The document provides information on ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Roman architecture through descriptions of key buildings from each period. It discusses notable structures like the pyramids of Giza in Egypt, the Parthenon and other buildings on the Acropolis in Athens, and buildings in Roman cities as well as structures like the Colosseum and Pantheon in Rome. It also briefly covers early Christian architecture like buildings from the Carolingian empire and monasteries in Germany.

1. EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
Buildings:
•Saqqara, Zoser’sPyramid
•Pyramids of Giza

2. Saqqara:
Zoser’s Pyramid Complex
2680 BC
Imhotep
1st generation of pyramids-juxtaposition of steps; no central axis/everything placed near perimeter wall; columns look
doric (fluting convex); refined stone carving; 24 columns - 24 regions;

4. Giza:
Pyramids of Chefren, Cheops and Mikerinos
3rd dynasty; 2570-2500
-located on border of Cairo
-no large symetricalaxiis
-regular geometric shapes specific to each building
-compound restored by UNESCO

5. GREEK ARCHITECTURE
Buildings:
•The Megaron
•Treasury of Atreus
•Acropolis: (Parthenon, Propylaia,
Erechteion, Temple of Athena Nike)

6. Megaron plan, Tiryns, late XIII century BC

7. Megaron
Megaron plan, Tiryns, late XIII (13) century BC
• Architectural predecessor of the classical greek temple.
• Considered the earliest architectural act
• Constituted of an anteroom, an open 2 column porch, and a main hall
• Built in stages: stage 1 rectangular room, stage 2: A famous megaron is in the large reception
hall of the king in the palace of Tiryns
• rich and lavish
• marble and terracotta decoration (floors & walls)

8. Mycene, Treasury of Atreus, 1300-1250
-tholos tomb (=beehive tomb)
-built by substracting from the Earth
-triangle releases a heavy load on the lintel part + lets light in

9. Mycene, Treasury of Atreus, 1300-
1250
• A round space deeply underground used for funarial ceremonies.
• Main gate; interesting how the pointed arch solves the problem of the roof: block of stone
then triangle that put the weight on each side, on the pilliars. Left open maybe to let light
enter in the space.
• The classical shape of greekarch are the achievmentof a very long process.
• Decoration attached to what is left today: hypothesis of recotruction section/ground plan
(rect: actual tumb)
• Inside; very smooth big blocks of stone

10. Athens, Acropolis, V century
-destroyed & renovated multiple times
-on top of hill
-imposing presence of Parthenon (dedicated to Athena)
-other smaller temples dedicated to Athena

11. ATHENS: ACROPOLIS 5th century
• The acropolis: located on the top of a hill in the center of Athens. What we see result of the
different stage of construction and deconstruction,
• Acropolis originally a sanctuary: dedicated to the goods, very few number of athenians could
enter, only the citizen. Could enter twice a year 2000 or 3000.

12. Propylaia, 437-432, commissoned by Perikles, architect:
Mnesikles

13. Propylaia, 437-432, commissoned by
Perikles, architect: Mnesikles
• The acropolis is accessible through a system of ramps.
• The citizenswere reaching the acropolis in a prossetionthrough the propilia:. Structure of
Doric order
• very symetrical: central corridor. C shape portical: sense of welcoming.
• Building appears more imposing than it actually is because ramp underneath the portical: size
and imposing position. Coming from

14. Temple of Athena Nike,
extricated from a Turkish bastion in 1835,
425

15. Temple of aAthena Nike
• Ionic temple first example.
• 4 column (tetra style), slender proportions
creating an elegant and refinement usually
not encountered in a building of this height.
• Friezes decorated with engraved sculptures in
an idealized classical style of the 5th century.
• Temple rather in good shape
• Erected on the ruins of a previous temple.

16. ERECHTHEION 421 404/5

17. West side, tomb of Kekrops , maidens
instead of columns

18. ERECHTHEION, tomb of Kekrops
421-404/5
• Magestic Doric presence.
• Delicate and elegant forms that contrast with
the Parthenon.
• Unusually has 2 porches.
• 6 female shapped column seem to casually
support the porch weight on their heads.
• building was lavishly decorated with wall
frescoes, gilded rosettes, and an array of
colored features and low relief sculptures.

