not perform particularly well across the 4/6 have better than average health Dalbeattie, Lockerbie and Darvel. These towns formed in the 18th century when local landowners released plots of land for board of socio-economic indicators examined. While the 5/6 have higher than average house price sale. The dispersion of this land formed the shape of the towns high streets and the spine of the town. planning of these settlements shows some foresight into 3/6 3/6 have higher than average owner occupation have a railway These towns were constructed with a purpose in mind. environmental conditions and the physical appearance of 3/6 are within 30 miles of large settlements Residents of Dalbeattie and Darvel were provided with employment from the lace and textile industries. Lockerbie the towns, it does not guarantee other factors necessary for exploited its position along transport routes to become a 6/6 have increased in population from 1954 – 2006 trading post and market town.When drawn, these towns do not success such as sustainable employment. appear to be planned settlements. Apart from the high streets, no other element or period of growth appear to have been planned. In contrast, the second category has a markedly different In all case studies, the structure laid out originally has been appearance. Here grid patterns can be seen, which is uncom- mon for Scottish Towns. Indeed, Castle Douglas was based upon ignored by recent development. Suburban style housing the pattern of Edinburgh’s New Town, which bears no similarity to that of a traditional settlement. Thurso and Huntly are per- schemes have shown little respect or relation to planned haps the most extreme examples of grid patterns. Both grew quickly to fulfil certain functions, and this is perhaps why the centres. This is a lost opportunity as a chance existed to grid pattern was used. Huntly grew to accommodate the textile industry. Thurso, although having an older core, expanded on a grid to accommodate the towns commercial provide coherent and legible towns. activities based on its previous success. In these examples the original core of the town is generally much larger and more visible. Periods of growth between 1850 and 1950 appear to have respected the original plan of these towns. However, post 1950 growth has followed the normal pattern of uncontrolled sprawl of suburban style housing. Planned towns exhibit a mixed performance in terms of socio- economic indicators. Those which were based on the success of industry, such as Darvel, have struggled through the years. Other settlements that have sustained economic activity through other roles have been more successful. It appears to be function rather than form has dictated the livelihood of these towns. AC1.indd 94-95 18/12/2009 13:38:20

coastal towns may vary in type from tourist towns to industrial. Their reason, however, for being is always related the sea. Whether they offer attractive living conditions or a port for the export of goods, coastal towns are products of geography. case studies – banff, campbeltown, dunbar, eyemouth, girvan, lerwick + north berwick. AC1.indd 96-97 18/12/2009 13:38:20

population 4426 4546 3941 3920 date of map 1874 1904 1938 2008 c o a s t a l 99 banff Banff is located on the coast 45 miles north of Aberdeen, it is bounded to the west 77.39% by the River Deveron. Its original function was as a port and defensive settlement. 1700’s commercial port and trade 1850’s market town with railway Banff Castle was built in 1163 to repel Viking invaders. The towns high street grew southwards from the castle and port. It prospered in its early life through trade and was awarded Royal Burgh status in 1372. In the 1800’s the towns harbor suffered £ £233,250 10 000 1900’s town remains unchanged 2008 tourist destination from silting and the commercial port ceased. Railways arrived in 1857. The town’s population remained steady throughout the 19th Century growing only slightly. 144ha The population fell in the first part of the twentieth century and rail connections were removed in the 1960’s. The population has changed very little and the town has become a popular tourist destination. With very little growth, much of the townscape 1816 has been preserved throughout its history making it a fine place to view examples of Victorian and Georgian Architecture. 12.61 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 98-99 18/12/2009 13:38:33

population 9381 10236 8744 5070 date of map 1856 1900 1921 2008 c o a s t a l 101 campbeltown Originally known as Kinlochkilkerran, Campbelltown emerged as an industrial centre in the 47.87% 1800’s. It was not only a Royal Burgh enjoying a trading role but a centre for fishing, ship building, coal mining and distilling. It was said in its Victorian hey day Campbeltown had as many distilleries as churches. It was home to a Victorian single gauge light railway linking to the town of Machrihanish. The original function of this was to transport coal from mines to Camplbel- town Harbour. In the 1900’s the railway became a tourist attraction. At this point the town had £ £200,800 10 000 1800’s industrial centre 1850 port thrives & tourism 1900’s industry + tourism decline 2008 regional centre + regeneration become an attractive destination for visitors with steam ships arriving from other parts of the country. In the early part of the 20th C traditional industries failed. By 1930 only 3 of the town’s 229ha original 20 breweries existed. The tourist industry also dwindled with tourists being poached by cheap package holidays in foreign countries. Subsequently, the population has declined. However, the town does continue to act as a cultural centre for the area providing attractions 2931 for visitors and locals. It is home to a cinema, a museum and hosts the Mull of Kintyre Music Festival. Traditional industry is also seeing a small revival with a handful of traditional distilleries re-opening. Campbeltown Airport allows visitors easy access to the area. 12.8 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 100-101 18/12/2009 13:38:46

population 4415 5031 5439 7260 date of map 1854 1908 1957 2008 c o a s t a l 103 dunbar Dubar originated as a defensive settlement. Over 2000 years ago a craggy outcrop of rock provided a perfect location for Dunbar castle and in its shadow a harbour developed. Situated 67.57% close to the English border, Dunbar has been subject to many battles between the Scots and 0 - 1800’s defensive settlement/port 1800’s railway, tourism and development 1900’s modern industry and tourism 2008 commuters ,industry + tourism English for possession, both having claimed ownership at some point in the towns history. It became a royal burgh in 1370 and grew with trade from agriculture and the fishing industry. £ £214,165 10 000 This was the sole reason for existence until the 19th century when the railway arrived and the town became a golf and holiday resort. This period saw the opening of the world famous 329ha Dunbar golf club. Although the fishing industry is no longer active, agriculture continues to be important to the town. In the 20th century the town has continued to attract industry, including the nearby Torness Nuclear Power Station and the Bellhaven Brewery. The town has also established a new role as a commuter town to Edinburgh with the railway still in operation and good 2620 road access to Edinburgh via the A1. The town has grown slowly and steadily through time. This contrasts with a spurt of growth from the 1950’s. This could be attributed to an influx of commuters and the amount of available employment in the town. 7.96 % dwellings/ha AC1.indd 102-103 18/12/2009 13:39:02

