2 1st Century Journalis m A Practical Guide International edition Belgrade - Bratislava - Budapest – Bucharest – Prague – Zürich *** work-in-progress version of 2nd English edition *** Last modified: 11 Apr, 2007 Edited by László Turi, 2007

[Impressum] 21st Century Journalism - A Practical Guide Copyright © 2007 by Ringier Kiadó Kft Szugló utca 81-85., Budapest, H-1141, Hungary Publisher: Bela Papp, Executive manager www.21stCenturyJournalism.com ISBN 978-963-7714-25-2 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise.

What will you learn? Get prepared for the challenges of newspaper industry Digital revolution keeps changing newspaper layout, style, topics and business model. Your grandfather, your father and you in your childhood could see similar product which was called „newspaper”. This traditional concept has been challenged by digital media in the past decade. With this course you will get a systematized overview of trends in newspaper industry, exercises will help you to get a personal experience. Demistify the internet So-called internet gurus tend to glorify their importance by techno bla-bla. Behind those few buzzwords that have meaning at all, you will find the golden rules of the traditional media re-mastered to the digital age. With the exercises you will gain self-confidence to raise the right questions and understand what is behind the hype. Use your competences in new media You as a print journalist have plenty of experience, you know everything about journalism. You may want to try out yourself on the web. The exercises will help you to start your own blog or publish in the online version of your newspaper. You will get hints, ideas and best practices concerning your local market.

Get prepared for the challenges of newspaper industry Digital revolution keeps changing newspaper layout, style, topics and business model. Your grandfather, your father and you in your childhood could see similar product which was called „newspaper”. This traditional concept has been challenged by digital media in the past decade. With this course you will get a systematized overview of trends in newspaper industry, exercises will help you to get a personal experience.

Demistify the internet So-called internet gurus tend to glorify their importance by techno bla-bla. Behind those few buzzwords that have meaning at all, you will find the golden rules of the traditional media re-mastered to the digital age. With the exercises you will gain self-confidence to raise the right questions and understand what is behind the hype.

Use your competences in new media You as a print journalist have plenty of experience, you know everything about journalism. You may want to try out yourself on the web. The exercises will help you to start your own blog or publish in the online version of your newspaper. You will get hints, ideas and best practices concerning your local market.

Preface „ 21st Century Journalism” was preceeded by a general study of the Eastern European online market, where we analysed the threats and opportunities in our industry. Based on this study, we invested an additional 3-month team work involving a group of online experts to summarize trends and best practices. Online journalism is a moving target, therefore the booklet will be updated according to the needs. This is not a bible, just a starting point to provide tailor-made education for editorial boards. The internet is a global phenomenon, but usage patterns are changing from culture to culture, so we emphasize country particularities in this material. In this book you will find Hungarian examples, but in digital format we already elaborated a Romanian version and also are working on other local Eastern-European versions. „ 21st Century Journalism” training is targeted to journalists open to meet the challenges of online world and devote time to in-work training. The first courses have already been successfully completed in Romania and Hungary, others are being planned. During the trainings it turned out that students require written and illustrated material for further thinking. This booklet fulfills this need, but it is not intended for self-study. Training online journalism is a mutual learning between students and teacher. Therefore this a living material building on feedbacks and interactions of the training sessions. In addition we received a lot of inspiration from consultants and experts. The authors appreciate all comments and cooperation initiatives. Budapest, 2007. Laszlo Turi & Andras Nyiro [email_address] & [email_address]

Credits Author and editor : Laszlo TURI, Regional project manager of Ringier e-media services. -Graduated in humanities, with 12 years of experience in multimedia development. Among other positions in new media, he worked in the mobile content development team of T-Mobile Hungary. (laszlo.turi@ringier.hu) Concept : Andras NYIRO, Regional director of E-Media at Ringier Publishing Europe. - Known as one of the most influential characters in the development of Hungarian new media culture. Founder of seminal multimedia and internet magazines, former director of mobile content services at T-Mobile Hungary. (andras.nyiro@ringier.hu) Newspaper trends : Patrick BERTSCHY, Regional project assistant of Ringier E-media. - Graduated in law, with journalist experience at German and French speaking Swiss newspapers and magazines. He also hold other positions in Swiss publishing industry. (patrick.bertschy@ringier.ch) Special thanks Petr BEDNAR, Online Director, Ringier Czech Republic and Slovakia Stephane CARPENTIER, Art Director, Ringier AG Laurentiu CIORNEI , Content manager of www.evz.ro Gábor FLÓRIÁN, layout György JUHÁSZ, Director of Online Department at Ringier Hungary. Zoltán KAPRINAY, Regional Content Manager, Ringier e-media Pál LÉDERER, Director of Online Department at Népszabadság. Ferenc PÉCSI, dotkommentar.hu Claudiu SERBAN, publisher, Ringier Romania

Contents I. Introduction N ewspaper trends Y our newspaper II. Genres and channels Genres of journalism N ews writing R eporting, story journalism Interview C ommentary III. Use your competences in new media N ews on the internet: hints and tricks Story management Community Mobile Usability Appendix

I. Introduction

N ewspaper trends

Y our newspaper

II. Genres and channels

Genres of journalism

N ews writing

R eporting, story journalism

Interview

C ommentary

III. Use your competences in new media

N ews on the internet: hints and tricks

Story management

Community

Mobile

Usability

Appendix

Introduction

What will you learn in this chapter? First you will get a short overview about the milestones of newspaper history from the early days of industry to today , with special emphasis on the influence of technology to media developments. You will analyse three trends of newspaper industry in detail: changes of newspaper format, content and business model. You will understand why present day newspaper are so different from what our parents’ daily readings. You will learn about numbers: how to measure success? What are the key performance indicators in print, online and mobile? Overview the position of your newspaper in the print and online market. In this book we used the example of Nemzeti Sport, leading Hungarian sports daily. The courses are all based on the appropriate examples of your newspaper.

First you will get a short overview about the milestones of newspaper history from the early days of industry to today , with special emphasis on the influence of technology to media developments.

You will analyse three trends of newspaper industry in detail: changes of newspaper format, content and business model. You will understand why present day newspaper are so different from what our parents’ daily readings.

You will learn about numbers: how to measure success? What are the key performance indicators in print, online and mobile?

Overview the position of your newspaper in the print and online market. In this book we used the example of Nemzeti Sport, leading Hungarian sports daily. The courses are all based on the appropriate examples of your newspaper.

NEWSPAPER TRENDS ON DEVELOPED MARKETS

How did technology influence media? Milestones relevant for Western Europe, especially UK. Based on Raymond Williams: Communications, London 1966 Daily Mirror’s record: 7million copies. (Queen Elizabeth’s coronation) 1953 2006 1985 1955 1937 1930 1900 1880 1866 1700 1556 Freesheet. Metro is the largest newspaper. Integrated newsrooms. More online visitors than daily print copies. Layoffs due to electronic printing. 1/3 of adults read newspapers. Desktop publishing, web 1985 ITV (Independent TV, UK) launch, end of BBC’s broadcast monopoly, ad-revenue based. Print sales starts dropping TV – regular BBC broadcast 1936 50% of adults read dailies. 50% revenue on advertising. Formulatin of publishing empires. BBC (1927) Radio – regular broadcast 1922 1/5 of adults read daily papers, 1/3 read Sunday papers. Daily Mirror - the 1st tabloid Display advertising, reduction of price/copy, growth of sale „ Reuters”. Sunday papers with popular content („tabloid style”) Transatlantic telegraph news 1866 Instead of hand printing, steam powered printing. Railway distribution. 1814 Local news appears. Earlier just European news. Content controlled via censorship, instead of publishing licences. „ Notizie scritte” - a regular, paid government publication in Venetia Gutenberg 1447 Media development Technology

Outline The traditional concept of newspapers changed more in the last decade than in the entire last century. The following pages will highlight the most influential parts of these changes, following the below outline: Layout Size: why and how dailies are getting smaller? Color: the influence of good quality color printing. Content Tabloids: the blurring borderline between popular and reference papers. Magazins: increasing competition improves visual quality. Editor’s role: control over context has diminished Business model Freesheet: low-cost mass print mass media is finding its role. Internet: the ad-revenue based interactive media is a strategic possibility to publishers.

The traditional concept of newspapers changed more in the last decade than in the entire last century. The following pages will highlight the most influential parts of these changes, following the below outline:

Layout

Size: why and how dailies are getting smaller?

Color: the influence of good quality color printing.

Content

Tabloids: the blurring borderline between popular and reference papers.

Magazins: increasing competition improves visual quality.

Editor’s role: control over context has diminished

Business model

Freesheet: low-cost mass print mass media is finding its role.

Internet: the ad-revenue based interactive media is a strategic possibility to publishers.

The challenge of size Attracting younger readers is the main reason for the Guardian’s change to a „Berliner” format, with colour throughout. Young and especially female readers are put off by the unwieldiness of broadsheets, and both the Times and the Independent have seen a bounce in circulation since turning tabloid. Going all the way however, says Carolyn McCall, chief executive of Guardian Newspapers, would have meant dumbing down the front page by including fewer headlines. From: The Economist, September 10, 2005. Tabloid: 380x300 mm (halfsize of broadsheet) Broadsheet: 600x380mm Berliner or midi: 470x315 mm

Size and layout change: The Guardian 2004 It was redesigned to Berliner-format The Guardian used to be a broadsheet 2005 This was a response to the moves by The Times and The Independent to start publishing in tabloid (or compact) format. The advantage that The Guardian saw in the Berliner format was that though it is only a little wider than a tabloid, and is thus equally easy to read on public transport, its greater height gives more flexibility in page design. The new presses mean that printing can go right across the 'gutter', the strip down the middle of the centre page, allowing the paper to print striking double page pictures. The switch cost £80 million and involved setting up new printing presses. … The investment was rewarded with a circulation rise. In December 2005, the average daily sale stood at 380,693, nearly 6% higher than the figure for December 2004. Source: Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian)

Color printing is big step towards emotional journalism

Tabloid versus reference dailes Bigger pictures (or different sizes) makes the article more lively . Shorter texts work more accessible and less time-consuming . Words like “ catch ”, “ chilling ” or “ brazen” are very strong and emotional Source: Helen Gambles, U. Wales http ://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Students/hlg9501.html Tabloid style and idea: Subscriptions are limited, title page must sell the product Simply and sensationally written Give more prominence than serious newspapers to celebrities, sports, crime stories and even hoaxes; They also more readily take a political position (either left- or right-wing) on news stories, ridiculing politicians, demanding resignations and predicting election results. Both titlepages were published on 13 Dec, 2006

Bigger pictures (or different sizes) makes the article more lively .

Shorter texts work more accessible and less time-consuming .

Words like “ catch ”, “ chilling ” or “ brazen” are very strong and emotional

Tabloid style and idea:

Subscriptions are limited, title page must sell the product

Simply and sensationally written

Give more prominence than serious newspapers to celebrities, sports, crime stories and even hoaxes;

They also more readily take a political position (either left- or right-wing) on news stories, ridiculing politicians, demanding resignations and predicting election results.

The Independent – case study Design and look: Lot of text Importance of big coloured picture Look strict and ponderous Context : C ontinuously declining circulation : 19.3% between 2000 and 2003 It was decided to reduce size but to keep exactly the same stories than the broadsheet version. Dual production for 8 months The problem: unsuccessful broadsheet format (2003)

Design and look:

Lot of text

Importance of big coloured picture

Look strict and ponderous

Context :

C ontinuously declining circulation : 19.3% between 2000 and 2003

It was decided to reduce size but to keep exactly the same stories than the broadsheet version.

Dual production for 8 months

More: Colour and pictures Friendly and surprising Dynamic Magazin like Sales increase even after the end of dual production. Less: Paper Text and stories Strict Question: Has internet influenced those changes? 2006: Tabloid Source: The Format Change Phenomenon (WAN Strategy report vol. 4., 5 June 2005.) and http://www.newsdesigner.com/archives/002647.php

More:

Colour and pictures

Friendly and surprising

Dynamic

Magazin like

Sales increase even after the end of dual production.

Less:

Paper

Text and stories

Strict

Newspaper or magazine? Internet Source: NewsDesigner.com http ://www.newsdesigner.com/archives/002520.php De Morgen, a Belgian broadsheet redesigned and switched to berliner format in April, 2006. The most important new design elements: This new lay-out consists of 5 columns per page, instead of 7, with quite a lot of whitespace. Some photographs or illustrations span multiple columns. Colors are largely used. But never work agitated. The headers of the various sections are clearly distinguished from the content, and are quite clear. Pages: De Morgen, 2006 April ?

Internet

De Morgen, a Belgian broadsheet redesigned and switched to berliner format in April, 2006. The most important new design elements:

This new lay-out consists of 5 columns per page, instead of 7, with quite a lot of whitespace.

Some photographs or illustrations span multiple columns.

Colors are largely used. But never work agitated.