19. The Parthenon,
from 447 to 432,
architects: Iktinos and Callicrates
-one of 7 wonders
-incarnates perfection (1st back-side-front)
-each element stands orthogonally to the ground; placed inwards, platform
is not flat, shaped according to curve
-complexity of shape makes building look simple

21. The parthenonfrom 447 to 432,
architects: Iktinos and Callicrates
• Use of optical science to make it look straight and imposing. If the column were actually
straight, they would appear shrunken in the middle, the stylobate has an upward curvature.
• The columns also are made to incline inward to correct the natural appearance. They are not
perpendicular to the ground. Said that they would meet at a distance of a 100 miles from the
ground.
• Example of the combination of technical skills and theoretical knowledge.
• Columns not shape perpendicularly to the ground
• Function: to host the immense statue of athena
• Culmination of the doric order

22. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
• Buildings:
• Roman city plan
• Colosseum
• The Basilica
• The DomusromanaThe imperial palaces (domusAugustana)
• Roman Imperial tombs (Trajan, Augustus, Adrianum)
• Tabularium
• Forum of Augustus
• Pantheon
• Caracalla and Diocletian baths
• Triumphal arches (Septimius Severus, Costantine)

23. Roman city plan

24. Roman cities
• Idea present in the hellenic city planning
• Orthogonal grid acording to the cardinal
points
• Two main street perpendicular intersecting at
the forum which was the center of the
commerce.
• Designed to be practical
• Fortifications around it for protection

25. Colosseum, Flavius’ theater, completed 80 AC
617 by 511 feet

26. Colosseum, rome second ring

27. ColosseumFlavius’ theater, completed
80 AC
• Theater.
• the ground floor half columns are doric in style, those
of the second floor are ionic and those of the upper
floor Corinthian. Organized with the stable, less
decorated at the bottom.
• Elyptical
• Velarium to cover the Colosseum
• Senator first row, free men, slaves and then women.
• Social cohesion again. Circle of conviniency that keep
the society together.

28. basilica

29. Trier basilica, basilica of constantine
• Impressive size
• optical illusion - both the windows of the apse as
well as the niches underneath become
progressively smaller towards the middle, thus
enhancing the impression of length.
• now nearly empty and austere inside, the
Konstantin Basilika was originally embellished
with colorful marble inlay, golden mosaics, and
statues.

30. ROME BASILICA MAXENTIUM 307-312
AD

31. ROME BASILICA MAXENTIUM 307-312
AD
• Largest building at the time of construction
• Taking from both roman bath and basilica
• No columns to support the huge open space
in the central nave.
• Entire thing being built with arches.
• Built with a folded roof which deceases the
overall weight of the structure, decreasing the
forces exerted on the outer arches.

35. Domusromana
• No windows all opening to the inside of the
court.
• Same pattern no matter the size of the house,
and the means of the owner.
• Taberna: shop, atrium, cubiculum, tablinum
• Rain water collected in the impluvium.

36. Rome palatinum hill, imperial palaces
1 century AD
•DomusAugustana
•Flavian House

37. ROME, IMPERIAL PALACES
1 century AD by emperor augustus
• Rome, imperial palaces: Augustus completed in the 31BC. Large vast area located on the top
of the palatinun hill. Palace comes from Palatinium hill.
• combination of different buildings put together. Basically a citadel with The hypodrome
attached t the palace, library, tablinum (pblic function performed)
• Domusaugustus was the emperor luxurious residence, private area.
• The expansion of the same sequence and space that exist on a smaller scale of the
domusromana.
• private spectacle, public space function as well as private.
• Walls covered with marble, frescos or stuck
• Hypodrom: social cohesion: emperor connects to the people and vise-versa. The architecture
allows this.
• Domusflavia and augustus: built by emperor domitian
• Ooverlooking the circus maximus

41. Flavian palace (domusflavia) 92 AD
• Completed under Emperor Domitian in 92 AD
• Used for purposes of state
• Flavian house: the further addition
• Has been built later but the sequence in the
interieur is still the same, organized according
to the same axis.
• Well known for its grandeur.

42. Roman imperial tumb (
trajanaugustus, adrianum)

44. Trajan column:

45. Trajan column 113 AD
• Famous for it’s spiral bas relief: trajan’s
victorious campaign, act as a military
propaganda (no blood)
• Enterior of the spiral column is hollow
• Associated with empirial power, built to the
glory of the emperor trajan who was later on
burried there.
• Viewer has difficulty reading the story: active
participation

47. Hadrian tomb
• Hadrian built his own tomb instead of being
buried in the augustus mausoleum
• Right bank of the tiber
• Decorated cylinder with a garden on top
• Conversion into a military fortress, then a
catle

48. Augustus mausoleum
• Roman emperor have erected their own tomb:
Augustus tomb on the map,
• juxtaposition of cylinders with cypress trees
planted, cypres trees, Long and slender trees
with a symmetrical root the only tree being
used in a cemetery because of that.
• Fence to protect the holy ground
• During the middle ages became a fort because
of its strong structure.

51. BASILICA JULIA 54-48 BCE, ROME
• House tribunal/ administrative office
• Mostly foundations left, archeological site
• stuck covered columns
• Largest basilica of the forum
• 3 naves, lower walls to let the light in the
central one.