population 1488 2487 1999 3420 date of map 1858 1909 1957 2008 c o a s t a l 105 eyemouth 75.31 % Eyemouth was a traditional fishing village, with its harbour being the backbone of the local economy since 1298. Situated along the mouth of the River Eye the harbour makes up 1300’s fishing village 1800’s fishing industry & harbour grow 1960’s harbour rebuilt to support fishing much of the towns western edge. The harbour was subject to improvements in the 1800’s which allowed it to grow. Before this time the port was difficult and dangerous to navigate. £ £155,605 10 000 2008 tourism + many attractions Until the late 20th century, fishing and boatbuilding remained the centre of the town’s economy. The harbour was rebuilt as late as 1965 to support these industries . The population 108ha has grown slowly but steadily from 899 in 1800 to 2487 in 1901. By 1951 it had dipped to 1990 as fishing became less profitable. However the last half of the 20th Century saw the population grow to its peak at 3420 in 2006. The town has transitioned from fishing centre 1483 to a tourist resort town. The town boasts an attractive high street, as well as many activities for tourists including diving, bird watching and fishing. 13.7 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 104-105 18/12/2009 13:39:14

population 8588 4872 6709 6790 date of map 1856 1897 1938 2008 c o a s t a l 107 girvan 75.85 % Girvan is the largest town in the district of Carrick and is slotted between the Gallo- way Hills and the sea. Prior to the 18th century Girvan had less that 200 occupants. The introduction of the turnpipe act in 1781 brought safer road links and sparked industrial growth, particularly in cotton. Girvan’s primary period of growth was with £ £170,675 10 000 1700’s began to grow 1800’s benefited from introduction of railway 1900’s seaside resort 2008 rundown + neglected the arrival of the railway in 1860 reaching 8588. Unfortunately the weaving industry then moved to larger cities and the habour began to falter as it was too small to 203 ha compete. During the 20th century the population began to increase again as Girvan became a seaside holiday resort however today Girvan suffers from an ageing population pattern with younger people leaving the town to gain work elsewhere. 3120 Over recent years the fishing industry has also contracted impacting negatively on Girvan. There was economic decline in the area and the town has suffered from neglect and appears run down. 15.36 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 106-107 18/12/2009 13:39:31

population 3390 6519 6612 6560 date of map 1880 1901 1930 2008 c o a s t a l 109 lerwick Lerwick is the most northern town in the UK and is the only town on the Shetland 78.19% Islands. It was founded in the 17th century as a herring and white fish seaport as the 1600’s herring + white fish seaport 1880 victorian architects laid out a new town 1970’s oil boom changed the town town emerged from a series of huts along the shoreline that were used during the Dutch fishing season. Development was tightly fitted into a series of narrow lanes and £ £188,333 10 000 2008 still thrives as a fishing + ferry port new docks were built to accommodate the fishing fleet. The harbour also became busy with vessels supporting the oil industry. During the 1880’s the wealth brought by the 517 ha herring allowed the town to expand with a new town laid out over the hill head. To- wards the end of the 19th century the wealthier residents relocated from the older part of town to the flatter western edge which led to further expansion. Lerwick currently 2993 has two conservation areas which have had considerable investment in improving the buildings and regenerating former industrial sites. Today Lerwick maintains a large and busy working port, and is the terminus for Kirkwall and Aberdeen. 5.78 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 108-109 18/12/2009 13:39:53

population 1643 3649 4580 6400 date of map 1854 1908 1957 2008 c o a s t a l 111 north berwick Situated on the coast twenty five miles east of Edinburgh, North Berwick began life as 60.6% a traditional harbour town. Indeed, a harbour has been located here since the 1100’s. The town was a Royal Burgh and grew through trade. It was also the location of a Ferry 1900’s tourism & commuter expansion 2008 1374’s royal burgh and port 1800’s crossing to Fife. Major growth occurred in the 19th century as railways made this pretty coastal town a popular holiday destination. A golf course was constructed at this time. £ £385,287 10 000 victorian holiday destination exclusive housing & tourism Population growth was steady throughout its history rising from 1583 in 1800 to 4580 in 1951. However, a sharp rise occurred in the second half of the twentieth century 234ha when a great amount of house building occurred around the periphery of the town. The current day population is 6400. The town remains a popular tourist destination, but also has a role as an exclusive commuter settlement. Property prices are similar to that 2707 of Edinburgh and parts of London. The town has retained its railway and has good road connections to the capital. 11.58 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 110-111 18/12/2009 13:40:07

economy social housing connections growth top three % in education: health: % % +/- average % owner railway within thirty % growth employment employment % with a good general house price occupied station miles of large 1954 - types [s.a. 44.67] quailification health [s.a.£150,257] [s.a. 62.59] settlement 2006 [s.a. 66.77] [s.a. 89.85] banff 42.97 58.66 89.88 53 77.39 p - 0.54 c o a s t a l campbeltown 113 38.06 53.09 88.78 25 47.87 p - 42.2 dunbar 43.41 64.37 91.69 42 67.57 33.48 eyemouth 42.06 57.34 90.48 3 75.31 0.9 AC1.indd 112-113 18/12/2009 13:40:08

economy social housing connections growth top three % in education: health: % % +/- average % owner railway within thirty % growth employment employment % with a good general house price occupied station miles of large 1954 - types [s.a. 44.67] quailification health [s.a.£150,257] [s.a. 62.59] settlement 2006 [s.a. 66.77] [s.a. 89.85] girvan 38.39 57.02 88.47 13 60.51 1.2 c o a s t a l lerwick 115 51.77 62.11 92.5 25 65.13 - 0.64 north berwick 41.14 63.85 93.15 156 68.38 41.96 AC1.indd 114-115 18/12/2009 13:40:09

performance top employer [s] - health & manufacturing structure and history Coastal towns have had a variety of different roles and Conclusion functions through time. However, in all cases their location 2/7 have higher than average % of people in employment was the reason for their early existence. The sea provided harbours for fishing and coast lines provided strategic de- The sea has always been the lifeblood of coastal towns. 0/7 have a higher than average % of people with qualifications fensive positions. Fishing and associated trade provided a catalyst for growth and many of the towns became market Originating as ports and fishing villages, the settlements 5/7 have better than average health towns as a result. Four out of the seven towns studied were granted Royal Burgh status, marking the importance of the studied have had a variety of roles over time. The 19th 7/7 have higher than average house price harbour. century saw a move from their original functions. There was 5/7 have higher than average owner occupation The arrival of railways in the 19th century marked a change a split in fortunes, which until this day has affected the in fate for these towns. With attractive coastal locations, 3/7 have a railway towns such as North Berwick and Dunbar began to attract 3/7 are within 30 miles of large settlements tourists. Golf Courses and facilities for this market appear success of these towns. Those that became industrial have on maps at this time. Girvan and Campbeltown also attract- 4/7 have increased in population from 1954 – ed a number of tourists, however also developed an indus- been scarred by decline. Others have continued to enjoy their 2006 trial identity. For these towns, the population soared in the mid 19th century with increased employment opportunities. Finally, settlements such as Eyemouth, simply continued as role as tourist locations given to them by their Victorian fishing ports and market towns. ancestors. In contrast, some have built upon their role as Typically, the industrial towns of Campbeltown and Girvan perform worst in statistical analysis. With the decline of market towns. traditional industry and tourism, these towns have struggled to re-invent themselves. Banff and Lerwick have remained important market towns. Other examples have however, entered their third stage of evolution. Dunbar and North The seaside makes coastal locations extremely attractive Berwick have continued to attract tourists and have become commuter settlements for Edinburgh. This is due to good places to live. Those that did not develop industrially have connections via rail and road to the capital. Eyemouth has all but re-invented itself from a fishing village to a tourist town. well preserved townscapes as well as sea front locations. Statistically these towns exhibit mixed levels of success. All Subsequently, all the case studies have higher than average have a higher than average house price, a majority have better than average health and also a higher than average level house prices. They are popular retirement destinations which of owner occupation. However, they do not provide good results in terms of employment or education. may account for a less than average percentage of the This could be attributed to the fact that the population in these towns contain a much higher than average proportion population being in employment. Some towns studied have of pensioners and retired people. The coastal location that originally established these towns, seems to once again be entered their third stage of evolution as commuter settle- giving them a reason for existence. ments. Once again the sea has given them purpose. AC1.indd 116-117 18/12/2009 13:40:10