Magazines outstanding design We live in the age of high-quality visual entertainment: HDTV, web, Pixar-movies, consol games, shopping catalogues, etc. Magazines working on an extremely competing market environment are fighting to define their role. Due to developments in printing, typography and photography, the range of visual possibilities multiplied. Features of outstanding design: Revolutionary use of photographs Assymetrical layout of pages 3D effects Breaking the framework of the grid Combination of text and image Design of the unprinted area Rythmic repetition of pictures B/W mixed with color images Source: „Surprise me”, Horst Moser (Mark Batty, 2003) IM (Hungary), 2006

We live in the age of high-quality visual entertainment: HDTV, web, Pixar-movies, consol games, shopping catalogues, etc.

Magazines working on an extremely competing market environment are fighting to define their role.

Due to developments in printing, typography and photography, the range of visual possibilities multiplied.

Features of outstanding design:

Revolutionary use of photographs

Assymetrical layout of pages

3D effects

Breaking the framework of the grid

Combination of text and image

Design of the unprinted area

Rythmic repetition of pictures

B/W mixed with color images

Magazines The origins of style Sources: Yale Center for British Art, http://www.blakearchive.org/ , Hungarian National Library, http://www.kepido.oszk.hu/ The combination of text and image and the breaking of page grid is not new. However, due to desktop publishing the it became part of everyday popular typography. 19th century printing: a page of „ Jerusalem The Emanation of The Giant Albion”, the illuminated printing by William Blake, the multi-talent poet and typographer. Manuscript illustration in the Middle Ages: first page of „Illistrated Chronicle”, an early source of Hungarian history dated to the 12th century.

Magazines hard competition at the kiosk Spine and other 3D design Content promotion dominates the cover The model is turned, folded, or strongly cropped to make room for the cover lines. Her head overlaps the logo. (Less often, the logo overlaps the head.) A large cover line cuts across the lower middle part of the cover, competing in size with the magazine's title. Cover lines appear in several fonts, sizes, colors, or styles. Source: Gerald Grow, „Magazine Covers and Cover Lines” in Journal of Magazine and New Media Research , 2002 http:// www.bsu.edu/web/aejmcmagazine/Testfolder/ , Coury Turcyzn „The Decline of Western Magazine Culture” in PopCult ( http://popcultmag.com )

Spine and other 3D design

Content promotion dominates the cover

The model is turned, folded, or strongly cropped to make room for the cover lines.

Her head overlaps the logo. (Less often, the logo overlaps the head.)

A large cover line cuts across the lower middle part of the cover, competing in size with the magazine's title.

Cover lines appear in several fonts, sizes, colors, or styles.

Magazines Advertising influences magazines Madison Magazin, March 2006, p. 192 Ikea Catalogue, 2007, p. 334 Blurred borderline between commercial product placement and newspaper content. Product marketing behaves as media. Looks like… a product catalogue a magazin page

Editors don’t set the agenda any more Aggregation and personalization techniques: Web is a barometer of public interest: eg. Las Ultimas Noticias (lun.com, Chile) Reader-driven web services: top-lists, most e-mailed, most popular, most voted, most referred Computer-edited content: Google News, music radio/TV channels – Pre-defined logic is used to generate pages or programme by topic or genre. Personalization: RSS, customization, desktop alerts. - Details will be discussed in various chaptes, later. Automatic personalization: amazon.com recommendations, intelligent WAP-portals (O2, Vodafone) – Driven by user’s former clicks. Until the mid-’90-ies traditional media allowed a clear control over appearance of news, stories and other content. With the dawn of internet content aggregators and personalization technologies gave more free hand to the readers. Your article may appear on the internet near to your competitors’ articles (like in Google News) or in surprising context, eg. in the form of a desktop alert or as a link on a homepage. Influence your tomorrows newspaper online (http://lun.com) Do not be aftraid to show your readers’ choice. (http://www.msnbc.com/)

Aggregation and personalization techniques:

Web is a barometer of public interest: eg. Las Ultimas Noticias (lun.com, Chile)

Reader-driven web services: top-lists, most e-mailed, most popular, most voted, most referred

Computer-edited content: Google News, music radio/TV channels – Pre-defined logic is used to generate pages or programme by topic or genre.

Personalization: RSS, customization, desktop alerts. - Details will be discussed in various chaptes, later.

Automatic personalization: amazon.com recommendations, intelligent WAP-portals (O2, Vodafone) – Driven by user’s former clicks.

Free-sheet: extreme low cost, ad-revenues The free daily newspaper distributed through public transport was introduced in 1995 in Sweden. There are now free newspapers in 41 countries: 30 million copies are read by at least 60 million people daily. Their readership is much younger than that of the traditional newspaper. Most free newspapers are published as tabloids. Source: World Association of Newspapers http:// www.wan-press.org , „Newspaper Innovation” blog, http://www.newspaperinnovation.com/ In the world, every day 30 mio. free newspapers are printed. In Europe they represent 17% of the total circulation. In Denmark more than one of two printed daily newspaper is free. In Spain, Metro and 20 minutos are both free and market leaders . Free, the new trend: Internet Low-cost flights White-label products Tesco, Wal-Mart, etc. Buyer communities Weakness Strengths Expensive Losing young readers Loyal readership Analysis and comments Paid daily Lower quality due to lack of lack of original content? Easy acquisition Quick readability Low editorial costs Reach new readers Response to digital media Free daily

The free daily newspaper distributed through public transport was introduced in 1995 in Sweden. There are now free newspapers in 41 countries: 30 million copies are read by at least 60 million people daily. Their readership is much younger than that of the traditional newspaper. Most free newspapers are published as tabloids.

In the world, every day 30 mio. free newspapers are printed.

In Europe they represent 17% of the total circulation.

In Denmark more than one of two printed daily newspaper is free.

In Spain, Metro and 20 minutos are both free and market leaders .

Free, the new trend:

Internet

Low-cost flights

White-label products

Tesco, Wal-Mart, etc.

Buyer communities

Expensive

Losing young readers

Loyal readership

Analysis and comments

Lower quality due to lack of lack of original content?

Easy acquisition

Quick readability

Low editorial costs

Reach new readers

Response to digital media

Diversification of the free newspaper concept „ Newspaper moguls Rupert Murdoch and Lord Rothermere are going head to head in a free newspaper fight, which media analysts believe could fatally damage the paid-for Evening Standard. […] Those who have seen a dummy of thelondonpaper have described it as colourful and more like a magazine than a newspaper, with a youthful approach.„ Source: Online Press Gazette, 17 Aug, 2006, http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/article/170806/murdoch_rothermere_london_free_newspaper_war „ Print your own free up-to-date pdf!” - G24, Guardian’s continuosly updated free pdf edition is a reaction to freesheets from a paid daily. The A/4 layout includes ads targeted to internet users. http://www.guardian.co.uk/g24 El Crack 10 in Spain 2003 City A.M. in London 2005 CASH daily in Switzerland 2006 thelondonpaper in London 2006 morning finance sport afternoon

Internet content strategy of freesheets http://metro.hu Metro : full-featured newsportal with continuous news update, classified and banner ads. Internet is considered an independent revenue channel. http://citiyam.com City A.M : for the A.M. edition the website is considered a support portal only, without content. The only genuine content is a regular afternoon podcast branded as City P.M. Internet is not considered a separate revenue channel. Free newspapers’ attitude towards the primarily free medium of internet is ambigous, they are trying to find their role on the internet.

Internet: an opportunity to publishers Example of the German market In print: two losers Stern and Der Spiegel are two weekl y magazines competing since more than 50 years to dominate the market of news magazines. Even if Der Spiegel was able to beat Stern for the last five years, there is no clear leader on the print market. Source: German Audit Institute http:// www.ivw.de On internet: strategy makes a difference After undecided battle in the starting years, SPIEGEL ONLINE can now be define as the clear winner of the internet market. Print circulation M onthly visits

Internet strategies Strategies are usually mixed, clear cases are rare. Le Monde B2C revenue – bundled with subscription Popular strategy in the late ’90s promotion Limited online edition – Online is just a selected part of the print newspaper. Example Business model Content Brand enforcement and ad revenue – increase freesheet viewership B2C revenue promotional and ad-revenue ad-revenue Metro New York Times (Times Select) Bild, Sun Guardian, LA Times E-paper – Facsimile electronic edition of the print newspaper. Premium content – Some parts of the online content is paid-only. Eg. archive or exclusive content. Christmas ornament - No overall strategy for internet and print. Internet is a possibility for extra services that are hanging on the core print content as Christmas ornaments. Web first - Publishes stories first to the web, ending the primacy of the printed newspaper.

Internet strategies Strategies are usually mixed, clear cases are rare. Le Monde B2C revenue – bundled with subscription Popular strategy in the late ’90s, but today this is rare, eg. Magyar Narancs in Hungary (mancs.hu) promotion Limited online edition – Online is just a selected part of the print newspaper. Example Business model Content Brand enforcement and ad revenue – increase freesheet viewership B2C revenue promotional and ad-revenue ad-revenue Metro New York Times (Times Select) Bild, Sun Guardian, LA Times, E-paper – Facsimile electronic edition of the print newspaper. Premium content – Some parts of the online content is paid-only. Eg. archive or exclusive content. Christmas ornament - No overall strategy for internet and print. Internet is a possibility for extra services that are hanging on the core print content as Christmas ornaments. Web first - Publishes stories first to the web, ending the primacy of the printed newspaper.

YOUR READERS

Readers: aging and turning away from dailies Japan: Asahi Shimbun’s channels Source: Asahi Shimbun’s media kit http://asahi.com/english Radio, TV and internet users, Czech Republic Source: World Association of Newspapers http://www.wan-press.org/article568.html They are getting old… & change their media consumption The above demographic data is not available for Nemzeti Sport . Media consumption (minutes per day) Age groups 142 40 35 30 Internet 193 194 208 205 203 Television 174 178 200 210 202 Radio 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997

How to measure trends? Key performance indicators … when online readers are considered, the story of newspaper readership for many papers transforms from one of slow and steady decline to one of vibrancy and growth. […] The audiences for newspaper websites tend to be younger than those for the printed newspaper, dispelling the common misperception that young people are not engaged by newspaper content. For example, about 37 percent of the adults who visited The Washington Post ’s website, WashingtonPost.com, in the past thirty days were ages 18-34. In comparison, about 26 percent of the paper’s weekly print audience (5 weekdays + Sunday) fell into this age group.” Source: Scarborough Research, http://www.scarborough.com/press_releases/INA%20FINAL%204.7.06%20CORRECTIONS.pdf Ad revenue Revenue share from operators Ad revenue Ad revenue, sold copies Revenues Audience poll Reach surveys research Registrations, WAP unique phone numbers Unique visitors Sold copies + subscriptions actual Number of readers TV Mobile Internet Print Sold copies x reader/copy subscriptions unique visitors unique phone numbers Total reach

US media audit is already based on a combined indicator of print and online reach. Source: Newspapers by the Numbers, 2006, by Newspaper Association of America

Exercise: webaudit of Nemzeti Sport Research questions : What is the ranking of your site in the Hungarian internet market? What is the correlation or difference of daily peaks in your site and that of average internet usage? In average how many articles were read by a single reader yesterday? Visit: one user can come back many times UV, unique visitor: the number of PCs from where the users are browsing the given page. In the print world this is „reach”. PI, page impression: number of pages downloaded. This number is interesting for advertisers. Other webmarket audits: Austria: http://www.oewa.at/ France: http:/ www.ojd.com/engine / Germany: http://ww.pz-online.de/ UK: http://www.abce.org.uk USA, international: http://www.nielsen-netratings.com Online view statistics in Ringier countries: Czech Republic: http://online.netmonitor.cz/ola2.php Hungary: http://webaudit.hu/index.php?content=12 Romania: http://www.traffic.ro/login/ Slovakia: http://www.iaudit.info/sk/?country=SK Serbia: no audit Switzerland: netreport.wemf.ch/suche_alpha.html !

Research questions :

What is the ranking of your site in the Hungarian internet market?

What is the correlation or difference of daily peaks in your site and that of average internet usage?

In average how many articles were read by a single reader yesterday?

Your readers’ media consumption Are they your readers? If yes, what other channels of media do they consume? 1 4 7 2 3 5 6 8 9

Nemzeti Sport: product and audience Why should every journalist have a good grasp on who they're talking with? It will improve the journalism -- support the work you do as a journalist by revealing what really matters to people. It will serve your community better -- your work will be relevant to your audience. It can build a relationship with your community -- being an involved institution in your community, should strengthen your ties with the community. It can build consumer engagement -- well delivered stories based on a solid understanding of your target audience should result in a more engaged audience. And that's something every advertiser covets.

Why should every journalist have a good grasp on who they're talking with?

It will improve the journalism -- support the work you do as a journalist by revealing what really matters to people.

It will serve your community better -- your work will be relevant to your audience.

It can build a relationship with your community -- being an involved institution in your community, should strengthen your ties with the community.

It can build consumer engagement -- well delivered stories based on a solid understanding of your target audience should result in a more engaged audience. And that's something every advertiser covets.

