2. Hands free and mother free infant care
(maternal nipple deprivation)
3. Hands free and mother free infant care
(maternal nipple deprivation)
4. http://hubpages.com/hub/Pacimals-vs-Wubbanub-Pacifiers
Very young babies often loose suction on
their pacifier and let it slip out. Since they
do not yet have the skills to catch it the
baby looses the pacifier and begins to cry.
If you are tired of searching for your baby's
lost soother at night, in the car, or even on
the grocery store floor, then a Pacimal or
Wubbanub could brighten your
day.Pacimals and Wubbanubs are both soft
plush toy animals, with medical grade
silicone pacifiers attached.They are
designed for very young babies (0-6
months) who do not yet have the co-
ordination to find their pacifier and put it
in their mouth. The plush toy makes is easy
for little hands to cling on to and hold
close, and while they are hugging the toy, it
keeps the soother in their mouth and off “most children like to hug their plush toys
the floor. tummy to tummy, with the head facing
them”
5. “most children like to
hug their plush toys
tummy to tummy, with
the head facing them”
6. The face is only a static lookalike of a human
face but it is inanimate – it is the face of a
flat, expressionless, depressed mother.
There is no possibility of synchrony or reflection
of emotional expression between baby and this
static face.
7. Maternal nipple deprivation
• Given the commercial pressures exerted on
young mothers , the family breakdown, the
increasing lack of cohesion in our society, the
lack of role models to breastfeed, the
unpreparedness of many young women to be
around the clock mothers, is it any wonder
that human babies exhibit stereotypical
behaviours just like other mammals when
there is full or partial maternal nipple
deprivation.
8. The effect of breastfeeding mothers’
groups established in the 1960s
onwards
9. Oral Tactile Imprinting
is a
genetically determined by
evolution survival strategy to
latch the infant to the source of
nutrition and protection -
it precedes visual attachment
12. Proximity - Sleeping with baby
Max was confiscated in Faranah. … Once
we got him, he was in such bad physical
condition, that we didn’t think we’d be
able to save him… For the first 2 weeks
at the center he was under 24 hour care
–
he even slept in the director’s bed.
He’s now come around and each new laugh is a small
victory.
Accessed 8/7/2010
http://www.projectprimate.org/chimps/whoswho.sht
ml#Mama
17. Nonpuerperal lactation
Feedback inhibition of lactation
Kitten nurses on dogWatch this animal blooper!
Kitten has a serious craving for fresh
milk, however, a spayed 5 year old dog probably
isn't the best source.Views: 11,660Read more:
http://lanclip.com/watch-Z1g1ZULYe9c/boxer-dog-
nursing-kitten.html#ixzz0seO5FJ4s
Kittens don't seem to only suckle when theres
milk, Bam is an unneutered male, and he
adopted two baby girl kittens, slept in a tiny
basket with them and let them suckle him til
his poor lil man boobies were red! He looked
after them when their mum rejected them way
too early. Accessed 8/7/2010
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid
=1006041615365
19. RESULTS ASSOCIATED WITH BREASTFEEDING FAILURE
Public Health Nutrition: page 1 of 11 doi:10.1017/S1368980010001953 Chronic disease and infant nutrition: is it significant to public
health? Julie P Smith* and Peta J Harvey Australian Centre for Economic Research on Health, College of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
20. Mammals can only survive a fixation on the thumb after parturition
if there is human intervention as is given to the human baby.
http://www.reavesmd.com/blog/ accessed 11/3/2010
Ultrasound last week. At 12 weeks’ gestational age and a little over
6cm in length, Baby is growing well. His/her favorite pastimes are
thumbsucking (As depicted in this picture).
21.
22. A study published in the January 2010 issue
of Molecular Psychiatry:
Behaviourists at Cummings School of
Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University
collected blood samples from Dobermans
that exhibited compulsive behaviour, like
blanket-sucking, as well as from
unaffected, healthy Dobermans.. they
teamed up with the Medical Genetics
Program at University of Massachusetts
Medical School for a widespread “genome
association” study.
23. • The team found that dogs exhibiting more compulsive
behaviours like sucking their own body parts, were
more likely to express a CDH2 gene. That gene, located
on chromosome 7, mediates communication between
neurons in the brain.