commuter towns are primarily residential settlements in which a majority of residents commute to work. They are generally situated near other larger settlements and are well connected in terms of transport. Commuter towns occur for a number of reasons. Inhabitants may be forced to work in other places due to the loss of local employers or may choose to live outside major settlements due to lower house prices and a better quality of life. case studies – banchory, dunblane, haddington, kilmacolm, kilsyth, newport on tay + queeensferry. AC1.indd 118-119 18/12/2009 13:40:10

population 2245 1787 1208 6270 date of map 1868 1908 1959 2008 c o m m u t e r 121 banchory Situated 18 miles west of Aberdeen, Banchory dates back to the 1st century AD when it 84.86% became the location for a series of churches. In the 18th Century the settlement moved eastward and grew with the appearance of a bridge crossing the River Dee. At this point the town’s high street was established in its western part. The town grew in the 1800’s when the arrival of the railways linked the town to Aberdeen. Its picturesque setting made it a popular tourist destination and a number of hotels and businesses were established. £ £330,750 10 000 1700’s small rural parish 1800’s railway brings tourism + growth 1960’s railway closure and dip in population 2008 growth as commuter town This was coupled with the opening of a golf course in 1905. The population fell slightly throughout the first half of the twentieth century and the railway closed in 1966. However, 353ha physically the town began to expand to the north. Banchory grew quickly in the later part of the 20th century and the town bcame a commuter town for Aberdeen. The physical footprint of the town exploded with low density housing, contrasting with the dense 2429 pattern of the original high street. The towns population now exceeds 6000 and development pressure is huge with pressure being strong enough to facilitate the opening of a new primary school in 2006. 6.88 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 120-121 18/12/2009 13:40:24

population 3213 2978 2985 8840 date of map 1861 1900 1932 2008 c o m m u t e r 123 dunblane Founded in 602 AD Dunblane in situated on the southern edge of Perthshire. The construction of the cathedral in the centre of the town begun in 1233 with the arrival of the bishopric. 78.19% By the end of the 13th century the town was a small cathedral village however development was limited as the town was often bypassed for nearby Stirling. Dunblane peaked in the 1500’s however the town then suffered a blow with the landowners seizing back the land £ £284,584 10 000 1800’s a thriving textile industry 1848 train arrived + became a spa town 1964 last day of the steam train 2008 retains old world charm that was given to the church centuries earlier and the cathedral turned to ruin. Dunblane’s importance then diminished however the town revived during the Victorian times. With the introduction of the railway in 1848 Dunblane became a spa town like many others in 295 ha Perthshire at the time. Through the 19th century the town enjoyed a thriving textile industry and the cathedral was restored in 1889. In the last 50 years Dunblane has suffered from excessive growth with an increase in population of over 5550 in the last 50years. Improved 3106 connections and lead to increased car usage, a shortage of shops and parking problems. As a commuting location Dunblane has experienced a large amount of residential growth which has impacted poorly on the town. Currently development continues. 10.5 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 122-123 18/12/2009 13:40:40

population 5525 5162 5731 8600 date of map 1855 1907 1955 2008 c o m m u t e r 125 haddington Haddington was once the fourth largest city in Scotland and the centre of the agri- 75.8% cultural revolution. It was the first grain market in Scotland beginning in the late 18th century. Once also famous for its mills, the act of 1642 which gave workers of man- ufactories exemption from military service lead to the construction of further mills in the town resulting in growing wealth. However its location nearby Edinburgh has £ £211,365 10 000 1700’s first grain market in scotland 1850 railway bypassed haddington 1940 town protected from redevelopment 2008 main admin. centre in area meant that it has served as a link to central Scotland through out history. Despite this it was neglected when the railway was introduced and only included in the 1850’s as 281 ha a branch line. In 1930 traffic was diverted out of the town with the construction of a bypass which became a dual carriage way in 1970’s. Haddinton’s town centre street pattern is medieval; it was built around a core high street and market which lead to two wide parallel market streets divided by lanes and buildings developing. Today 3748 Haddington is a commuter town and administrative centre. 13.38 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 124-125 18/12/2009 13:40:59

population 1399 4869 4651 3860 date of map 1858 1897 1965 2008 c o m m u t e r 127 kilmacolm Kilmacolm sits on the northern edge of the Gryffe Valley to the west of Glasgow. 72.79% £ The origin of the name Kilmacolm comes from Scottish Gaelic meaning ‘Church of Colomba’ in honour of St. Columba of Iona. Traces of pottery from 1600BC indicate £402,470 1500’s town grew around church 1869 became dormitory settlement 1900’s retained own centre 2008 remains a dormitory town that Kilmacolm has been settled since the stone age. The town grew around the 10 000 church and in 1869 it became a popular dormitory settlement from Edinburgh and Glasgow. There are lots of small churches in the village and many attractive 184 ha villas from the Victorian era. Today the village remains a dormitory town with an extensive town centre. There is now a pub in the town centre which was previously banned under the temperance act of 1920. Kilmacolm has retained its independ- 1701 ence from other nearby by villages that have clustered together as commuter towns. Kilmacolm alternatively retains it own commercial and community centre. It has the highest average house price of all the towns in this study. 9.24 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 126-127 18/12/2009 13:41:12

population 5346 9840 11990 9920 date of map 1864 1898 1951 2008 c o m m u t e r 129 kilsyth Kilsyth is a small town that sits at the base of the Kilsyth Hills in the district of North 56.29 % Lanarkshire. Located 12 miles north east of Glasgow Kilsyth sits on one of the earli- £ est main routes between Glasgow, Edinburgh and Falkirk. The town was laid out in the late 15th century and was rich with mineral resources, in particular ironstone, £145,344 1400’s rich with mineral resources 1850 various industries active 1923 - 67 alcohol free zone 2008 town reflects mining history coking coal and limestone. The town’s industrial economy has shifted over the past 10 000 three centuries predominately engaging in weaving, iron works, limestone and sandstone quarries. Kilsyth was an alcohol free zone from 1923-1967. The town 330 ha today has a variety of buildings and shops which reflect the mining history of the town. Many of the towns residents now commute to larger towns nearby to work. 4144 12.55 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 128-129 18/12/2009 13:41:27