Hungarian internet is reach in sport video content. Market is headed by T-Mobile HU infoSMS services. Football: 20.000 users. Sport : 16.000 users No. 1 in its market, followed by the sport section of origo.hu portal The only local sport print daily Market position Internet users with broadband access. Main competitors: Pannon and Vodafone also provide content SMS/MMS services. Where the readers are coming from? News aggregators (Hírkereső, Startlap), index.hu forum Readers: males, without diploma. Visit duration: more than 50% under 2 minutes Readers are consider Nemzeti Sport a reference daily, but editors are trying to shift towards tabloid in order to reach young readers. Readers’ internet usage is more than average Readers Daily 6000 downloads Daily 100 downloads, 93 users for SMS news Daily 62.000 unique users, 138.000 visits 80-100.000 sold copies/day. Footprint Typical content: interviews, events not covered by mainstream TV Typical content: wallpaper download, SMS news Most visited pages: title page, articles and live broadcasts Traditional brand of the country, 100 years old. Overview Online TV Mobile Internet Print

Nemzeti Sport: readers’ web favourites The top5 is the same for all groups, but in the case of Nemzeti Sport readers the online version of the newspaper is also followed by Origo Sport. Source: Szonda Ipsos – Gfk Hungária: Internet Audience Research 2005-2006 RTL Klub online [origo] Sport Kurzor Nemzeti Sport Online CitroMail.hu Index [origo] Google [origo] Freemail Startlap Nemzeti Sport 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Teveclub Hírkereső RTL Klub online CitroMail.hu Honfoglaló Kurzor T-Online.hu MSN Chat.hu OMSZ - Met.hu Népszabadság Online T-Online.hu MSN OMSZ - Met.hu Honfoglaló Index Index Index Google Google [origo] [origo] [origo] Google [origo] Freemail [origo] Freemail [origo] Freemail Startlap Startlap Startlap Metro Népszabadság Blikk

Genres and channels

What will you learn? You know very well how to write news, stories, interview and commentaries. Building on this knowledge we explain you how these genres change when you publish on web or on the small screen of the mobile phone. News: the classic rules of news are the same in print, internet and mobile. You will learn the differences: how to change the structure of news in an environment where there are no deadlines. Story telling: you will get an overview on what kind of interactive and multimedia possibilities are offered by the internet. Learn more about experienced multimedia story tellers. Interview: you will learn the 9 points of a successful online interview. Commentary: everybody is talking about blogs. You will understand what is a blog and how to use it in your own work.

You know very well how to write news, stories, interview and commentaries. Building on this knowledge we explain you how these genres change when you publish on web or on the small screen of the mobile phone.

News: the classic rules of news are the same in print, internet and mobile. You will learn the differences: how to change the structure of news in an environment where there are no deadlines.

Story telling: you will get an overview on what kind of interactive and multimedia possibilities are offered by the internet. Learn more about experienced multimedia story tellers.

Interview: you will learn the 9 points of a successful online interview.

Commentary: everybody is talking about blogs. You will understand what is a blog and how to use it in your own work.

GENRES OF JOURNALISM

Genres and the journalist’s role Translation of basic terms Commentaire , note Interview Récit Reportage Actualité French Kommentar Interview Story Bericht, Reportage Nachrichten, Aktualität German Comentariu, editorial Interviu P oveste Reportaj Stiri Romanian Komentář, poznámka Rozhovor Reportáž or Příběh Report, Krátká zpravodajská reportáž Zprávy, Hlavní zprávy Czech Glossza, jegyzet Interjú Riport Tudósítás Hír, cikk Hungarian Glosa, poznámka Rozhovor, interview Reportáž Riport (krátka spravodajská reportáž) Správa Slovak Reporting Commentary, note Interview Story News, news feature English journalist has a personal experience personal approach is allowed for the journalist journalist must be objective newsroom work only commentary, note, columns, opinion news, news feature story reporting interview

Genres and channels „ A 30-minutes TV news programme does not contain more text than an average newpaper page. The length of an average TV news story is not more than 30-40 seconds, that is 4-6 printed line.” (J. Horvat: Basics of TV journalism, 2002) Opinion survey via SMS Questions via SMS Readers’ MMS content Facts in 160 chars On-event SMS-push, in daytime Mobile Talkshows deep interview or soundbites Specific story ideas Visuals tell the story No deadline Simple, short text TV Internet Print daily Editorial blog Personality driven Original approach Commentary Realtime Moderated Person of interest Documenting words Quotes vs. discussion Interview Multimedia storytelling Readers and bloggers as sources Personal experience Objective or personal Reporting, story Facts with updates, no deadline Breaking news Clear facts (5 questions: who-what-when-where-why ) Deadlines News, news feature

Opinion survey via SMS

Questions via SMS

Readers’ MMS content

Facts in 160 chars

On-event SMS-push, in daytime

Talkshows

deep interview or

soundbites

Specific story ideas

Visuals tell the story

No deadline

Simple, short text

Editorial blog

Personality driven

Original approach

Realtime

Moderated

Person of interest

Documenting words

Quotes vs. discussion

Multimedia storytelling

Readers and bloggers as sources

Personal experience

Objective or personal

Facts with updates, no deadline

Breaking news

Clear facts (5 questions: who-what-when-where-why )

Deadlines

Channels and challenges Editors’ and journalists’ every-day goals at a print daily: Update - keep your news always up-to-date Time - mind the deadline to deliver the daily by breakfast reading Space - text and visuals must fit the page Competition - the next issue must also be sold How e-media meets these challenges? Internet - mobile - TV

Editors’ and journalists’ every-day goals at a print daily:

Update - keep your news always up-to-date

Time - mind the deadline to deliver the daily by breakfast reading

Space - text and visuals must fit the page

Competition - the next issue must also be sold

Daily challenges of electronic channels are similar. News delivery time Write your story for next morning Update Channel surfing aggregators, news stolen Maintain readers’ loyalty Competition schedule SMS: only linear design. WAP: resolution, scrolling Page size, layout Scrolling Space 6 sec/shot, 30 sec / news Inconvenient: estimated 3 min per session 1-2 hours/day 15 min / newspaper Time TV Mobile Internet Print daily

NEWS: STYLE, STRUCTURE

Exercise: What info is worth a news story? List, explain the key features that make news valuable in mass media. Give examples. Source: BBC Sport http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport , Times Online http://www.timesonline.co.uk/ !

Channel-independent news values Structure who-what-when-where-why Proximity 1 dead Briton is worth 5 dead Frenchmen, 20 dead Egyptians, 500 dead Indians and 1000 dead Chinese. (Mc Lurg’s law) Threshold A big story is one that has an extreme effect on a large number of people . Where the immediate effect of an event is more subtle, the threshold may be determined by the amount of money involved. Negativity Bad news is more exciting than good news. Bad news receives more attention because it shocks us and creates discussion. For instance, "what should be done about crime”? Unexpectedness If a dog bites a man, that's not news. But if a man bites a dog, that's news Elite nations, persons Stories concerned with global powers rich, powerful, famous and infamous persons receive more attention. Continuity A story that is already in the news gathers a kind of inertia. This is partly because the media organizations are already in place to report the story, and partly because previous reportage may have made the story more accessible to the public (making it less ambiguous) Source: Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_values !

Structure

who-what-when-where-why

5 methods for selecting sussessful topics Exclusive story : this is what your newspaper know s or publish es only. Anything can be a good story, if you are able to find the point that is relevant to your readers and you are able to make it emotional and add good photos. Find what is r elevan t : any hot issue of a small community or a small issue of a large community can be relevant to your readers. These issues can be used as sources for exclusive stories: take a definite position that provokes feedback from your readers. Stories from other media : feel free to pick up stories from other media and add your own additional infomation and illustration. Follow-up : go back to your stories that received significant public attention in the past and check what happened since th e n. Translations : search foreign news sites for stories that can be connected to something local. The more local connection you can find, the more emphasis can be give n to the story. Add your own information and feel free to completely rearrange the original article. Guidelines for working with sources The opponent party must also be interviewed. Avoid pure reporting of events. Do not let people use you as their spokesman or send a targeted message via your article. Before participating on press events, do a desktop research, be prepared and raise your questions. Think of your point of the story even before the event. Source: Editorial guidelines of Blikk, Hungary, manuscript document.

Exclusive story : this is what your newspaper know s or publish es only. Anything can be a good story, if you are able to find the point that is relevant to your readers and you are able to make it emotional and add good photos.

Find what is r elevan t : any hot issue of a small community or a small issue of a large community can be relevant to your readers. These issues can be used as sources for exclusive stories: take a definite position that provokes feedback from your readers.

Stories from other media : feel free to pick up stories from other media and add your own additional infomation and illustration.

Follow-up : go back to your stories that received significant public attention in the past and check what happened since th e n.

Translations : search foreign news sites for stories that can be connected to something local. The more local connection you can find, the more emphasis can be give n to the story. Add your own information and feel free to completely rearrange the original article.

Guidelines for working with sources

The opponent party must also be interviewed.

Avoid pure reporting of events.

Do not let people use you as their spokesman or send a targeted message via your article.

Before participating on press events, do a desktop research, be prepared and raise your questions. Think of your point of the story even before the event.

Channel-specific news values & challenges Think of examples! entertaining, visual Immediate information Links, references, clear source reference, fast News elaborated with additional information and sources. Values No way to re-read Inconvenient No word-by-word reading, just scrolling We start reading with images Usability Short shots, stories channel surfing Must be very fast, bandwith Aggregators, short sessions Deadline, page size Challenges Print daily Internet Mobile TV ?

Channel-specific news style Simple, easy-to-listen style. Short sentences, without facts. Shocking start, to call attention. Still images are used as slides. Quotations are not used in text. Text should not repeat the visuals. infoSMS (news alert): Based on the traditional „lead” style, short declarative sentences, facts only No „reporting” style and news back reference SMS-like abbreviations (HU: bp-i, Mo.), even if not exact Recommendations at the end Title: clear, short - no metaphors Lead: date, actual summary, not just to call for attention Body text - for scanning: short paragraphs, clear subheadings: one paragraph = one idea page length max. 1.5 screensize max. 1000 chars Link: limited number of good links, with meaningful text Telegraph style news is replaced by feature: facts and sources in short paragraphs. Style and layout goes back to telegraph news: a list of short, independent texts without context. A single paragraph only, concise wording, often without title and context. Features: longer, in-depth news articles. TV Mobile Internet Print daily

Simple, easy-to-listen style.

Short sentences, without facts.

Shocking start, to call attention.

Still images are used as slides.

Quotations are not used in text.

Text should not repeat the visuals.

infoSMS (news alert):

Based on the traditional „lead” style, short declarative sentences, facts only

No „reporting” style and news back reference

SMS-like abbreviations (HU: bp-i, Mo.), even if not exact

Recommendations at the end

Title: clear, short - no metaphors

Lead: date, actual summary, not just to call for attention

Body text - for scanning:

short paragraphs, clear subheadings:

one paragraph = one idea

page length max. 1.5 screensize

max. 1000 chars

Link: limited number of good links, with meaningful text

Telegraph style news is replaced by feature: facts and sources in short paragraphs.

Style and layout goes back to telegraph news: a list of short, independent texts without context.

A single paragraph only, concise wording, often without title and context.

Features: longer, in-depth news articles.

News structure on internet and mobile Title – It must be understandable without sub headings and images, because on the internet popular automatic news collecting services are copying only titles. Lead – Basic facts. Sometimes used as title page teaser. Max. one paragraph, used to sell the story. Development – Lead information should be resumed and detailed here. Short sentences, one paragraph contains only one idea. Sub headings must also be informative. Context – help s the reader to better understand the meaning of the provided information . Links – Must be inherent part of the article. The text of the links must be meaningful. SMS From: +36301234567 ------------------------------------------------- SPORT Facts. More facts and details. 150 chars, including promotion. SMS-like abbreviations.//brand Max. 1500-2000 chars Internet, WAP Inverted pyramid Lead Development Context

Display your readers’ selection Air force demotes Playboy poser The information world is led by tabloid topics. Even on the notorious ly serious BBC, the most popular pages are talking rather about emotion and popular stories than seriousness and politics. BBC: editor's version Actor denies child sex offences Viewers complain over Brits jokes BBC: reader's version 1 2 3 Most popular stories, 15th February 2007 Readers have full control over the selection of content.

