Japan, China, Russia & the Ottoman Empire: How similar were the responses of these societies to western pressure? AP World History Richard Smart Oakland Mills High School

Metanarratives… How do we explain the 19 th Century? Revolution, Liberalism, Conservatism & nationalism Industrialization Urbanization Transportation Communication Imperialism Colonialism Darwinism Progress

Russia, China, Japan & the Ottoman Empire in Context… Japan Heian Japan Feudal Japan Tokugawa Meiji Resoration China Shang Han Tsang & Song Yuan Ming & Qing Russia Slavic Russia Viking Russia Golden Horde Duchy of Moscovy Romanovs Ottoman Empire Byzantine Empire Mehmet & Suleiman Decline in 1700s

Japan

Heian Japan

Feudal Japan

Tokugawa

Meiji Resoration

China

Shang

Han

Tsang & Song

Yuan

Ming & Qing

Russia

Slavic Russia

Viking Russia

Golden Horde

Duchy of Moscovy

Romanovs

Ottoman Empire

Byzantine Empire

Mehmet & Suleiman

Decline in 1700s

Responses to Westernization Similarities Programs of Westernization Muhammad Ali Tanzimat Emancipation of the Serfs Self-Strengthening Movement Meiji Resoration Increased industrialization. Muhammad Ali Witte System. Meiji Resoration Cultural reactions. Russification Boxer Rebellion Differences Level of dependence on the West. China & Ottoman most Spheres of Influence Capitulations. Japan least Level of acceptance of industrialization. China least Japan most Level of cultural compromise. China least Russia most

Similarities

Programs of Westernization

Muhammad Ali

Tanzimat

Emancipation of the Serfs

Self-Strengthening Movement

Meiji Resoration

Increased industrialization.

Muhammad Ali

Witte System.

Meiji Resoration

Cultural reactions.

Russification

Boxer Rebellion

Differences

Level of dependence on the West.

China & Ottoman most

Spheres of Influence

Capitulations.

Japan least

Level of acceptance of industrialization.

China least

Japan most

Level of cultural compromise.

China least

Russia most

19C Russia and Labor From: (1750) 1762-96: Catherine II: serfdom expands Through 1855-81: Alexander II: Great Reforms: Emancipation of serfs 1880s on: Industrialization : Railroads, Factories, state support Industrial class small: Skilled artisans and semi-skilled industrial labor force Poor industrial working conditions Labor still agricultural, troubled countryside Trans-Siberian RR Growing semi-skilled labor force recruited from countryside Urban unrest: coercive legislation to prevent unions To: (1914) 1900: half of Russian industry foreign-owned; Russia, 4th ranked in steel prod, 2nd to US petroleum & refining Urban working class =2.3 million out of 100 million population Continuities: Oppressive labor conditions: agric./mining/industry Low levels of tech. and skill in labor force

From: (1750)

1762-96: Catherine II: serfdom expands

Through

1855-81: Alexander II: Great Reforms: Emancipation of serfs

1880s on: Industrialization : Railroads, Factories, state support

Industrial class small: Skilled artisans and semi-skilled industrial labor force

Poor industrial working conditions

Labor still agricultural, troubled countryside

Trans-Siberian RR

Growing semi-skilled labor force recruited from countryside

Urban unrest: coercive legislation to prevent unions

To: (1914)

1900: half of Russian industry foreign-owned;

Russia, 4th ranked in steel prod, 2nd to US petroleum & refining

Urban working class =2.3 million out of 100 million population

Continuities:

Oppressive labor conditions: agric./mining/industry

Low levels of tech. and skill in labor force

Conclusions & Questions… How can we explain Japan’s success in comparison to the other states? Are these sensible theses, or are there alternatives? China’s market was so valuable to the West that its interference crippled China politically. Russia’s massive agricultural population could not industrialize at the rate needed for competition with Japan & the West. Conservatism in the Ottoman Empire restricted industrial development and reduced the Empire to a 2 nd rate power.

How can we explain Japan’s success in comparison to the other states?

Are these sensible theses, or are there alternatives?

China’s market was so valuable to the West that its interference crippled China politically.

Russia’s massive agricultural population could not industrialize at the rate needed for competition with Japan & the West.

Conservatism in the Ottoman Empire restricted industrial development and reduced the Empire to a 2 nd rate power.