population 719 2869 3274 4260 date of map 1865 1900 1956 2008 c o m m u t e r 131 newport on tay 68.93 % Newport on Tay began simply as the location of a ferry port crossing the Tay to Dundee. This service is recorded in history as early as 1100. However, the town became a very early example of a commuter settlement. In 1823 a steam boat pier was built providing quick links with Dundee. The town soon became home to a number of wealthy Dundee £ £209,229 10 000 1800’s ferry port attracts commuters 1878 tay rail bridge further attracts commuters 1960 tay road bridge constructed 2008 continues as commuter town merchants and many fine villas were constructed. In 1878 the Tay Rail Bridge cemented the town as a firm commuter favorite. Ferry services eventually ceased and were replaced by the Tay Road Bridge in the 1960’s. This had an extremely detrimental effect on the 155 ha town. Residents ceased using local shops and services in favour of Dundee and the local economy and waterside suffered. Despite this, Newport has grown greatly since 1950 with and increase from 1208 to 4260 in 2006. With a rising population, it is hoped that 1784 some effort can be made to regenerate the town centre and encourage residents to use local services. 11.5 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 130-131 18/12/2009 13:41:39

population 720 1850 2486 9210 date of map 1856 1897 1938 2008 c o m m u t e r 133 queensferry 78.64 % Queensferry, sometimes referred to as South Queensferry is situated on the shores of the Forth Estuary. It dates back to the 11th century when it was established as a transport hub for pilgrims crossing the water. At this time Queen Margaret funded the operation of a passenger ferry. Ferries continued to carry passengers up until the 1950’s and the £ £185,712 10 000 1200’s ferry port for pilgrims 1880 rail bridge and ferries cross forth 1960’s forth road bridge constructed 2008 popular commuter town town grew as a trading and fishing port. In the late 19th century the Forth Rail Bridge was built, becoming an important focal point and transport connection for the town. This was followed by the construction of the Forth Road Bridge in the 1960’s. Queensferry has a 248 ha very narrow high street which has not coped well with increased numbers of vehicular traffic. Subsequently, retail developments in the twentieth century have been of the out of town variety. The population of the town has multiplied since the 19th century from only 3692 720 in 1851 to almost 10000 in 2006. It remains an important transport hub and has become a commuter suburb for Edinburgh. Many modern housing estates have been constructed. 14.9 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 132-133 18/12/2009 13:41:55

population 2781 3665 4305 5540 date of map 1864 1898 1958 2008 c o m m u t e r 135 stonehouse Located on the river Avon with a large amount of natural resources Stonehouse was a 83.73 % natural location for settlement. Earliest records date the town back to 1200, although the discovery of an ancient Celtic burial ground in 1937 hints at a much earlier existence. The water of the Avon made the town suitable for the weaving industry and this was the heart of the local economy in the 1800’s. The town also prospered through agriculture. Industry £ £213,883 10 000 1200’sriver/fertile land draw settlers 1800’s weaving and agriculture centre 1970’s set to become a ‘new town’ 2008 popular commuter town was supported with the arrival of the railway which linked the town to surrounding settle- 1800’s ments. The population grew steadily through time from 1259 in 1800 to 4305 in 1951. 175 ha Stonehouse had a lucky escape in the 1970’s when it was earmarked to become the base for a new town to accommodate overspill population from Glasgow. However, government policy changed and new towns were discarded in favour of regenerating inner cities. Agricul- 2028 ture remains important to the town. It may have lost its railway, but Stonehouse remains a popular place to live. This is assisted by its location close to a number of larger settlements and links to the motorway network. Furthermore, despite outward expansion, the core of the town has been well preserved. 11.6 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 134-135 18/12/2009 13:42:08

population 4274 3812 4288 7950 date of map 1858 1898 1958 2008 c o m m u t e r 137 strathaven Strathaven developed around its castle in the 12th century. It began as little more than a clus- ter of 48 houses and grew gradually through the 15th and 16th centuries as an agricultural 78.26 % £ community. Strathaven then prospered in the 18th and 19th centuries as a weaving town, many of the weavers worked for textile companies in Glasgow and further a field, initially pro- £200,594 1500’s agricultural community 1870 built mills to replace hand looming 1964 railway closed 2008 attractive commuter town ducing wool and then progressing into linen, cotton and silk. However increased competition 10 000 from the mills in Glasgow reduced wages and lead to the decline of the handloom weaving industry in Strathaven. Adjusting to the changes the town established a few mills around 279 ha 1870 and the town survived the decline of the handloom industry and continued to play a part in the weaving industry until the 1970’s. The stream of Pomilion divides the town into two halves; the houses in the old part are crowded with narrow irregular street. This primarily 3077 occurred as the inhabitants wanted to be under the protection of the castle. The castle remains today but in ruins and new developments have adopted wider streets. Located 6 miles from Hamilton, Strathaven lies on the A71 connecting to Edinburgh and Glasgow making it an ideal commuter town. 11dwellings/ha AC1.indd 136-137 18/12/2009 13:42:25

economy social housing connections growth top three % in education: health: % % +/- average % owner railway within thirty % growth employment employment % with a good general house price occupied station miles of large 1954 - types [s.a. 44.67] quailification health [s.a.£150,257] [s.a. 62.59] settlement 2006 [s.a. 66.77] [s.a. 89.85] banchory 47.73 77.44 94.61 120 75.59 p 419.03 c o m m u t dunblane e r 45.82 83.56 93.78 89 81.81 186.09 139 haddington 46.98 69.17 91.64 40 66.09 49.71 kilmacolm 45.05 62.81 92.4 29 88.06 p 167 AC1.indd 138-139 18/12/2009 13:42:26

economy social housing connections growth top three % in education: health: % % +/- average % owner railway within thirty % growth employment employment % with a good general house price occupied station miles of large 1954 - types [s.a. 44.67] quailification health [s.a.£150,257] [s.a. 62.59] settlement 2006 [s.a. 66.77] [s.a. 89.85] kilsyth 43.04 69.2 89.36 4 54.57 p - 17.27 c o m newport on tay m u t e r 45.99 76.76 92.6 39 83.08 p 31.33 141 queeensferry 54.31 59.23 92.52 24 80.86 265.64 stonehouse 44.78 66.77 91.18 42 71.45 28.22 AC1.indd 140-141 18/12/2009 13:42:27