Internet as a barometer of public opinion Sources: USA Today, http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/techinnovations/2004-12-01-chile-news_x.htm, Ringier Hungary Research Deptartment The example of Las Ultimas Noticias (LUN, Chile) In 2001 LUN installed a system whereby all clicks onto its website ( www.lun.com) were recorded for all in the newsroom to see. Those clicks drive the entire print content of next day LUN. If a certain story gets a lot of clicks, for example, that is a signal to the editors that the story should be followed up, and similar ones should be sought for the next day. The system offers a direct barometer of public opinion, much like the TV rating system. Results : 56% increase of circulation New groups of readers Jumped to top of market from 4th position Increased profit margin LUN became market leader in 3 years (Average circulation, in thousands) Web barometer installed

Results :

56% increase of circulation

New groups of readers

Jumped to top of market from 4th position

Increased profit margin

Crisis of news confidence A 2005 poll by the Pew Research Center reported that the percentage of Americans saying they can believe most of what they read in their daily newspaper dropped from 84 percent in 1985 to 54 percent in 2004. For televised news, whether broadcast or cable, the results are unfortunately similar. What is the cause of this apparent skepticism? Why has our trust in the news eroded while our cynicism about it seems to grow? One answer I’d suggest is that the explosion of information itself has overwhelmed us. […] …news, information comes to us from a staggering multiplicity of sources. Today, in the United States, there are about 1,700 daily and 6,800 weekly newspapers; more than 1,600 broadcast television stations; and nearly 8,500 cable systems. There are also some 13,000 radio stations, along with the newest development in radio technology, satellite radio services. Most of these media outlets, in some way or another, provide news as part of their daily fare; some of them are based on a 24-hour-a-day news model, often with other programming (often entertainment oriented) bracketing the newscasts. And that doesn’t even begin to count the web-based versions of all these media, along with the independent Internet … Source: Journalism’s crisis of confidence, A Report of Carnegie Corporation of New York, http://www.carnegie.org/pdf/journalism_crisis/journ_crisis_full.pdf . http://directory.google.com/Top/Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/News_and_Media/Newspapers /

„… credibility is important for Web users, since it is unclear who is behind information on the Web and whether a page can be trusted. Credibility can be increased by high-quality graphics, good writing, and use of outbound hypertext links. Links to other sites show that the authors have done their homework and are not afraid to let readers visit other sites. „ - Jakob Nielsen Source: How users read on the web http://www.useit.com/alertbox/9710a.html Readers do not trust a single source, therefore expect links to related stories and other background information. The possibility of comparing mainstream sources reinforces the credibility of news on the web. Newsreaders on the internet welcome mainstream journalism and expert openion, but same time wish to express their own view of the story

REPORTING, STORY JOURNALISM

Reporting and story - refresh your knowledge A mixed genre, in between the factual and opinion journalism : Usually about news Reports about events, their reasons. Includes interview with eyewitnesses, participants. May include journalist’s opinion about the events in a personal way. Literary style. Types : Investigation, based on some news Evaluation, analysis of social issues Event reporting, longer news story Historical, based on historical documents Source: Stark – Daniss, „Genres of Journalism”, manuscript, Népszabadság-Ringier Training Studio, 2006

A mixed genre, in between the factual and opinion journalism :

Usually about news

Reports about events, their reasons.

Includes interview with eyewitnesses, participants.

May include journalist’s opinion about the events in a personal way.

Literary style.

Types :

Investigation, based on some news

Evaluation, analysis of social issues

Event reporting, longer news story

Historical, based on historical documents

Story journalism in various channels Online video: Shoot tight Cut short and fast Reduce camera moves Further tips: Online Journalism Review http://www.ojr.org/ojr/wiki/video/ All internet reporting formats are available on mobile, but with limited quality. MMS: involve your reader in finding sources, ask them to send their photos, videos. Eg. in Blikk (HU), Compact (RO), Blesk (CZ) „ Sites such as CNN, the Washington Post and MSNBC.com are multimedia sites. They have text. They have video clips… But the main stories on these sites are often linear and produced in either text or video or audio to stand alone. … Rarely are video, text, still photos, audio and graphics integrated into the same story. ” Source: Knight New Media Center http://journalism.berkeley.edu/multimedia/course/choose/ With or without personal experience, factual or personal view included . Reporting with interpretation: news analysis. Reporter vs. correspondent: factual vs. added opinion. Investigative reporting: deep insight. Sport rep . is focused on scores. TV Mobile Internet Print

Online video:

Shoot tight

Cut short and fast

Reduce camera moves

Further tips: Online Journalism Review http://www.ojr.org/ojr/wiki/video/

All internet reporting formats are available on mobile, but with limited quality.

MMS: involve your reader in finding sources, ask them to send their photos, videos.

Eg. in Blikk (HU), Compact (RO), Blesk (CZ)

With or without personal experience, factual or personal view included .

Reporting with interpretation: news analysis.

Reporter vs. correspondent: factual vs. added opinion.

Investigative reporting: deep insight.

Sport rep . is focused on scores.

Guidelines for working with images >Visual supplements of the story 1. Make the story visual: besides photos try to include framed boxes, facsimiles, charts, logos and similar visual elements. 2. Mind the focus of your story. Do not burden it with irrelevant additions. If you insist on publishing some additional info, put them into a framed box. 3. Framed text is a good way to reinforce the story by listing further facts and data or comparing them. This helps the reader and makes the story more concrete. Also a useful tool to break the monotony of longer text-only pages. >Photo and the story Do your best to present the story also in photo, eg. in case of mass events the photos should show many people. Photos should suit to the general approach of the story. Eg. victims, murders, etc. should not smile on the photo. Journalist should closely cooperate with the photographer so that the photos can really support the text and add supplementary info. The title character of the story should appear on the main photo. The leading photo must be closely related to the event or location mentioned in the title. >Photo on the page Each page must contain at least one impage. If more than one photo is used on a page, their tone and content must be different: e.g. photo of men should be accompanied with that of women, portrait should go with full-size image, sad image with a happy one, etc. Caption should be closely related to the story, but still it must provide new and important details. If possible, the caption must include the name of persons represented, but a simple list of names is not enough.

Exercise: sourcing and writing news Below we describe a simple role play that can be used in teaching news sourcing and news writing for online and mobile services. Trainer or experienced journalist makes up a story about a breaking news event, eg. a major accident in the city. He acts as a spokesperson for various news sources: eg. police, ambulance, public transportation company, etc. Students act as news editors of some radio on news site and their task is to call the spokesperson and get information. They have to tell what kind of spokesperson they wish to speak to, introduce themselves and raise one question per call. This is an example: „I am calling city ambulance station. My name is Bill of the local radio. Please, give me information on the victims of the accident.” Trainer should simulate the respective spokesperson’s approach: „Our car has just arrived to the locality. Please, call five minutes later.” Even a local eyewitness can be simulated by the trainer. If students run out of ideas trainer should drop some information that provokes further questions. Trainer is recommended to indicate the number of questions on the blackboard in order to show the progress of the exercise. Trainer should define timing: eg. due to the programme schedule of the radio, sourcing must be completed in 20 minutes. After that students have 15 minutes to write the news story in maximum 6 to 8 sentences with a title of maximum 4 words. At the end of the exercise students read out their news story and the trainer evaluates them and gives further tips and advices. Advices should include guidelines for style, structure, phraseology. Police: I I I I Ambulance: II Fire patrol: II City transport: III Taxi company: I Blackboard is used to show the progress of the role play.

Below we describe a simple role play that can be used in teaching news sourcing and news writing for online and mobile services.

Trainer or experienced journalist makes up a story about a breaking news event, eg. a major accident in the city. He acts as a spokesperson for various news sources: eg. police, ambulance, public transportation company, etc.

Students act as news editors of some radio on news site and their task is to call the spokesperson and get information. They have to tell what kind of spokesperson they wish to speak to, introduce themselves and raise one question per call. This is an example: „I am calling city ambulance station. My name is Bill of the local radio. Please, give me information on the victims of the accident.”

Trainer should simulate the respective spokesperson’s approach: „Our car has just arrived to the locality. Please, call five minutes later.” Even a local eyewitness can be simulated by the trainer. If students run out of ideas trainer should drop some information that provokes further questions.

Trainer is recommended to indicate the number of questions on the blackboard in order to show the progress of the exercise.

Trainer should define timing: eg. due to the programme schedule of the radio, sourcing must be completed in 20 minutes. After that students have 15 minutes to write the news story in maximum 6 to 8 sentences with a title of maximum 4 words.

At the end of the exercise students read out their news story and the trainer evaluates them and gives further tips and advices. Advices should include guidelines for style, structure, phraseology.

Exercise: Create news story in 3 versions In 1972 the Watergate story was published in the print daily Washington Post. The story was written on typewriter and published only in print. Use the original article and create versions for web, WAP and SMS. Consider changing the structure, length, adding links, etc. GOP Security Aide Among 5 Arrested in Bugging Affair By Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein Washington Post Staff Writers June 19, 1972 One of the five men arrested early Saturday in the attempt to bug the Democratic National Committee headquarters is the salaried security coordinator for President Nixon’s reelection committee. The suspect, former CIA employee James W. McCord Jr., 53, also holds a separate contract to provide security services to the Republican National Committee, GOP national chairman Bob Dole said yesterday… Read the original article here: Washintgon Post http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/longterm/tours/scandal/watergat.htm. Source: University of Texas, http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/online/woodstein / Famous print article from the past

Exercise: create news story in 3 versions Write a news article in 3 versions: internet, WAP, SMS. (The story might be based on a citizen video of a public riot or other event of interest.) Do you have a standard procedure? Follow this: Rank the available items of information by importance, not by chronological order Make the text concise, omit info without importance Add background info, if space-time allows Create a short, clear title Post each version on the weblog of the course. Source: YouTube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kAZAMKAnBaE Your own story

Write a news article in 3 versions: internet, WAP, SMS. (The story might be based on a citizen video of a public riot or other event of interest.)

Do you have a standard procedure? Follow this:

Rank the available items of information by importance, not by chronological order

Make the text concise, omit info without importance

Add background info, if space-time allows

Create a short, clear title

Post each version on the weblog of the course.

Multimedia storytelling Magazin sites, microsites Based on desktop research and storyboard „ Back-pack” journalism, reporter driven Short text, mostly photo and video only. Dominated by a single style Eg. Kevin Sites’s war reports (see later) or Picture-Projects ( http://www.picture-projects.com/) Newspaper websites Often based on a news feature story. Editor driven, multiple sources Links to external content Calls for reader interaction and content E.g. Washington Post multimedia series (see later) level of multimedia integration Source: Multimedia Reporting and Convergence by Jane Stevens http://journalism.berkeley.edu/multimedia/course/choose/ Tools: Video camera, PC-based video editor Voice recorder, sound editor Digital still camera, image editor Web editor tool Multimedia story-telling is not an omnipotent tools: fits best for process descriptons and for presenting new conceptual information . More: http://www.poynterextra.org/eyetrack2004/main.htm

Magazin sites, microsites

Based on desktop research and storyboard

„ Back-pack” journalism, reporter driven

Short text, mostly photo and video only.

Dominated by a single style

Eg. Kevin Sites’s war reports (see later) or Picture-Projects ( http://www.picture-projects.com/)

Newspaper websites

Often based on a news feature story.

Editor driven, multiple sources

Links to external content

Calls for reader interaction and content

E.g. Washington Post multimedia series (see later)

Tools:

Video camera, PC-based video editor

Voice recorder, sound editor

Digital still camera, image editor

Web editor tool

Investing in multimedia Before undertaking any large story project be sure to ask: Who is the target audience for this story? What do we hope to accomplish in telling this story to them? Then use this decision-tool to see which approach to storytelling is best supported by the research in these studies: Does the story concern elaborate or unfamiliar processes / procedures? Yes – 1 point No – no points Is the level of interest in the topic high enough that people would be willing to figure out story navigation? Yes – 1 point No – no points Does the story have value beyond the first few weeks? Is it likely to be a topic in the news again? Yes – 1 point No – no points Is entertaining the audience more important than simply informing? Yes – 1 point No – no points Is it important that the audience be able to recall specific facts from the story? Yes – no points No – 1 point If the story is told in separate components, it is essential that all the components be viewed by the audience? Yes – no points No – 1 point Do you hope the audience recalls where they saw the information? Yes – 1 point No – no points If you get five or more points, then you should strongly consider an interactive story approach. Source: Online Journalism Review, http://www.ojr.org/ojr/stories/070210ruel/

Before undertaking any large story project be sure to ask:

Who is the target audience for this story?

What do we hope to accomplish in telling this story to them?

Then use this decision-tool to see which approach to storytelling is best supported by the research in these studies:

Does the story concern elaborate or unfamiliar processes / procedures?

Yes – 1 point

No – no points

Is the level of interest in the topic high enough that people would be willing to figure out story navigation?

Yes – 1 point

No – no points

Does the story have value beyond the first few weeks? Is it likely to be a topic in the news again?

Yes – 1 point

No – no points

Is entertaining the audience more important than simply informing?

Yes – 1 point

No – no points

Is it important that the audience be able to recall specific facts from the story?

Yes – no points

No – 1 point

If the story is told in separate components, it is essential that all the components be viewed by the audience?

Yes – no points

No – 1 point

Do you hope the audience recalls where they saw the information?

Yes – 1 point

No – no points

If you get five or more points, then you should strongly consider an interactive story approach.