• And what we now know about dogs might help explain
certain human disorders, like OCD and autism
spectrum disorder, by examining whether the same
CDH2 gene is also implicated. Dr Nicholas Dodman, a
professor at Cummings and the study’s lead
author, said the CDH2 gene is located in the same area
– the brain’s hippocampus –in humans and dogs.
• http://www.aolnews.com/science/article/obsessive-compulsive-
gene-in-dogs-could-help-explain-human-disorders/19343100
24. REFERENCE:
Molecular Psychiatry (2010) 15, 8–10;
doi:10.1038/mp.2009. 111A
Canine chromosome 7 locus confers compulsive disorder
susceptibility
N H Dodman1, E K Karlsson2,3,7, A Moon-
Fanelli1,7, M Galdzicka4, M Perloski2, L Shuster5, K Lindblad-
Toh2,6 and E I Ginns4
1Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North
Grafton, MA, USA
2Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
3FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard
University, Cambridge, MA, USA
4University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
5Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
6Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala
University, Uppsala, Sweden
Correspondence: NH Dodman, E-mail: nicholas.dodman@tufts.edu
25. Baby Giraffe uses
Kate's arm as a
pacifierBoatubia's
Profile About this
blog Read Entry
Picture 5 of 10Read
more:
http://blog.travelpod
.com/travel-
photo/boatubia/worl
d_tour/1207244760
/baby-giraffe-uses-
katexs-arm-as-a-
pacifier.jpg/tpod.ht
ml
31. OXYTOCIN: role in breastfeeding
• Controls the expulsion of milk
• Stimulates milk production
• Redistributes heat in the mother’s body to
warm the breastfeeding baby
• Helps the body release stored nutrients
• Increases the mother’s ability to extract
nutrition in the digestive process
32. Oxytocin continued
• Reduces blood pressure and stress hormones
in the mother
• Creates calm in most breastfeeding women in
proportion to the oxytocin levels in blood
• Makes the mother more interested in close
relationships .The more spikes in oxytocin
content in her blood the more open to
relationship development she becomes
• Induces social memory and calmness in baby
33. BREASTFEEDING
• Breastfeeding,mediated in part by
oxytocin, provides not only nutrition for the
baby, but also allows a new mother to manage
stress more effectively including the stress of
birth and infant care
34. • Breastfeeding women are less reactive to
physical stressors. There are hormonal
differences between breast and bottle-feeding
mothers. The stress hormone cortisol is lower
in breastfeeding mothers. (Altemus. Et
al.,JCEM 1995)
35. • Bottle-feeding mothers have higher systolic
blood pressure.
• Bottle-feeding mothers have higher basal
heart rate.
(Altemus,et al.,Psychosom.Med. 2001)
36.
37.
38.
39.
40. Oxytocin in the body
• Oxytocin is a peptide found practically unchanged
in all mammal species
• Oxytocin is produced in the supraoptic and
paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus
• Oxytocin is both a hormone which acts in the
body through the bloodstream and a signaling
substance in the nervous system.
• The female sex hormone oestrogen can increase
the number of oxytocin receptors and stimulate
oxytocin production
41. Oxytocin and relationships
• Touch releases oxytocin in animals and probably
in humans
• The release of oxytocin creates emotional bonds
between people such as mother and child
• Good relationships are important for health
especially with respect to diseases of the
cardiovascular system. Breast cancer survival has
also shown to be longer in women with close
relationships
42. Effects of oxytocin injections on
behaviour
• The following changes in behaviour have been
observed in animals (especially rats) after
oxytocin injections:
• A rapid development of maternal behaviour(even
in females who have never had babies)
• Stimulated and facilitated mating
• More social contact between individuals
• A calming,even sleep-inducing effect (with high
doses of oxytocin)
43. Effects on behavior continued
• Less anxiety, (increased boldness and
curiosity(with low doses of oxytocin)
• A diminished sensation of pain
• Facilitated learning,even in individuals with
learning difficulties
• Frightful faces trigger activity in the amygdala. In
subjects who have sniffed oxytocin there was a
dramatic reduction suggesting that oxytocin
mediates trust. Kirsch P et al. J Neurosci 25(49):
11489-93 2005
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50. DEPRESSION
• Dorheim et al (2009)”Sleep and depression in
postpartum women. A population based
study.” Sleep 32(7) 847-845.