economy social housing connections growth top three % in education: health: % % +/- average % owner railway within thirty % growth employment employment % with a good general house price occupied station miles of large 1954 - types [s.a. 44.67] quailification health [s.a.£150,257] [s.a. 62.59] settlement 2006 [s.a. 66.77] [s.a. 89.85] strathaven 47.82 68.09 94.43 33 83.89 p 85.4 c o m m u t e r 143 AC1.indd 142-143 18/12/2009 13:42:28

performance top employer [s] - health & manufacturing structure and history The term commuter town describes the current economic Conclusion function of the locations studied. In some cases this function has remained the same for most of their history, oth- 8/9 have higher than average % of people in ers have evolved in different roles becoming attractive to Although largely a twentieth century concept, commuter towns have employment commuters only in the latter part of the twentieth century. 6/9 have a higher than average % of people with existed in Scotland since the mid 19th century. qualifications Kilmacolm and Newport on Tay have been commuter settlements since mid 19th century. Transport links to 8/9 have better than average health larger settlements saw these towns develop into wealthy 8/9 have higher than average house price suburbs from very early on. Kilmacolm boasts the high- Statistically, commuter settlements outperform all other types in est house prices out of all the towns in this study at 7/9 have higher than average owner occupation £402,250. In contrast, settlements such as Dunblane and terms of socio economic indicators. Many of them have had other Banchory have only recently boomed as popular destina- 3/9 have a railway tions for commuters. These and other examples have had lives as market, industrial (although most avoided vast amounts of 9/9 are within 30 miles of large settlements varied functions over time. heavy industry) and tourist towns. They have evolved in the 8/9 have increased in population from 1954 – From market towns to industrial settlements, the key 2006 factor that encourages commuters is proximity to other, twentieth century due to their position close to other larger larger settlements and access to the motorway network. With only one third of the towns having a railway station, settlements and the motorway network. access to public transport does not seem to be of great importance. Overall, commuter towns are the highest performers in Despite looking good on paper, the growth of some of the this study in terms of socio-economic factors. They appear to have wealthy, educated and employed inhabitants. commuter settlements has had a somewhat detrimental effect on However, these statistics reveal very little about the local economy of the town. With a sole function as dormitory the towns. Growth has occurred quickly and unchecked. While settlements, there may be little in terms of local shops and facilities. Additionally, the pressure to develop is populations increase, town centres / high streets have not. There intense. With the exception of Haddington, that grew as a market town with a large central core, many of the origi- may be a lack of local shops, encouraging locals to use out of town nal high streets are hard to spot on current day maps. Whilst they may be intact, they are diluted by multitudes retail parks and other settlements. The pressure to develop is huge of twentieth century housing. It seems that little has been done to extend or compliment the commercial hearts of and with an available population, commuter settlements should these towns. seize the opportunity to develop in a sustainable fashion. With a function and growing population these towns are in an enviable position for the future. However, the function of dormitory town is not sustainable and efforts should be made to make these towns more than housing estates for wealthy commuters and become self sustain- ing communities. AC1.indd 144-145 18/12/2009 13:42:28

tourist towns primarily exist to draw and cater for visitors. As established tourist centres they offer a large amount of facilities and attractions. Tourist towns often have or have had secondary functions such as market towns at some stage in their development. case studies – creiff, fort william, kirriemuir, nairn, oban, peebles + rothesay. AC1.indd 146-147 18/12/2009 13:42:28

population 4504 5706 5935 7050 date of map 1866 1901 1938 2008 t o u r i s t 149 crieff Crieff, currently the second largest town in Perthshire was granted its Charter in 67.15 % 1218, had its first mill by 1444 and became a burgh of barony in 1672. The town was principally a market town and thrived on its cattle sales and market. In 1731 the town’s main square was laid out and the textile industry was established with £ £231,199 10 000 1671 became a burgh of barony 1868 hydro built sparking tourism 1950 last cattle market held 2008 has scotland’s oldest distillery a flax factory shortly followed by the cotton industry. The Hydro Hotel was built in 1868 which continues to be a focus of the town as a tourist attraction. The last cattle market and the closure of the railway both occurred in the 1950’s. However as Crieff 344 ha became a popular destination in the 19th century for people visiting the highlands it continued to thrive as a tourist town. Today James Square still marks the centre of the town and there are a number of tourist attractions such as a visitor centre, 2812 Scotland’s oldest distillery - Glenturret Distillery and a number of grand hotels. 8.17 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 148-149 18/12/2009 13:42:44

population 1316 2087 2674 9680 date of map 1876 1901 1938 2008 t o u r i s t 151 fort william Fort William lies on the shores of Loch Linnhe and follows the form of the loch. 79.75 % It was originally based around Inverlochy village and it is now the largest town in the Highlands. The fort was built in 1690 on the originally site of the citadel and replaced Inverlochy castle as the focus of the area. The settlement then emerged £ £240,512 10 000 1690 fort built 1800’s railway arrived 1850 emerged as a tourist town 2008 largest town in the highlands around the fort however the fort was demolished to make way for the railway in the 19th century. With the arrival of the railway came the emergence of Fort William as 997 ha a tourist town in the 19th century. The town is centered on the pedestrianised high street which has several squares linking off it. The town has retained its railway and is easily accessed via road. It benefits from its surroundings with lovely scenery and Ben Nevis, the highest mountain in Scotland, drawing many visitors to the town. 4581 4.95 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 150-151 18/12/2009 13:42:59

population 7617 5902 4998 6000 date of map 1865 1902 1930 2008 t o u r i s t 153 kirriemuir The core of Kirriemuir, including its main square and old town house dates back to the 74.56 % 16th century. It prospered from 1760 as a centre for the textile industry and market town. This was due to a local weaver developing a special type of double thickness cloth that was used mainly in the manufacture of corsets. This led to the town growing and £ £141,925 10 000 1500’s market town 1850 textile industry peaks 1940 population decrease & industrial decline 2008 tourist town reaching its peak population in the 1850’s. However as the fashion for corsets disappeared , the weaving industry floundered and the town decreased in population until the 1950’s. In the twentieth century , Kirriemuir has reinvented itself as a tourist town. 230 ha This is partly due to the fact that it was home to the author JM Barrie. Indeed a statue of the author’s most famous creation, Peter Pan stands in the town’s main square and his former home is open for visitors. The town has other attractions such as a golf course 2635 and camera obscura. The population has risen and physical expansion can be seen to the north of the original settlement. 11.45 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 152-153 18/12/2009 13:43:15