Multimedia report of a newspaper site Several journalists Videos Image gallery Soundbites Voting Mix of new and archive Communicates with readers Dossie-like updates Traditional and multimedia journalism edited together: Washington Post: Being a Black Man http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/metro/interactives/blackmen/blackmen.html

Several journalists

Videos

Image gallery

Soundbites

Voting

Mix of new and archive

Communicates with readers

Dossie-like updates

Independent multimedia reports Kevin Sites’s war reports http://hotzone.yahoo.com/ Single author: single style Video and photo dominates Reduced interactions Story-board „ Backpack” journalist: Tools: Video camera, PC-based video editor Voice recorder, sound editor Digital still camera, image editor Web editor tool

Single author: single style

Video and photo dominates

Reduced interactions

Story-board

Tools:

Video camera, PC-based video editor

Voice recorder, sound editor

Digital still camera, image editor

Web editor tool

Exercise: questions to a video journalist Travis Fox is an Emmy-nominated video journalist of washingtonpost.com Watch some of Trevis Fox’s best videos, then guess his replies to the below questions. The videos are available on washingtonpost.com (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/photo/bestofthepost/foxtravis/index.html) D o you frame shots differently for the Web and for TV, or do you work with the same material for both? Do you cut it differently for TV than you do for the Web? What new ways of conveying a news story have you tried ? What about the role of video journalist within the paper and Website? Are there compelling pieces like that that you decide not to cover? What impact do you expect from technical changes? Trevis answered the above questions in an interview. Check your guesses on the following pages. ?

Watch some of Trevis Fox’s best videos, then guess his replies to the below questions. The videos are available on washingtonpost.com (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/photo/bestofthepost/foxtravis/index.html)

D o you frame shots differently for the Web and for TV, or do you work with the same material for both?

Do you cut it differently for TV than you do for the Web?

What new ways of conveying a news story have you tried ?

What about the role of video journalist within the paper and Website?

Are there compelling pieces like that that you decide not to cover?

What impact do you expect from technical changes?

Source: Online Journalism Review http://www.ojr.org/ojr/stories/600916Junnarkar D o you frame shots differently for the Web and for TV, or do you work with the same material for both? T he video screen is smaller on the computer monitor, therefore we should shoot tighter . But shooting tight is a good technique, whether you are shooting for television or for film. People typically sit closer to their computer screens than to their televisions, so proportionally the Web video looks bigger. I don't think it makes any difference… . you should have everything on a tripod to be stable because any sort of camera shake would cause the pixels to be refreshed, which would slow down your processor, Do you cut it differently for TV than you do for the Web? On television you want it to be fast moving because you don't want anyone to click on their remote control and go to the next channel, right? You want to keep their attention all the time. Whereas on the web you don't want someone to go to a different Website. Obviously you want it to be tight and you want it to be fast moving. What new ways of conveying a news story have you tried ? T ook the various media and combined them in a way that was logical , using a blog for user feedback and conversation; using the panoramas to give you a sense of place; and using videos to give you a sense of people, the character, the location, and then combing the two to give you a full picture of the story… .. a good model--not covering news on a day in and day out basis but the kind of stories that have legs and can go on for several weeks , several months, several years even .

D o you frame shots differently for the Web and for TV, or do you work with the same material for both? T he video screen is smaller on the computer monitor, therefore we should shoot tighter . But shooting tight is a good technique, whether you are shooting for television or for film. People typically sit closer to their computer screens than to their televisions, so proportionally the Web video looks bigger. I don't think it makes any difference… . you should have everything on a tripod to be stable because any sort of camera shake would cause the pixels to be refreshed, which would slow down your processor,

Do you cut it differently for TV than you do for the Web? On television you want it to be fast moving because you don't want anyone to click on their remote control and go to the next channel, right? You want to keep their attention all the time. Whereas on the web you don't want someone to go to a different Website. Obviously you want it to be tight and you want it to be fast moving.

What new ways of conveying a news story have you tried ? T ook the various media and combined them in a way that was logical , using a blog for user feedback and conversation; using the panoramas to give you a sense of place; and using videos to give you a sense of people, the character, the location, and then combing the two to give you a full picture of the story… .. a good model--not covering news on a day in and day out basis but the kind of stories that have legs and can go on for several weeks , several months, several years even .

What about the role of video journalist within the paper and Website? We don't want them to turn into television reporters, obviously. … we want to give them the time that they need to do newspaper reporting. But we want to be able to leverage their expertise into the video. Are there compelling pieces that you decide not to cover? Certain stories are better in video but not so good in still pictures. And some stories are tough to do in either medium… . A story about the new budget on Capital Hill would probably be tough to do in either stills or a video. That would be more of a print story or a Flash graphics story. What impact do you expect from technical changes? What's really going to be exciting is the Internet as a delivery means not as an end media. For us to really compete with television, we have to get our videos to your living room television screen. Because no matter how good it is on the computer it's never going to be as good as when it's on your TV or when it's on your high-definition plasma screen, right? Illustration only. (From the demonstration of Microsoft WindowsXP Media Center Edition)

What about the role of video journalist within the paper and Website? We don't want them to turn into television reporters, obviously. … we want to give them the time that they need to do newspaper reporting. But we want to be able to leverage their expertise into the video.

Are there compelling pieces that you decide not to cover? Certain stories are better in video but not so good in still pictures. And some stories are tough to do in either medium… . A story about the new budget on Capital Hill would probably be tough to do in either stills or a video. That would be more of a print story or a Flash graphics story.

What impact do you expect from technical changes? What's really going to be exciting is the Internet as a delivery means not as an end media. For us to really compete with television, we have to get our videos to your living room television screen. Because no matter how good it is on the computer it's never going to be as good as when it's on your TV or when it's on your high-definition plasma screen, right?

INTERVIEW

Refresh your knowledge What is an interview? An interview is a conversation between two people who often have different aims. The interviewer is looking for something that will interest his audience. The interviewee may be trying to make a particular point. The best interviews elicit the sort of answers that satisfy both these aims. Basic types of interview The news interview - this is where the reporter just wants the facts. Perhaps you've just witnessed a car accident or an armed robbery. The questions you will be asked are factual ones: Who, Where, When and What happened? The information interview - this is an amalgam of facts and opinions. Perhaps you have been invited to give your views on a social or ethical issue. More time is spent on answering questions such as: How and Why? The in-depth interview - this is usually done completely on the interviewee's wavelength. These interviews deal with very personal matters, for instance, celebrity interviews or people with a story to tell. Recommendations: - questions should not be too general; - several questions should not be put at the same time; - should not be too long; - should not trigger "yes" or "no" answers; - should not suggest the answer; - should not be hypothetical or rhetoric. Questions such as: "What do you think about...?", "What do you have to say about...?", "What is new in...?", "What do you have to add?" are considered inappropriate. Source: Diocese of Ely http://www.ely.anglican.org/news_events/radio_tv_interview.html

What is an interview?

An interview is a conversation between two people who often have different aims.

The interviewer is looking for something that will interest his audience.

The interviewee may be trying to make a particular point.

The best interviews elicit the sort of answers that satisfy both these aims.

Basic types of interview

The news interview - this is where the reporter just wants the facts. Perhaps you've just witnessed a car accident or an armed robbery. The questions you will be asked are factual ones: Who, Where, When and What happened?

The information interview - this is an amalgam of facts and opinions. Perhaps you have been invited to give your views on a social or ethical issue. More time is spent on answering questions such as: How and Why?

The in-depth interview - this is usually done completely on the interviewee's wavelength. These interviews deal with very personal matters, for instance, celebrity interviews or people with a story to tell.

Online interview? educationtalk.guardian.co.uk washingtonpost.com Journalist acts as moderator Readers’ voice is anonymous and direct Interviewee and interviewer are overdominated by readers Users’ questions received in advance and realtime

Journalist acts as moderator

Readers’ voice is anonymous and direct

Interviewee and interviewer are overdominated by readers

Users’ questions received in advance and realtime

Choose a hot topic of your forums. All communities have their own heated debates. This can either be politics, lifestye, ethics or any kind of every-day issue. Invite a person who is famous and has got a definite view in this debate, but open to alternative views. Prepare your guest to very straight questions and recommend him or her to give at least a short reply to as many questions as possible. Announce the interview in advance, you may even use a teaser campaign for this within the forum and ask the members to collect and post their questions. Make the arrangements in a way that your guest arrives at least an hour before the announced time of the online interview. Use this time to show the guest the preliminary questions arranged by the main topics. Use a web camera and ensure a typist whose only task is to type the guest’s answer. During the interview when you post a question, mention all the members who posted questions in this topic. Do not forget that you are only a moderator, the interview is actually run by the members of the forum. Filter only the most extreme and intolerable notes which are against the constitution. Posts that are aggressive but not against law, should not be filtered out, but ignored in the interview. After the interview immediately start to work on an edited version of the text. Reverse the order of comments to serve those who did not have a chance to follow the interview live. Ask your guest to follow up the forum for a while and add comments if needed. 9 points of a successful online interview :

Choose a hot topic of your forums. All communities have their own heated debates. This can either be politics, lifestye, ethics or any kind of every-day issue.

Invite a person who is famous and has got a definite view in this debate, but open to alternative views.

Prepare your guest to very straight questions and recommend him or her to give at least a short reply to as many questions as possible.

Announce the interview in advance, you may even use a teaser campaign for this within the forum and ask the members to collect and post their questions.

Make the arrangements in a way that your guest arrives at least an hour before the announced time of the online interview. Use this time to show the guest the preliminary questions arranged by the main topics. Use a web camera and ensure a typist whose only task is to type the guest’s answer.

During the interview when you post a question, mention all the members who posted questions in this topic. Do not forget that you are only a moderator, the interview is actually run by the members of the forum.

Filter only the most extreme and intolerable notes which are against the constitution. Posts that are aggressive but not against law, should not be filtered out, but ignored in the interview.

After the interview immediately start to work on an edited version of the text. Reverse the order of comments to serve those who did not have a chance to follow the interview live.

Ask your guest to follow up the forum for a while and add comments if needed.

COMMENTARY

Blog : a website created in less than 5 minutes What is a blog? A blog is a free easy-to-use web site, where everybody can quickly post thoughts, comments and interact with people . Unlike some years ago, today’s technology enables everybody to install its own site very easily. Users or journalists are free to develop, improve and animate their personal blog. Blogging has become a new media and communication tool. A blog i s a personal diary. A daily pulpit. A collaborative space. A political soapbox. A breaking-news outlet. A collection of links. Your own private thoughts. Memos to the world . http://www.blogger.com

What is a blog?

A blog is a free easy-to-use web site, where everybody can quickly post thoughts, comments and interact with people .

Unlike some years ago, today’s technology enables everybody to install its own site very easily.

Users or journalists are free to develop, improve and animate their personal blog.

Journalist blog – the example of Compact (RO) Name and picture of the blogger, Horia, editor in chief of Compact, RO. Editors of Compact, with their own blogs. Short, personal commentary pointing out to a debated issue. Display the blog in a good position in your menu. Readers can comment the article of Horia. You can read the full debate about the topic. If Horia feels it necessary, he answers readers’ comments. http://compact.info.ro

What is a blog? Blogs are not newspapers Many bloggers differentiate themselves from the mainstream media, while others are members of that media working through a different channel. Some institutions see blogging as a means of "getting around the filter" and pushing messages directly to the public. Some critics worry that bloggers respect neither copyright nor the role of the mass media in presenting society with credible news. Blogs are not only diaries Blogs often provide commentary or news and information on a particular subject, such as food, politics, or local news; some function as more personal online diaries. A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs, web pages, and other media related to its topic. Blogs may help journalists Bloggers' credibility problem, however, can be an advantage for the bloggers and for the mainstream journalists who take an interest in them. News organizations are sometimes reluctant to tell stories that will upset important people. But when bloggers or activists make sensational claims, then they become stories themselves, and journalists can use them as cover for reporting the underlying scandals. Blogs should be part of newspaper sites Many mainstream journalists, meanwhile, write their own blogs -- well over 300, according to CyberJournalist.net's J-blog list. Requires regular activity. Source: Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog http://www.nolblog.hu/

Blogs are not newspapers Many bloggers differentiate themselves from the mainstream media, while others are members of that media working through a different channel. Some institutions see blogging as a means of "getting around the filter" and pushing messages directly to the public. Some critics worry that bloggers respect neither copyright nor the role of the mass media in presenting society with credible news.

Blogs are not only diaries Blogs often provide commentary or news and information on a particular subject, such as food, politics, or local news; some function as more personal online diaries. A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs, web pages, and other media related to its topic.

Blogs may help journalists Bloggers' credibility problem, however, can be an advantage for the bloggers and for the mainstream journalists who take an interest in them. News organizations are sometimes reluctant to tell stories that will upset important people. But when bloggers or activists make sensational claims, then they become stories themselves, and journalists can use them as cover for reporting the underlying scandals.

Blogs should be part of newspaper sites Many mainstream journalists, meanwhile, write their own blogs -- well over 300, according to CyberJournalist.net's J-blog list. Requires regular activity.

Blog content vs. newspaper content Newspaper sites Blog sites „ 66% of people maintaining blogs don't label their acts as journalism. The other 34% considered their blogging as journalism because they engage in journalistic functions like fact-checking and linking to sources…” Source: Pew Internet Project http://www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/186/report_display.asp ) News, factual report Commentary, diary report Newspaper sites are dominated by news and factual reports, even though they include some commentary as well. Whereas blogs are mostly used for personal self-expression, even if not exclusively. See more on blogs and news on page X

Participation inequality In most online communities, 90% of users are lurkers who never contribute, 9% of users contribute a little, and 1% of users account for almost all the action. There are about 1.1 billion Internet users, yet only 55 million users (5%) have weblogs according to Technorati. Worse, there are only 1.6 million postings per day; because some people post multiple times per day, only 0.1% of users post daily . Although participation will always be somewhat unequal, there are ways to better equalize it, including: Make it easier to contribute Make participation a side effect, eg. in Amazon: „people who bought this book, bought these other books as well” Reward – but do not ower-reward participants. Promote quality contributors. Source: Nielsen, Participation Inequality http://www.useit.com/alertbox/participation_inequality.html

In most online communities, 90% of users are lurkers who never contribute, 9% of users contribute a little, and 1% of users account for almost all the action.