• Their study of 2830 women at 7 weeks
postpartum found that not exclusively
breastfeeding is a major risk factor for
depression.
51. Depression
• People suffering from depression had
uncommonly low levels of oxytocin
• Rats treated with oxytocin become calmer and
less fearful and also increase their social
contacts
• Women who before pregnancy had symptoms
of anxiety and OCD often experience a
reduction during nursing presumably due to
oxytocin secretion
52. Depression
• Breastfeeding women have high oxytocin
levels in their blood during the entire nursing
period display calmer behaviour and greater
interest in social interchange with family and
friends than women who do not nurse
53. Depression
• Monoamines such as serotonin, dopamine
and noradrenalin act as signalling substances
• Neurons that contain serotonin stimulate the
release of oxytocin
• This may explain why selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s) like Prozac increase
the serotonin level and indirectly increase the
oxytocin level
54. • Doan et al (2007) “J Perinatal and Neonatal
Nursing” 21(3) 200-206, study compared
sleep of exclusively breastfed infants versus
those supplemented with formula. Mothers
who exclusively breastfed slept an average of
forty minutes longer. Parents of formula fed
infants had more sleep disturbance.
55. Oxytocin
• Found entirely unchanged in virtually all
species of mammals
• An ancient evolutionary substance composed
of nine amino acids
• Traditionally regarded as a female hormone
associated with birth and breastfeeding
however released to a similar extent in both
sexes through pleasant warm and rhythmic
touch
56. Oxytocin and maternal caregiving
“Does Breastfeeding Protect Against Substantial Child
Abuse and Neglect? A 15-year cohort Study” Strathearn
L. et al, Pediatrics 2009; 123;483
• Oxytocin is a hormone important in childbirth
and breastfeeding
• Sucking on the mother’s nipples stimulates
the release of oxytocin
• Oxytocin has important effects in the brain to
help with long-term child rearing
• Oxytocin brings about a “calm and connected”
effect
57. Maternal-perpetrated child
maltreatment
• 15 year-7,223 Australian mother infant pair
cohort study (Strathearn et al 2009)
• 512 substantiated reports of child
maltreatment which was 4.3% of cohort
• Mothers were almost three times more likely
to abuse their children if they had been fed on
artificially manufactured milk
• Breastfeeding decreased the risk of maternal-
perpetrated child maltreatment.`
58. MATERNAL-PERPETRATED CHILD
MALTREATMENT CONTINUED
• If mothers breastfeed for less than 4 months
they were more than twice as likely to neglect
their child compared with mothers who
breastfed for more than 4 months
• The authors speculated that the abuse
lowering effects of breastfeeding may be due
to oxytocin, which reduces anxiety, elevates
mood, increases maternal
responsiveness, lowers maternal stress, and
increases relationship development
59. Breastfeeding and longterm positive
effects on children
• 14 year longditudinal study from Western
Australia. (Oddy et al 2009)
• Longer duration of breastfeeding was
associated with better child mental health
assessed by Child Behavior Check List at every
point up to 14 years. The longer the duration
of breastfeeding the better the child mental
health.
60.
61.
62.
63. • The first emotional relationship is formed
through the infant’s behaviour of sucking and
this occurs before the predominantly and
visually dependent period named by J.
Bowlby as “Attachment”.
64. • John Bowlby states “Because the human
infant is born so very immature and is so
slow to develop, there is no species in which
attachment behaviour takes so long to
appear” page 228. “Attachment is altogether
absent at (human) birth and is not strongly in
evidence until after an infant is past six
months” Page 279 “During the first two or
three months of life the young gorilla lacks
the strength to clasp its mother’s hair
securely and receives support from its
mothers arms” Page 237 Ref. Attachment,
Penguin, 1978,
65. SIGMUND FREUD
• Referred to the autoerotic tactile sucking
“latchment” of very early infancy preceding
visual “attachment” by the term cathexis.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81. Take Home Message
• The connection between the latchment and attachment of the mother
and the child is crucial to ensure the formation of a secure and lifelong
bond between them.
• There are numerous beneficial factors associated with the release of
oxytoxin in both the mother and child.
• The the standard of caregiving is improved significantly, and there is a
sense of increased closeness within their relationship.
• Such a bond is crucial to to ensure optimal maternal caregiving an
increased emotional bond, effective nourishment, and an overall sense of
security and safety within their relationship.