53. ROME, TABULARIUM 78BC
• The city archives of Rome in which the documents of
the city were located. Very imposing building.
• very powerful structure that made the hill to stand
straight
• Bottom part large and tall fortified wall,
• Second floor used of the Doric order, only decoration
• Third floor no longer existant had a corynthian order
colonade.
• Interior vault of concrete

54. Temple of mars the avenger

57. Rome, pantheon 125 AC
• Result of a compromise or change of program in the
construction. Combination of elements that have been
reorganized or redesigned
• use diff material according to the level. Gets lighter
related to the position; less and less heavy for the
construction as well as for the structure itself which
then does not have to carry a very large weight
• The vaults in the roof: lacunae, creating a void, lighten
the dome. And create a decorative pattern as well.
• Dome with opening: even lighter

58. Bath of Caracalla
212-216 AC

59. Bath of Caracalla
212-216 AC
• Huge complex, with large frescoed vaults
• Seats for more than 1600 persons
• Public library within the complex
• A complex water distribution system ensured
a constant flow of water from the Aqua
Marcia aqueduct. Very modern system

60. Bath of Diocletian
from 298 AC

61. Bath of Diocletian
from 298 AC
• Grandest of the public baths largest, most somptious.
• The frigidarium
• The caldarium
• the use of external buttresses for the cross vaults were considered by
some to be the first example of the scientific system of thrusts and
counter-thrusts in architecture
• the forms of the building were simple and give the impression of a vast
amount of open space.
• "manipulation of space
• The exterior walls of the bath were encrusted with stucco to give the
impression of stonework.
• The interior parts of the bath were supported by vaulting ceilings and
arches to create curvilinear lines.
• The structure of the roof is a excellent example of Classical design.
Architects used sloped forms to cover curved extrados (the outer surface
of the arch) of the vaulted halls.[2]

63. Arch of constantine 3 AC
• Is a triumphal arch in Rome, situated between
the Colosseum and the palatine hill
• to commemorate Constantine I's victory
• Modelledafter the example of the Arch of
Septimius Severus on the Roman Forum.
• four columns of Corinthian order

64. Arch of Septimius Severus, II century

65. Arch of Septimius Severus, II century
• Relief narative representing the war
• Propaganda
• columns of composite order: volutes of the
ionic order with the leaves of the corynthian
order.

66. Constantinople,
Hagia Sophia,
532-537
Isidoros & Anthemisios

67. Constantinople,
Hagia Sophia,
532-537 under Justinian,
Architects: Isidoros of Miletus&Anthemisios of Tralles

69. Hagia Sophia,
532-537 under Justinian,
Architects: Isidoros of Miletus&Anthemisios of Tralles
• Once a church, then a mosque
• Famous for it’s dome the arcade around the dome is unbroken with
40 arched windows to bring the light inside.
• he dome is carried on four concave triangular pendentives that
serve to transition from the circular base of the dome to its
rectangular base: pendentives never used before.
• hierarchy of dome-headed elements built up to create a vast oblong
interior, crowned by the main dome.
• A second interesting fact about the original structure of the dome
was how the architects were able to place forty windows around
the base of the dome. Hagia Sophia is famous for the mystical
quality of light that reflects everywhere in the interior of the nave
• Lavish Mosaic and decorations

71. Carolingian empire, Palace of Aachen
790s charlemagne
• group of buildings with residential, political
and religious purposes
• The Constantine Basilica in Trier, Germany was
probably used as a model for Aachen's Council
Hall
• Shape of a civil basilica with 3 apses
• San Vitale Basilica in Ravenna was one of the
models for the Palatine Chapel
• columns are topped by Corinthian capitals.

73. Ca 800 germanylosch, carolingian
monastery gatehouse
• This edifice borrowed its three arch-shaped
passageways and its sectioning by means of
Classically influenced half-columns from
ancient architecture with the corynthian style
columns

74. Germany, Corvey, Benedectine Abbey,
873-885

75. Germany, Corvey, Benedectine Abbey,
873-885

76. Lateran palace
Rome
Constantine the
Great in the 4th
century
retains its original
plan:
baroque

77. St gall plan 9th century
• famous medieval architectural drawing of a
monastic compound dating from the early 9th
century.
• only surviving major architectural drawing from
the roughly 700-year period between the fall of
the Roman Empire and the 13th century.
• depicts an entire Benedictine monastic
compound
• five parchments sewn together

78. Hildeshearly- 1001 and 1031
Romanesque churcheimabbeydouble-choir basilica with two transepts
and a square tower at each crossing.

79. San Vitale, Ravenna
The church has an
octagonal plan. The
building combines Roman
elements: the dome,
shape of doorways, and
stepped towers; with
Byzantine elements:
polygonal apse, capitals,
and narrow bricks. The
church is most famous for
its wealth of Byzantine
mosaics,