There are about 1.1 billion Internet users, yet only 55 million users (5%) have weblogs according to Technorati. Worse, there are only 1.6 million postings per day; because some people post multiple times per day, only 0.1% of users post daily .

Although participation will always be somewhat unequal, there are ways to better equalize it, including:

Make it easier to contribute

Make participation a side effect, eg. in Amazon: „people who bought this book, bought these other books as well”

Reward – but do not ower-reward participants.

Promote quality contributors.

Long tail: even the smallest counts O ur culture and economy is shifting away from a focus on a relatively small number of "hits" (mainstream products and markets) at the head of the demand curve and toward a huge number of niches in the tail. As the costs of production and distribution fall, especially online, there is now less need to lump products and consumers into one-size-fits-all containers. Source: Chris Anderson http:// www.thelongtail.com Long Tail The importance of niche markets is growing in the new economy. We have to be present with products on both side of the curve. Big hits provide high visibility, on the long tail side the newspaper will generate loyalty. User generated content, citizen journalism, blogs are on the long tail. None of these services will generate big hits, but will tie readers to our brands. In the head of this diagram we have to see the articles written by journalists.

Long Tail

The importance of niche markets is growing in the new economy. We have to be present with products on both side of the curve. Big hits provide high visibility, on the long tail side the newspaper will generate loyalty.

User generated content, citizen journalism, blogs are on the long tail. None of these services will generate big hits, but will tie readers to our brands. In the head of this diagram we have to see the articles written by journalists.

Exercise: concise wording Be as consice as possible with your commentaries on the internet and follow the rules of news style. Classroom exercise for three groups : each group reads one version of the attached article and tries to answer the below questions. Measure the time required for the answers. Which group will be the first and why? Questions for the Hungarian story: Melyik ételösszetevő nincs a tiltólistán? A) Margarin B) Sütőolaj C) Tojás D) Szósz Mi a zsírmentes ételek bevezetésének utolsó határideje? A) 2007. jan. 1 B) 2007. júl. 1. C) 2008. márc. 30. D) 2008. júl. 1. Mi a chicagói tervezet különlegessége? A) Csak a főzőzsírt tiltja be, a margarint engedélyezi B) A margarint tiltja, a főzőzsírt engedélyezi C) Jövedelemhez köti a tiltást D) Krumplisütéshez engedi a zsírok használatát Source of the original HU story: Origo / Női lapozó http://www.origo.hu/noilapozo/eletmod/20060929veszelyben.html

Be as consice as possible with your commentaries on the internet and follow the rules of news style.

Classroom exercise for three groups : each group reads one version of the attached article and tries to answer the below questions. Measure the time required for the answers. Which group will be the first and why?

Tilos lesz a hamburger, mint a cigi? Ahogyan néhány éve betiltották a dohányzást New York éttermeiben, hamarosan egy legalább olyan veszélyes dolog kerülhet tiltólistára - az egészségügyi szakemberek ugyanis betiltanák a zsír egy bizonyos típusát is. A napokban New York-i egészségügyi szervezetek egy olyan tervezetet hoztak nyilvánosságra, amely alapján megtiltanák a város 24 600 éttermében dolgozó szakácsnak, hogy az artériákat veszélyeztető alapanyagokat, elsősorban hidrogenizált zsírt használjanak az ételekhez - adta hírül az MSNBC internetes hírportál. Azok az éttermek pedig, amelyek megszegik az előírásokat - például egy olyan mártást szolgálnak fel, amelyben "rossz" típusú zsírok vannak -, tetemes bírságot is kaphatnak a tervezet szerint. Ezek a mesterséges zsírsavak leginkább krémekben és szószokban találhatók, valamint olyan sütőolajokban és margarinokban, amelyeket a legnépszerűbb ételek elkészítéséhez használnak: ilyen olajban sütik a krumplit és a jellegzetes amerikai fánkot. Az orvosok egyetértenek abban, hogy ezek a zsírsavak még a legkisebb mennyiségben is egészségtelenek, de a New York-i éttermek szövetségének szóvivője szerint az a terv, hogy egy teljesen törvényes és elfogadott hozzávalót betiltanak, "egyszerre elképesztő és nevetséges". "Ezek a zsírok és olajok amerikai háztartások millióiban megtalálhatóak" - mondta Chuck Hunt, az éttermek szövetségének alelnöke az MSNBC-nek. - "Teljesen helyénvaló dolog, hogy feltüntetik az ételek tápanyag-összetételét a csomagolásokon, de az, hogy ki akarnak tiltani egy ilyen népszerű és gyakori összetevőt, elfogadhatatlan." Hunt hozzátette, hogy egy ilyen tervezet megvalósulása káoszhoz vezetne: a szakácsoknak el kellene hagynia a régi, népszerű recepteket, és szinte teljesen át kellene alakítaniuk a süteménysütési szokásokat. A legnagyobb gondban valószínűleg a nagy, népszerű étteremláncok lesznek, ha megvalósul a tervezet: ezek a gyorséttermek szinte kivétel nélkül használnak káros zsírokat az ételek elkészítéséhez, a hús-, a krumpli- vagy éppen a fánksütéshez - írja az MSNBC. Zsírmentes életet! Thomas Friedkin New York állam egészségügyi megbízottja azt ugyan elismerte, hogy a tervezet és a káros zsírok betiltása komoly kihívás elé állítja az éttermeket, de azt is hozzátette, hogy ezeket a zsírokat könnyedén lehet helyettesíteni növényi olajokkal, amelyek sokkal egészségesebbek és talán finomabbak is, mit a zsír. "Ezek a zsírsavak feleslegesek, veszélyesek és egészségtelenek" - mondta Friedkin az MSNBC-nek. - "Senki nem hiányolja majd őket, ha egyszer eltűnnek az éttermekből." Az orvosok véleménye is hasonló: Dr. Walter Willett, a Harvard Étkezéstudományi Tanszékének elnöke üdvözölte a kezdeményezést. "Ez a rendelet életeket menthet" - mondta Willett - "A mesterséges transz zsírok nagyon mérgezőek, és évente több száz ember idő előtti halálában játszhatnak szerepet. A kormányzatnak már korábban be kellett volna vezetnie azt a rendeletet." Mindenki érdeke A New York-i tervezetben meglehetősen szoros határidőket szabtak az éttermeknek: 2007. július elsejéig meg kell szabadulniuk minden olyan főzőolajtól, margarintól és szósztól, amely mesterséges transz zsírsavat tartalmaz. 2008. július elsejére pedig egyáltalán nem lehet olyan ételt felszolgálni, amely a kifogásolt zsírokat tartalmazza. Ez a szabályozás nem érinti az élelmiszerboltokat, és azokat az ételeket (húsféléket és tejtermékeket), amelyekben minimális mennyiség megtalálható ezekből a zsírokból. Chicagóban hasonló tervezetet nyújtottak be, és a mai napig folynak róla a tárgyalások - annak ellenére, hogy a legtöbben úgy gondolták, csak nevetéseges és szükségtelen kormányzati túlbuzgóságról van szó. A chicagói terv ráadásul csak azokkal a cégekkel szemben alkalmazna szankciókat, amelyek éves jövedelme túllép egy bizonyos összeghatárt. Így a tervezet legnagyobb vesztesei itt is a nagy étteremláncok lennének. Vannak azonban olyan étteremláncok, amelyek még a tervezet benyújtása előtt, maguk döntött úgy, hogy nem használnak többet transz zsírokat az ételek elkészítéséhez: új, növényi eredetű olajokat használnak a krumplisütéshez és olyan szószokat kínálnak a vendégeknek, amelyek összetétele egészségesebb a korábbinál. A legnagyobb étteremlánc, a McDonald's először Dániában kezdett el transz zsírtól mentes olajokat használni a krumplisütéshez, miután a skandináv ország betiltotta ennek a zsírsavnak a használatát az éttermekben felszolgált ételekben. "A McDonald's nagyon jól tudja, hogy milyen fontos is ez az ügy az emberek egészségének megőrzése szempontjából" - mondta Walt Riker, a cég kommunikációs igazgatója egy közleményben. - "Mindent megteszünk azért, hogy még tovább csökkenthessük a transz zsírok mennyiségét az ételeinkben." Tegyük hozzá: nem csoda, hogy a McDonald's megpróbál jó fényben feltűnni az ügy kapcsán, az utóbbi években ugyanis rengeteg támadás érte az étteremláncot az egészségtelen étkezési kultúra kialakulásában való felelősségéért. [origo] Original story: 5000 characters

Exercise (cont.) Shortened - facts, with minimal reporting Tilos lesz a hamburger, mint a cigi? Ahogyan néhány éve betiltották a dohányzást New York éttermeiben, hamarosan egy legalább olyan veszélyes dolog kerülhet tiltólistára - az egészségügyi szakemberek ugyanis betiltanák a zsír egy bizonyos típusát is. New Yorkban bírsággal súlytanák azokat az éttermeket, melyek az artériákat veszélyeztető alapanyagokat, elsősorban hidrogenizált zsírt használnak az ételekhez. Ezek a mesterséges zsírsavak leginkább krémekben és szószokban találhatók, valamint olyan sütőolajokban és margarinokban, amelyeket a legnépszerűbb ételek elkészítéséhez használnak. Ezek a zsírsavak még a legkisebb mennyiségben is egészségtelenek, de a New York-i éttermek szövetségének szóvivője szerint az a terv, hogy egy teljesen törvényes és elfogadott hozzávalót betiltanak, "egyszerre elképesztő és nevetséges". "Helyénvaló dolog, hogy feltüntetik az ételek tápanyag-összetételét a csomagolásokon, de az, hogy ki akarnak tiltani egy ilyen népszerű összetevőt, elfogadhatatlan." A szóvivő szerint ez káoszhoz vezetne: a szakácsoknak el kellene hagyni a régi, népszerű recepteket. A legnagyobb gondban a népszerű étteremláncok lesznek: ezek a gyorséttermek szinte kivétel nélkül használnak káros zsírokat az ételek elkészítéséhez. Egészségügyi szempontból Thomas Friedkin New York állam egészségügyi megbízottja elismerte, hogy a tervezet és a káros zsírok betiltása komoly kihívás elé állítja az éttermeket, de azt is hozzátette, hogy ezeket a zsírokat könnyedén lehet helyettesíteni egészségesebb növényi olajokkal. Az orvosok véleménye is hasonló: Dr. Walter Willett, a Harvard Étkezéstudományi Tanszékének elnöke üdvözölte a kezdeményezést. "Ez a rendelet életeket menthet" - mondta Willett - "A mesterséges transz zsírok nagyon mérgezőek, és évente több száz ember idő előtti halálában játszhatnak szerepet. A kormányzatnak már korábban be kellett volna vezetnie azt a rendeletet." Végrehajtási határidők A tervezetben szoros határidőket szabtak az éttermeknek: 2007. július elsejéig meg kell szabadulniuk minden olyan főzőolajtól, margarintól és szósztól, amely mesterséges transz zsírsavat tartalmaz. 2008. július elsejére pedig egyáltalán nem lehet olyan ételt felszolgálni, amely a kifogásolt zsírokat tartalmazza. Ez a szabályozás nem érinti az élelmiszerboltokat, és azokat az ételeket (húsféléket és tejtermékeket), amelyekben minimális mennyiség található ezekből a zsírokból. Chicagóban hasonló tervezetet nyújtottak be, és a mai napig folynak róla a tárgyalások. A chicagói terv csak azokkal a cégekkel szemben alkalmazna szankciókat, amelyek éves jövedelme túllép egy bizonyos összeghatárt. Vannak azonban olyan étteremláncok, amelyek maguk döntöttek úgy, hogy nem használnak többet transz zsírokat az ételek elkészítéséhez. A legnagyobb étteremlánc, a McDonald's először Dániában kezdett el transz zsírtól mentes olajokat használni a krumplisütéshez, miután a skandináv ország betiltotta ennek a zsírsavnak a használatát az éttermekben felszolgált ételekben. Tegyük hozzá: nem csoda, hogy a McDonald's megpróbál jó fényben feltűnni az ügy kapcsán, az utóbbi években ugyanis rengeteg támadás érte az étteremláncot az egészségtelen étkezési kultúra kialakulásában való felelősségéért. [origo - MSNBC alapján] Shortened, mostly facts 3200 characters