population 4116 5732 5927 8640 date of map 1856 1910 1958 2008 t o u r i s t 155 nairn Fifteen miles east of Inverness, Nairn started its life as a fishing and market town and Royal 83.55 % Burgh with important links to the farming community. It was home to a castle around the 16th century, which has long since vanished. In its early days Nairn was split in to two communities, Gaelic speakers and those that spoke Scots. Major development occurred in the £ £233,643 10 000 1800 fishing and market town 1855 railway brings tourism 1900’s popular holiday resort 2008 commuter and tourist town 19th Century when Nairn recreated itself as a health and holiday resort. With the arrival of the railways in 1855, the town developed with many hotels and fine Victorian mansions belong- ing to wealthy city dwellers. Nairn aimed to become the ‘Brighton of the North’. The town 491 ha expanded to its west with a multitude of villas on large plots of land. The town’s population has grown greatly since 1800 from 2215 to 8640 in 2006. It continues to house a number of tourist functions with two championship golf courses attracting visitors and second home 3761 owners. It has also become a commuter town for Inverness, Scotland’s fastest growing city. The town has retained its railway and is situated very close to Inverness Airport. 7.65 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 154-155 18/12/2009 13:43:35

population 1742 1900 5427 8140 date of map 1867 1900 1970 2008 t o u r i s t 157 oban Oban existed merely as a small fishing village until the 1800’s. At this point, the arrival 45.73 % of steam ships transformed Oban in to the largest port in the west of Scotland. Further- more, a local land owner facilitated growth of the town with the release of land for sale. The town became the gateway to the western isles and a popular stopping point on £ £263,643 10 000 1850’s oban emerges as major port 1880 railway arrives bringing tourists 1940’s world war II base 2008 port and tourist town many steam boat routes. Growth was aided by the arrival of the railway in 1880. The town is often identified by a prominent McCaigs tower situated on a hillside above the 491ha town. This coliseum like building was built by a local business man in 1897, not only to remember the McCaig family but to give work to local stone masons. The population today stands at 8140, increasing somewhat in the summer months at the height of the 3671 tourist season. This is compared with only 1742 in 1851. It remains an important port for sailing, ferries and retains a large fishing fleet. It has also kept the Oban Distillery which has been in operation since the 1700’s 7.47 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 156-157 18/12/2009 13:43:50

population 4783 5810 6551 8120 date of map 1859 1909 1957 2008 t o u r i s t 159 peebles 65.99 % It is thought that the name Peebles is derived from the ancient cambric word ‘Pebyl’ which means ‘a place where tents are pitched’. The 18th century was a particularly hard time for Peebles as hunger and poverty was common and the council had to provide food for the population. However in the 19th century Peebles began to progress and £ £276,793 10 000 1700’s hunger + poverty 1855 railway arrived bring increased trade 1960 woolen industry 2008 bustling tourist town the arrival of the railway in 1855 allowed the town to advance, bringing an increase in trade and in turn expansion of the town. Initially a market town, Peebles played a role in the woolen industry up until the 1960’s. However with the introduction of the car and 346 ha improved road networks the railway closed in 1962. The historic centre of the town lies west to the junction of the River Tweed and Eddleston and largely remains in its historic layout. Today’s Peebles is bustling town with an attractive main shopping street, this 3584 combined with its location and accessibility to Edinburgh and the borders has made it a popular tourist and commuter town. 10.35 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 158-159 18/12/2009 13:44:08

population 8379 11125 8966 4990 date of map 1867 1900 1970 2008 t o u r i s t 161 rothesay 35.39% Rothesay is the principal town of the Isle of Bute. It dates back to the 13th century with the construction of Rothesay castle, the ruins of which are still standing. Its early life was that of a fishing port and Royal Burgh. Rothesay developed mainly in the Victorian era with the arrival of steam ships and passengers from the main land. From this point until mid twentieth century £ £123,120 10 000 1400’s defensive town + royal burgh 1800’s steam ships bring tourism 1930 final hey day of tourism 2008 tourist town + regional centre it functioned successfully as a tourist resort. The population doubled between 1800 and 1900 from 5231 to over 11000. It housed many visitor attractions and had an electric tramway tak- 239 ha ing visitors to nearby beaches. In the 1930’s the town was focused on the newly constructed Winter Gardens and the Rothesay Pavilion. Both were important visitor attractions. However, by the 1960’s Rothesay’s hey day was over, with tourists being drawn to foreign package 2464 holidays. The town declined and the population today stands at only 4990. However, tourism has experienced a small revival. The Winter Gardens were refurbished in the 1990’s and there is now a campaign to renovate the derelict Rothesay Pavilion, which is one of the finest examples of art deco architecture in Scotland. 10.3 dwellings/ha AC1.indd 160-161 18/12/2009 13:44:22

economy social housing connections growth top three % in education: health: % % +/- average % owner railway within thirty % growth employment employment % with a good general house price occupied station miles of large 1954 - types [s.a. 44.67] quailification health [s.a.£150,257] [s.a. 62.59] settlement 2006 [s.a. 66.77] [s.a. 89.85] creiff 42.92 71.36 91.78 54 69.38 p 14.57 t o fort william u r i s t 47.97 59.72 91.69 40 57.86 257.71 163 kirriemuir 44.27 54.74 91.78 5 65.06 p 20.04 nairn 42.62 78.92 92.05 55 67.23 45.77 AC1.indd 162-163 18/12/2009 13:44:23

economy social housing connections growth top three % in education: health: % % +/- average % owner railway within thirty % growth employment employment % with a good general house price occupied station miles of large 1954 - types [s.a. 44.67] quailification health [s.a.£150,257] [s.a. 62.59] settlement 2006 [s.a. 66.77] [s.a. 89.85] oban 48.41 75.91 92.34 6 61.37 30.76 t o u peebles r i s t 46.91 65.75 92.72 84 69.22 p 23.95 165 rothesay 37.43 76.18 87.62 22 48.18 - 44.35 AC1.indd 164-165 18/12/2009 13:44:24

