The document discusses the typical components involved in deploying an application to infrastructure. It outlines the layers from operating system up through the application code and related services like databases, caches, and logging. It also mentions common tools used for provisioning, configuration management, and deployment like Puppet, Chef, BOSH, Capistrano, and Mina. The philosophy of many small tools each focused on a single task is discussed. Potential issues with monolithic tools like Apache and Passenger are also noted.