Tilos lesz a hamburger, mint a cigi? Ahogyan néhány éve betiltották a dohányzást New York éttermeiben, hamarosan egy legalább olyan veszélyes dolog kerülhet tiltólistára - az egészségügyi szakemberek ugyanis betiltanák a zsír egy bizonyos típusát is. New Yorkban bírsággal súlytanák azokat az éttermeket, melyek az artériákat veszélyeztető alapanyagokat, elsősorban hidrogenizált zsírt használnak az ételekhez. Mesterséges zsírsavak találhatóak: krémekben, szószokban, sütőolajokban, margarinokban A tervezettel kapcsolatos vélemények: A New York-i éttermek szövetsége: „Elképesztő és nevetséges. Káoszhoz vezetne, a szakácsoknak el kellene hagyni a régi, népszerű recepteket.” New York állam egészségügyi megbízottja: „Ezeket a zsírokat könnyedén lehet helyettesíteni egészségesebb növényi olajokkal .” Dr. Walter Willett, a Harvard Étkezéstudományi Tanszékének elnöke: "A mesterséges transz zsírok nagyon mérgezőek, és évente több száz ember idő előtti halálában játszhatnak szerepet. A kormányzatnak már korábban be kellett volna vezetnie azt a rendeletet." A legnagyobb gondban a népszerű étteremláncok lesznek: ezek a gyorséttermek szinte kivétel nélkül használnak káros zsírokat az ételek elkészítéséhez. Chicagoi változat Chicagóban hasonló tervezetet nyújtottak be, és a mai napig folynak róla a tárgyalások. A chicagói terv csak azokkal a cégekkel szemben alkalmazna szankciókat, amelyek éves jövedelme túllép egy bizonyos összeghatárt. Vannak azonban olyan étteremláncok, amelyek maguk döntöttek úgy, hogy nem használnak többet transz zsírokat. A McDonald's először Dániában kezdett el transz zsírtól mentes olajokat használni a krumplisütéshez, miután a skandináv ország betiltotta ennek a zsírsavnak a használatát az éttermekben felszolgált ételekben. Tegyük hozzá: nem csoda, hogy a McDonald's megpróbál jó fényben feltűnni az ügy kapcsán, az utóbbi években ugyanis rengeteg támadás érte az étteremláncot az egészségtelen étkezési kultúra kialakulásában való felelősségéért. [origo - MSNBC alapján] Shortened, scannable version 2500 characters Végrehajtás 2007. július 1-re : az éttermeknek meg kell szabadulniuk minden olyan főzőolajtól, margarintól és szósztól, amely mesterséges transz zsírsavat tartalmaz. 2008. július 1 után : nem lehet olyan ételt felszolgálni, amely a kifogásolt zsírokat tartalmazza. Ez a szabályozás nem érinti az élelmiszerboltokat, és azokat az ételeket (húsféléket és tejtermékeket), amelyekben minimális mennyiség található ezekből a zsírokból.

Tilos lesz a hamburger, mint a cigi?

Ahogyan néhány éve betiltották a dohányzást New York éttermeiben, hamarosan egy legalább olyan veszélyes dolog kerülhet tiltólistára - az egészségügyi szakemberek ugyanis betiltanák a zsír egy bizonyos típusát is.

New Yorkban bírsággal súlytanák azokat az éttermeket, melyek az artériákat veszélyeztető alapanyagokat, elsősorban hidrogenizált zsírt használnak az ételekhez.

Mesterséges zsírsavak találhatóak:

krémekben,

szószokban,

sütőolajokban,

margarinokban

A tervezettel kapcsolatos vélemények:

A New York-i éttermek szövetsége: „Elképesztő és nevetséges. Káoszhoz vezetne, a szakácsoknak el kellene hagyni a régi, népszerű recepteket.”

New York állam egészségügyi megbízottja: „Ezeket a zsírokat könnyedén lehet helyettesíteni egészségesebb növényi olajokkal .”

Dr. Walter Willett, a Harvard Étkezéstudományi Tanszékének elnöke: "A mesterséges transz zsírok nagyon mérgezőek, és évente több száz ember idő előtti halálában játszhatnak szerepet. A kormányzatnak már korábban be kellett volna vezetnie azt a rendeletet."

A legnagyobb gondban a népszerű étteremláncok lesznek: ezek a gyorséttermek szinte kivétel nélkül használnak káros zsírokat az ételek elkészítéséhez.

Chicagoi változat

Chicagóban hasonló tervezetet nyújtottak be, és a mai napig folynak róla a tárgyalások. A chicagói terv csak azokkal a cégekkel szemben alkalmazna szankciókat, amelyek éves jövedelme túllép egy bizonyos összeghatárt.

Vannak azonban olyan étteremláncok, amelyek maguk döntöttek úgy, hogy nem használnak többet transz zsírokat.

A McDonald's először Dániában kezdett el transz zsírtól mentes olajokat használni a krumplisütéshez, miután a skandináv ország betiltotta ennek a zsírsavnak a használatát az éttermekben felszolgált ételekben.

Tegyük hozzá: nem csoda, hogy a McDonald's megpróbál jó fényben feltűnni az ügy kapcsán, az utóbbi években ugyanis rengeteg támadás érte az étteremláncot az egészségtelen étkezési kultúra kialakulásában való felelősségéért.

[origo - MSNBC alapján]

Végrehajtás

2007. július 1-re : az éttermeknek meg kell szabadulniuk minden olyan főzőolajtól, margarintól és szósztól, amely mesterséges transz zsírsavat tartalmaz.

2008. július 1 után : nem lehet olyan ételt felszolgálni, amely a kifogásolt zsírokat tartalmazza.

Ez a szabályozás nem érinti az élelmiszerboltokat, és azokat az ételeket (húsféléket és tejtermékeket), amelyekben minimális mennyiség található ezekből a zsírokból.

Use your competences in new media

What will you learn in this chapter? First you will go through on the tips&tricks of news editing on the internet. You will learn how to use efficiently international and local news sources and you will also read about citizen reporting which is a new source for journalists. Story management: all what you learnt so far about news and channels will be put together. You will understand how online and mobile can reinforce the success of print. Best practice examples are showing the advantages of the integrated multimedia journalism. Readers' community: the journalist's role is changing. To be successful on the internet you will learn how to behave as a moderator on your local market. Mobile: Read a short outlook about news on the small screen of the mobile phones. Usability background: your webpage is in strong competition with the others for the eyeballs. You have less then 2 minutes to convince readers that your page is worth coming back and visiting regularly. Overview of usability studies.

First you will go through on the tips&tricks of news editing on the internet. You will learn how to use efficiently international and local news sources and you will also read about citizen reporting which is a new source for journalists.

Story management: all what you learnt so far about news and channels will be put together. You will understand how online and mobile can reinforce the success of print. Best practice examples are showing the advantages of the integrated multimedia journalism.

Readers' community: the journalist's role is changing. To be successful on the internet you will learn how to behave as a moderator on your local market.

Mobile: Read a short outlook about news on the small screen of the mobile phones.

Usability background: your webpage is in strong competition with the others for the eyeballs. You have less then 2 minutes to convince readers that your page is worth coming back and visiting regularly. Overview of usability studies.

News on the internet: hints and tricks

Personalized news agency http://www.netvibes.com News channels can be organized into tabs. Registration allows you to use the same settings both on your office and home computer. To add a new feed or function just drag its name to the rigth side of the window. News channels. You may select feeds from Netvibes directory or add your favourite. Key terminology: News channel RSS Subscribing Feed reader OPML Personalized startpages with multilingual menu: http://www.netvibes.com (Netvibes) http://www.live.com (Microsoft Live) http://www.google.com/ig (Google homepage) In addition to news channels Netvibes allows you to add and customize plenty of further functions: check you e-mail, search, to-do list, etc.

Key terminology:

News channel

RSS

Subscribing

Feed reader

OPML

News aggregators They give an overview of the current news market and same time generates traffic to your site. Google News: Relies on the collective judgment of online news organizations to determine which stories are most deserving of inclusion and prominence on the News homepage. Personalized alert: e-mail, RSS http://hirlista.hu http://news.google.com Hungarian examples: www.hirlista.hu, www.hirkereso.hu, www.hirstart.hu

Citizen reporting How does a Blog differ from mainstream news? Blogs are not held to the same standards as traditional news outlets. Blogs are typically referred to as “grassroots”, or “citizen journalism”, but should be taken with a grain of salt. You have to consider the source, so don’t believe everything you read. That being said, blogs can often do a better job at reporting what’s happening than traditional sources. A good example of that was Interdictor’s Live Journal blog ( http://mgno.com/) . There was more accurate coverage during hurricane Katrina ( http://interdictor.livejournal.com/98501.html) than on any of the major three news networks. So for every example of someone complaining about the lack of quality found in weblogs, there are plenty of examples of people doing really good work as well. If you’re looking for “hard news”, then you’ll want to search CNN over Google. Source: Simply Digital http://www.simplydigital.info/episode-5-weblogs/ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/5181396.stm Best practice: A journalist generating a blog as a desktop research: the „School Security” story http://www.buzzmachine.com/index.php/2006/10/03/school-security-networked-reporting/

Measuring news update With RSS newsfeeds not only sources, but competitors and your own channels should also be followed. Each major sports newssource has a news feed. You can find it usually under the name „RSS”. Feedreader is one of the several freely downloadable software, that can be used to aggregate news from different sources. 2. 4 hours later the first Hungarian source, Index.hu displayed this story. 3. In this case Nemzeti Sport published the story with more than 6 hours delay. This can be either a result of unawareness or conscious editorial policy, determining other focuses. 1. Original news appears on autosport.com Download Feedreader here: http://www.feedreader.com/download

Google for journalists http://video.google.com/ http://translate.google.com „ And now, for just a moment, I would like you to imagine what today’s life would be without all that. What life would be without Google... and how much more time we’d be spending on solving our problems.” Source: Philipp Lensen, 55 Ways to Have Fun With Google http://www.55fun.com/book.pdf . http ://video.google.com/ - search by keywords Video search http://www.google.com/language_tools - language specific search Language http://images.google.com/ - search by keywords Image search http://blogsearch.google.com Blog search How? Function

http://maps.google.com http://www.google.com/ And now, for just a moment, I would like you to imagine what today’s life would be without all that. What life would be without Google... and how much more time we’d be spending on solving our problems. link: yoursite.com - A list of sites that link to your site. If they are credible, the site may also be credible - although that is hardly a guarantee Web reference define: word - Gives dictionary defintions for (English) words. Definition teaspoons in 1 litre - Eg. 202 teaspoons in a litre. This works even with very old, obscure or scientific units. Unit exchange 10 USD in HUF Currency exchange How? Function

More about Google 30 additional Google search tricks More Google services What are they working on actually at Google?

STORY MANAGEMENT, MEDIA INTEGRATION

The story management concept We have only daily one contact with our readers in our print newspapers. The channel extension modif ies our services, customers can meet with our content more times during the day. News Cycle: Amount of information Time Event Entry All available information about the event is reported. sms | web | teletext | print | book | cd-rom | dvd Development The event is explained, first backgrounds and relations with other topics researched and presented sms | web | teletext | print | book | cd-rom | dvd Follow-up Follow-up news about the event is generated, other relations to other topics presented, open question answered. sms | web | teletext | print | book | cd-rom | dvd Conclusion Review of the event, the consequences and the entire report published. sms | web | teletext | print | book | cd-rom | dvd

Newsdesk and story management What is a NewsDesk? A NewsDesk is an interdisciplinary team that: leads all editorial processes, decides on content (topic, quantity, quality, point in time), is responsible for the graphic presentation, uses cross-media synergies and potentials in an optimised way. In a NewsDesk team, all relevant sub-processes for the crossmedia publication process are integrated. Source: Ifra Newsplex, Dr. Dietmar Schantin

What is a NewsDesk?

A NewsDesk is an interdisciplinary team that:

leads all editorial processes,

decides on content (topic, quantity, quality, point in time),

is responsible for the graphic presentation,

uses cross-media synergies and potentials in an optimised way.

In a NewsDesk team, all relevant sub-processes for the crossmedia publication process are integrated.

CNN: case study of story building CNN newsroom is publishing on a lot of channels. A detailed study reveals that the use of these channels is governed by a well-designed priority that ensures CNN’s lead in the news media. SMS breaking news alert is used to distribute the very first wire version of the story, basic facts only. By the time alerts are distributed, the wire (Reuters) version is published on web and WAP. On WAP version bulleted highlight and detailed source references are ignored and sometimes even the text of the story is slightly modified. Front page headline text is used also for RSS and desktop alert. As soon as CNN is ready with its own version of the story, the web and WAP versions are replaced with a new text referring to own sources. Follow-up can also be based on local news agencies. CNN channels TV broadcast Internet services Web (cnn.com) RSS Desktop alert, ticker Pipeline (premium video on demand) CNN video (free streaming video) E-mail Podcast audio and video Transcripts Offline versions (on DVD, VHS, fax, e-mail) Mobile services CNN Mobile TV SMS breaking news alerts CNN mobile news (WAP) PDA (AvantGo) CNNtoGO (for US mobile customers)

CNN newsroom is publishing on a lot of channels.

A detailed study reveals that the use of these channels is governed by a well-designed priority that ensures CNN’s lead in the news media.

SMS breaking news alert is used to distribute the very first wire version of the story, basic facts only. By the time alerts are distributed, the wire (Reuters) version is published on web and WAP.