performance top employer [s] - health & manufacturing structure and history Innovations in transport in the 19th century opened up many Conclusion small towns to visitors. Although, many enjoyed earlier lives as 3/7 have higher than average % of people in market towns it was the arrival of tourists that pushed these towns towards becoming important destinations. Rothesay and Investment in tourism began in the 19th century and has 4/7 employment have a higher than average % of people Oban developed earliest with the arrival of steamboats that connected these isolated towns to the mainland. Railways then continued until the present day. Although tourism may have with qualifications followed, providing access to further parts of the country. declined in the UK, these established resorts remain popular 6/7 have better than average health From very early on tourist towns began to cater for visitors. 7/7 have higher than average house price Nairn for example marketed itself as the ‘Brighton of the North,’ with visitors. Assets such as golf courses and hotels mixed a health resort offering a number of activities and places to stay. 4/7 have higher than average owner occupation Rothesay also provided numerous visitor attractions such as an electric tramway, the Winter Gardens and Rothesay Pavilion. with attractive locations have kept these towns prospering. 2/7 have a railway The UK tourist market suffered in the twentieth century with Furthermore, they have had very little industry or spurts of 4/7 are within 30 miles of large settlements 6/7 have increased in population from 1954 – competition from foreign holidays. This badly affected some of these towns, especially the more remote ones such as Rothesay, population growth or decline. Many were established 2006 for whom tourism was the main industry. This is reflected in decreasing populations. settlements and even Royal Burghs before tourism. Despite a decline, the towns have remained tourist destinations. Subsequently, they may have a sense of history or attractive Products of early investments such as hotels and leisure activities are still in existence. Geographical locations and features townscape. assist their success - Fort William is the ‘Gateway to the Moun- tains’, Crieff is the ‘Gateway of the Highlands and Oban is the ‘Gateway to the Isles’. Some revival has been seen in recent years, and some settle- It is essential that investment and support for these towns con- ments are re-affirming their positions as tourist centres. Rothe- say has refurbished its Winter Gardens and Nairn is playing host tinues in the future. These towns provide a positive example to Jazz and Book Festivals. Additionally, all the towns studied have much higher proportions of second home ownership than of thriving settlements. They show that with investment other categories. industries can be sustained through time. Tourist towns performance in terms of socio-economic figures is better than average. All towns have experienced growth in the past 54 years and have higher than average house prices. Attractive locations and townscapes free of industrial scarring no doubt make these towns desirable places to live. Some have become commuter towns. These towns demonstrate how appropriate investment and a clear vision can lead to a sustainable future. AC1.indd 166-167 18/12/2009 13:44:24

results – this section combines the findings of the case study chapters. The town types are compared and contrasted to reveal defining patterns of success and development. This icludes a comparison table and summary of results. AC1.indd 168-169 18/12/2009 13:44:24

economy social housing connections growth comparitive analysis top three employment average % in employment education: average % with a health: average % good % of towns above average % owner occupied railway station within thirty miles of large % of towns with positive types [s.a. 44.67] quailification general health house price [s.a. 62.59] settlement growth 1954 - [s.a. 66.77] [s.a. 89.85] [s.a.£150,257] 2006 market 44.57 63.89 91.08 77.7 % 62.58 55.5 % 77.7 % 66.6 % industrial 41.67 65.86 87.71 50 % 56.5 41.6 % 100 % 41.6 % r m e a s r planned 43.73 56.97 90.55 83.31 % 61.92 50 % 50 % 100 % u k l e t s coastal / 42.54 59.49 90.7 100 % 66.02 42.8 % 42.8 % 57.1 % 171 commuter 46.83 70.33 92.5 88.8 % 76.15 33.3 % 100 % 77.7 % tourist 44.36 68.94 91.42 100 % 62.16 42.8 % 57.1 % 85.7 % results AC1.indd 170-171 18/12/2009 13:44:25

summary of results The top two performers are commuter and tourist towns. Both of these have a clear modern day purpose that sustains their economy and communities. Their dominant economic function is relevant to twenty first century lifestyles. Commuter towns have an impressive set of statistics and have benefited from their location. All of these towns are located within 30 miles of larger settlements with good road connections. Only 3 of the 9 towns have a railway station suggesting that access to public transport is not an essential component. The intention of this document was to provide a graphic record of the growth of small towns over time. The use of the figure Tourist towns return the best results in education and employment sectors. Investments made in facilities and attractions over time have ground illustration clearly reveals patterns of development over 50 year intervals. This tool successfully extracts spatial order sustained the local economy. This allowed these towns to retain the same function they had 150 years ago. and structure allowing easy identification of morphological changes over time. The physical composition of each town provided a springboard from which further investigation could be explored. Market towns have remained important throughout time. They have preserved their heritage with the original street patterns clearer here than in any other town type. However they do not hold the regional significance they once did. This is reflected in the average Background research into the history of the case studies substantiated the physical evidence uncovered in the graphic ex- results across the board of data analysed. ploration. Six types of settlement were identified which can all be traced through time. These are: market towns, industrial, planned, coastal, tourist and commuter. Coastal towns have a geographical advantage over the others. As attractive places to live, they all demand higher than average house prices. However, results for other socio-economic indicators are less impressive. Contrary to the other categories, the defining factor of Market towns formed in medieval times and gained important status as trade centres. There was little in they way of other these towns is their location rather than function. Indeed, they have had varied roles over time and subsequently achieve mixed results. types of settlement until the beginning of the industrial period when mills and water power sparked an era of change. From this point on, industrial towns began to form. While these existed to serve industry, market towns simultaneously grew in The poorest performing categories are planned and industrial towns. prestige with financial services and associated wealth. The 18th and 19th centuries saw this pattern accelerate and many mr more industrial settlements were established. There was little in the way of development control and whilst market towns Planned towns, like coastal towns have had a varied existence. Planned towns expanded quickly to accommodate a waiting population ae had some form of physical structure, the new industrial settlements formed in an almost ad hoc manner. A small amount of or industry. The figure grounds appear more coherent in the first 100 years than the other groups. However, this disintegrated in the rs planned towns did emerge, but these tended to be the products of private investment. last 50yrs with expansion largely ignoring the original street pattern. The planning of these towns, whilst interesting, did not secure ku their success over time. el In the mid 1850’s railways and improved transport infrastructure had a significant impact. Towns developed new roles such as tourism and early commuter settlements. In the modern day, car use and the motorway network has had a similar effect. Industrial towns are the least successful towns in this study. Employment or lack of employment opportunity is a detrimental factor. The tt As development becomes increasing focused on larger settlements, small populations have become more and more reliant on combination of undesirable physical qualities and a lack of purpose or reason for growth has left these towns stagnating or declining. s larger settlements for employment and leisure. In many cases the original function of the town has been diluted and it has had Industrial towns have failed to find an appropriate role to play and struggle to meet the Scottish average in many of the socio- economic to adapt to a new way of life. indicators tested. It was found that remarkable similarities exist within the categories. These are reflected not only in the physical structure and Overall, top performing categories appear to have a few notable common factors. Purpose and location are the most obvious. 173 history of the towns but in modern day performance. Statistical analysis supports a correlation between the traditional role Conversely, the worst over all performers are those with less of a role that have failed to adapt to modern day life, as demonstrated with and current level of success or failure. industrial towns. The tables within the case study section record data collected for each town in relation to a number of factors. These include, Planned and coastal towns are difficult to compare with the other groups. The component settlements had a variety of different func- economic, social, the built environment, transport connections and growth. tions and are categorised by their physical characteristics rather than role. Subsequently, the over all performance may not accurately represent the success of failure of each category. Undoubtedly, the data collected does not paint a complete picture of the conditions of these towns. The missing assessment criteria has been character. This was omitted as there is no tangible way to assess it. Had this been included it may have im- More than half of the towns studied have grown at a higher rate than the country as a whole. From 1951 – 2006 population of Scotland pacted upon the results. has risen by 0.26% where as 68% of the case studies have exceeded this rate. Many of those that have grown are situated in regions with a rising population and less isolated locations. For example, Banchory, the town that has grown the most in this study is situated in However, many of the essential socio economic statistics have been included and provide a good general synopsis. Cross Aberdeenshire, the region with the greatest rate of growth. It is also a commuter town reliant on its vicinity to a city. However, comparisons between town types can then be drawn from the final table on page 171. Neilston, an industrial town with a dwindling population is also situated in a region experiencing major growth. This emphasises that function and purpose play a large part in the success of small towns. This table allows for the town types performance to be interpreted revealing the following order – The most prolific period of physical growth in this study was post 1950. 20th century development has tended to take the form of low density suburban housing. From 1950 onward the proportion of people living in towns and cities increased. This was coupled by the commuter tourist market coastal planned industrial emergence of government subsidised housing schemes and volume house building. The impact on small towns has not always been positive with figure grounds revealing a total lack of connection to the central core of the town. top performer worst performer With the changing demography of Scotland, a further increase in households is predicted with single person households to account for 42% of all housing by 2024. Combined with an ageing population and declining workforce, the 21st century will pose new questions for small towns. This morphological study of offers the opportunity to understand the physical form of small towns and the processes that have shaped them. Acknowledging the past will assist when facing the issues of the future. AC1.indd 172-173 18/12/2009 13:44:26

conclusion This study has de-constructed fifty of Scotland’s small towns, illustrating through figure ground a graphical bibliography General record of their physical development and patterns of growth. Parallel historical background research and Dicks, B and Gordon, G. (1983) Scottish Urban History. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press. socio-economic statistics have revealed how the past has impacted on the current performance of each settlement today. Encyclopaedia Britannica (2008) http://info.britannica.co.uk (Accessed July and August 2008) The purpose of this study was not to identify what the future is but to distinguish the key elements that have led Gazetteer for Scotland (2008) The Institute of Geography, University of Edinburgh. Edinburgh http://www.geo.ed.ac. to past failure or success. Small towns are an important part of the fabric of Scotland. It is vital that the uk/scotgaz/gaztitle.html (Accessed July and August 2008) Government invest in these settlements and that future development has a positive rather than a negative impact on them. Key to achieving this is to establish a thorough grasp of the morphological factors that have shaped Gillespies (2002) Transforming Lanarkshire’s Town Centres. Gillespies, Glasgow. these towns. Larkham, P. (1996) Urban Morphology and Typology in the United Kingdom. http://archnet.org/library/documents/ The realm of this study is endless. The next step, 20 Towns Under the Microscope, investigates more common one-document.jsp?document_id=3798 patterns shared by small towns including character assessment to add a further layer of depth to the study and (Accessed 28th July 2008) reveal more about the effect the quality of the built environment has on small towns. The combination of An Comann and 20 Small Towns provides and invaluable resource for urban designers, showing that important Naismith, R. (1989) The Story of Scotland’s Towns. Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers Ltd. mc trends of the past provide the foundation to steer future development whilst respecting the integrity of our ao n towns. Ravenscroft. (2000) The Vitality and Viability of Town Centres. Sage journal. Volume. 37 (13), pp 2533 – 2549. rc kl Scottish Borders Council, (2007) Scottish SMALL TOWNS REPORT 2007-2013. Scottish Borders Council, Melrose. eu http://www.scotborders.gov.uk/pdf/18015.pdf (Accessed July 2008) ts i o Scottish Parliament, (2006) Scotland with an ageing population: economic and demographic challenges we n should have met by 2031. Scottish Parliament, Edinburgh. www.scotlandfutureforum.org/assets/library/files/ application/1213704292.doc (Accessed July 2008) 175 The Register General, (2007) Annual review of demographic trends, Scotland’s population 2006. General Register Office for Scotland, Edinburgh. http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications-and-data/annual-report-publications/rgs-annual-review-2006/index.html (Accessed July 2008) The Register General, (2008) Mid-2007 Population Estimates Scotland. General Register Office for Scotland, Edin- burgh. http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications-and-data/population-estimates/mid-2007-population- estimates-scotland/index.html (Accessed July 2008) The Register General, (2007) Projected Population of Scotland (2006 Based). General Register Office for Scotland, Edinburgh.http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications-and-data/popproj/projected-population-of-scotland-(2006-based)/index.html (Accessed July 2008) The Register General, (2006) 2006 SAPES. General Register Office for Scotland, Edinburgh. http://www.gro-scotland. gov.uk/files1/stats/06mid-year-estimates-settlements-table1.csv (Accessed June 2008) Trancik,R. (1986) Finding Lost Space; Theories of Urban Design. UK: John Wiley and Sons Undiscovered Scotland, (2008) http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/index.html (Accessed July and August 2008) Whitehand (2001) British Urban Morphology: the Conzenian Tradition. University of Birmingham, Birmingham. http://urbanmorphology.org/pdf/whiteh522001.pdf (Accessed July 2008) AC1.indd 174-175 18/12/2009 13:44:26

Tables The Scottish Governement (2005) Economic Linkages Between Small Towns And Surrounding Rural Areas In Scotland. The Scottish Governement, Edinburgh. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/37428/0009554.pdf (Accessed July 2008) The Register General (2008) Census collection 1801, 1851, 1901, 1950, Edinburgh: General Register Office for Scotland (Ac- cessed June 2008) The Register General, (2008) General Register Office for Scotland, Edinburgh. www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/census/censushm/ scotcen2/reports-and-data/scotcen8.html (Accessed July 2008) The Register General. (2006) 2006 SAPES. General Register Office for Scotland, Edinburgh. http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/ files1/stats/06mid-year-estimates-settlements-table1.csv (Accessed 11th August 2008) http://www.home.co.uk/guides/house_prices_by_town.htm (Accessed 7th August 2008) http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations_destinations/search.html (Accessed 11th August 2008) Graphics Digimap, (2008) University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh. http://edina.ac.uk/digimap/ (Accessed July and August) National library of Scotland, (2007) National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh. http://www.nls.uk/ (Accessed July and August 2008) Photos All images sourced from; Ayrshire Roots, http://www.ayrshireroots.co.uk/Towns/index.html (Accessed August 2008) Dalry Burns Club 1845, http://www.dalryburnsclub.org.uk (Accessed August 2008) Dunblane Development trust (2004) http://www.dunblaneweb.co.uk (Accessed August 2008) Flickr (2008) http://www.flickr.com/ (Accessed August 2008) Geograph British Isles, (2008) http://www.geograph.org.uk (Accessed 2nd August 2008) Google, (2008) http://images.google.co.uk (Accessed August 2008) Kirkcudbright Community Website (2008) http://www.old-kirkcudbright.net (Accessed August 2008) Mauchline Village, http://www.mauchlinevillage.co.uk/ (Accessed August 2008) Wikipedia, (2008) http://en.wikipedia.org (Accessed August 2008) AC1.indd 176 18/12/2009 13:44:26

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