On WAP version bulleted highlight and detailed source references are ignored and sometimes even the text of the story is slightly modified. Front page headline text is used also for RSS and desktop alert.

As soon as CNN is ready with its own version of the story, the web and WAP versions are replaced with a new text referring to own sources. Follow-up can also be based on local news agencies.

CNN channels

TV broadcast

Internet services

Web (cnn.com)

RSS

Desktop alert, ticker

Pipeline (premium video on demand)

CNN video (free streaming video)

E-mail

Podcast audio and video

Transcripts

Offline versions (on DVD, VHS, fax, e-mail)

Mobile services

CNN Mobile TV

SMS breaking news alerts

CNN mobile news (WAP)

PDA (AvantGo)

CNNtoGO (for US mobile customers)

A sample news story The event: passenger plane hijacked from Mauritania - Febr 15, 2007 21:03 Reuters published breaking news, only two sentences (reuters.com) 21:20 Breaking news on cnnmobile.com WAP site. Source: Reuters 21:40 Breaking news published on cnn.com, still based on Reuters. 21:48 SMS alert is sent to subscribers. RSS and desktop alerts based on the headline text. 1:51 (next morning) CNN’s own story published in „international news” section 16:22 All details of the hijacking, based on AP An Air Mauritania flight landed in the Canary Islands after it was hijacked Thursday by a man who was subdued by passengers.

21:03 – Reuters wire story Air Mauritania hijack ends, suspect arrested - radio LAS PALMAS, Spain (Reuters) - The hijacking of an Air Mauritania plane ended in the Spanish Canary Islands on Thursday, a Spanish government official told RNE national radio. A single suspect was arrested, Spanish media said. Emergency services earlier said several people had been wounded by gunfire. No further details were immediately available. "Fortunately the hijacking incident has ended favourably," Jose Segura, a government representative in the Canary Islands, told RNE. He added that 71 passengers and 8 crew were on the plane.

21:20 – CNN breaking news on wap Hijacked jet lands on Spain islands An Air Mauritania Boing 737 passanger plane hijacked on an internal flight has flown to the Spanish Canary Islands after stopping for fuel in the Western Sahara, Mauritanian official said. "It has gone to the Canaries," a source closed to the presidency told Reuters. The head of the Mauritanian state news agency said the plane had already touched down. Earlier, a police officer at Nouakchott airport told Reuters the plane had been hijacked on a flight to the northern port town of Nouadhibou and had flown instead to Dakhla in Western Sahara to take on fuel. "There was at least one armed person on board. We don't know his identity," the state news agency chief, Moussa Hamed, said."

21:40 – CNN top story on web Hijacking ends on Spanish island Story highlights * Passenger plane hijacked from Mauritania in WestAfrica * Plane lands at airport in Canary Islands, territory of Spain * One person arrested, government reports * Earlier reports say gunfire occurs LAS PALMAS, Spain (Reuters) -- The hijacking of an Air Mauritania plane Thursday ended in the Canary Islands, a Spanish government official told RNE national radio. An Air Mauritania Boeing 737 passenger plane with 71 passengers and eight crew members aboard was hijacked after take off from the airport in Nouakchott, Mauritania’s capital, Mauritanian officials said. A single suspect was arrested, Spanish media said. Emergency services earlier said several people had been wounded by gunfire. No further details were immediately available. "Fortunately the hijacking incident has ended favorably," Jose Segura, a government representative in the Canary Islands, told RNE. Earlier, a police officer at Nouakchott airport said the plane had been hijacked on a flight to the northern Mauritania port town of Nouadhibou and had flown instead to Dakhla in Western Sahara to take on fuel. The Canary Islands, off the northwest coast of Africa, are a territory of Spain.

21:48 – SMS breaking news alert Find the the teaser page of mobile services on cnn.com. A lot of newspaper site offer similar SMS alert services. CNN asks for your personal and payment details. Credit card payment is done via secure connection. Select channels. You will be charged with a monthly flat fee per each alert channel that you subscribe to. 8 minutes later CNN alerts journalists via SMS service. Learn how to use such a service. CNN’s SMS alerts are strongly recommended for journalists covering international news. Be careful: too many SMS alerts may disturb your work. 21:48 - From: CNN CNN Alert Hijackers seize passenger jet in Mauritania and land on Spain's Canary Islands, police and meda say according to wire reports. The service is indepent of your mobile operator, you pay directly to the content provider and your operator does not charge you. After subscribing you receive the first SMS when the next breaking news event happens.

1:51 (next morning) – CNN’s story Passengers subdue armed hijacker Story highlights • NEW: Air Mauritania flight landed safely in Canary Islands • Canaries official: Plane had 71 passengers and 8 crew • Hijacker arrested; his identity not yet released LAS PALMAS, Spain (CNN) -- A man armed with two pistols hijacked an Air Mauritania flight Thursday but was subdued by two passengers, a Spanish official said. The plane landed safely in the Canary Islands and no one was hurt, the official said. The senior Spanish government source said a man had been trying to commandeer the Boeing 737 to Paris. He was arrested by the civil guard after the jet landed at Gando Airport, the source told CNN. Jose Segura, the central government's chief representative in the Canaries, told Ser, a Spanish radio station, that the plane was carrying 71 passengers and eight crew members. Reports differed on the hijacker's nationality, with one senior Spanish government source saying he is Moroccan and Segura describing him as Mauritanian. Abass Bass, a representative of the Mauritanian Embassy in Washington, described the incident as a "tentative hijacking." "The information we had from Mauritania is that the passengers fought back and they took the hijacker and now everything is OK," Bass told CNN. Bass said the flight had been scheduled to be an interior one, from the capital city of Nouakchott to Nouadhibou, in northern Mauritania, near Morocco.

16:22 – Detailed story on CNN, using AP’s report Fast-thinking pilot foiled hijack Story Highlights • NEW: Air Mauritania flight landed safely in Canary Islands • Canaries official: Plane had 71 passengers and 8 crew • Hijacker arrested; his identity not yet released TENERIFE, Spain (AP) -- A fast-thinking pilot, with the help of passengers, fooled a gunman who had hijacked a jetliner flying from Africa to the Canary Islands, braking hard upon landing then quickly accelerating to knock the man down so travelers could pounce on him, Spanish officials said Friday. A lone gunman brandishing two pistols hijacked the Air Mauritania Boeing 737, carrying 71 passengers and a crew of eight, Thursday evening shortly after it took off from the Mauritanian capital of Nouakchott for Gran Canaria, one of Spain's Canary Islands, with a planned stopover in Nouadhibou in northern Mauritania. He wanted to divert the plane to France so he could request political asylum, said Mohamed Ould Mohamed Cheikh, Mauritania's top police official. The hijacker has been identified as Mohamed Abderraman, a 32-year-old Mauritanian, said an official with the Spanish Interior Ministry office on Tenerife, another of the islands in the Atlantic archipelago. He spoke under rules barring publication of his name. Mauritania has said the hijacker was a Moroccan from the Western Sahara. The hijacker ordered the pilot to fly to France, but the crew told him there was not enough fuel. Morocco denied a request for the plane to land in the city of Djala in the Moroccan-controlled Western Sahara, so the pilot headed for Las Palmas in Gran Canaria, the original destination. Speaking to the gunman during the hijacking, the pilot realized the man did not speak French. So he used the plane's public address system to warn the passengers in French of the ploy he was going to try: brake hard upon landing, then speed up abruptly. The idea was to catch the hijacker off balance, and have crew members and men sitting in the front rows of the plane jump on him, the Spanish official said. The pilot also warned women and children to move to the back of the plane in preparation for the subterfuge, the official said. It worked. The man was standing in the middle aisle when the pilot carried out his maneuver, and he fell to the floor, dropping one of his two 7mm pistols. Flight attendants then threw boiling water from a coffee machine in his face and at his chest, and some 10 people jumped on the man and beat him, the Spanish official said. Around 20 people were slightly injured when the plane braked suddenly, the official said. Spanish officials -- and some passengers -- had initially been concerned that the hijacking was terrorism-related; it came on the day a trial began of 29 people accused of the 2004 Madrid train bombings. "We were afraid. We thought it was people from al-Qaida or the Algerian GSPC who were going to cut our throats," said Aicha Mint Sidi, a 45-year-old woman who was on the plane. The GSPC is a Muslim extremist group. "I trembled during and after the hijacking. I thought the plane was going to blow up any minute, either in mid-air or on landing," said another passenger, Dahi Ould Ali, 52. Both spoke after returning to Nouakchott. The hijacker was arrested by Spanish police who boarded the plane after it landed at Gando airport, outside Las Palmas. Air Mauritania identified the heroic pilot as Ahmedou Mohamed Lemine, a 20-year-veteran of the company.

Cross-reference References can be internal within a single channel or may provide links accross channels or may even point to external media. For practical examples see next page. To put it into practice, the editors of each channel has to work together , otherwise they are faced with debates about who owns which media space . Cross-referencing is a chance to get more readers, and sold copies. However, the actual revenue potential of cross-media references is limited by the overlapping of target groups: e.g if the readership of a print newspaper is dominated by the elderly people, while mobile services are targeted to the youth, the influence of cross-referencing is limited. (See the example of Asahi Shimbun in the chapter „You readers”) Audience Editors reference reference reference print sms web

References can be internal within a single channel or may provide links accross channels or may even point to external media. For practical examples see next page.

To put it into practice, the editors of each channel has to work together , otherwise they are faced with debates about who owns which media space .

Cross-reference examples Why? Internal reference : readers’ assistance Cross-media : promotion to build readers’ loyalty External reference : quoting to build trust n/a SMS,WAP news: „ Get more details in tomorrow print edition ” „ Want more? Download a logo! ” Mobile „ See government statistics on www…” „ See PM’ blog on www….” All articles: „See government statistics on www…” „ See PM’ blog on www….” Analysis, factual journalism: „See government statistics on www…” External brands „ Get more details in tomorrow print edition ” „ Check out on our web…” „ Get daily updated news about the Olympic games: send an SMS” News: „ Get more details in tomorrow print edition” „Get daily updated news about the Olympic games: send an SMS” Article: „More photos about the event on our website” „ Get daily updated news about the Olympic games: send an SMS” Cross-media Trailers All articles: „Earlier stories…” „ Dossier” Title page: „See more on p. 5” Internal TV Internet Print ?

Why?

Internal reference : readers’ assistance

Cross-media : promotion to build readers’ loyalty

External reference : quoting to build trust

CONVERGENCE IN PRACTICE

The convergence progression Only print and online integration, training is limited to a few journalists and ad sales representatives, management does not completely backs the strategy Low level integration Half way integration Widespread integration Convergence nirvana More sophisticated application of multimedia and online interactivity. Other media added to the media mix (e . g. TV, radio). Frequently, management holds back any further large scale applications of convergence Cross-media journalism projects and advertising sales campaigns. Staffs are cross-trained. True engagement by management and the lower ranks. All journalists and ad sales persons are cross-trained. Multimedia integration strategy at every level of the company Source: A Guide to Practical Convergence by Martha L. Stone, INMA, 2006

Examples in Europe Guardian, The Times Guardian: "web-first" principle for foreign and business news only currently. Times: "web-first" principle for foreign news only and plans to extend this to all articles in a few years . Widespread integration Convergence nirvana Financial Times Total consolidation of print and online news desks, all journalists are required to work 3 early morning shifts per month. Telegraph Fully integrated newsroom, with print and online journalists working together, and seven-day production. Editorial heads are to take responsibility for all output. Delays the publication of print articles on its website until later in the day in a bid to encourage more internet users to buy the newspaper . Edipresse In all of the publications the newsroom was transformed into a multimedia platform, where all journalists write for several media: print, web, television, radio, and mobile. Newsrooms are reorganized according to covered subjects - in contrast to services - with a central desk. Low level integration Half way integration

Examples in the USA Washington Post No integrated newsroom, just dedicated online editor. Shortened story length, enhanced visual journalism in print. New York Times Continuous News Desk (CND) with 14 full-time editor-reporter. When something big happens, a one-line alert is published immediately. They start with a wire story on the web and replace it with their own copy later. The Web and print newsrooms are separate, but some of the Web journalists are sitting in the print newsroom. Lawrence Journals Groups of journalists are organized into multimedia teams to cover sports, news, etc. Each team has cross-trained journalists with capabilities to tell stories in video, audio and text. Gannett Information Center A platform agnostic 24-hour news aggregator and distributor, which channels all bits of news to the appropriate platform, with focus on the reader and local coverage . Widespread integration Convergence nirvana Low level integration Half way integration

Human issues of convergence Job cuts The number of planned job cuts in the U.S. media sector surged 88 percent last year and that trend will likely continue as readers shift from print to online services . (Reuters, 25th January 2007) 10% layoff at Telegraph (UK), Union of Journalists announced strikes, but after 2 months negotiations they gave up. Also 10% loss in editorial staff at The Financial Times – a total of 50 jobs. At Washington Post re-direction of newsroom staff and resources from general assignment to original reporting, analysis, investigations and criticism. In addition reduction of newsroom staff. Boston Globe newsroom employees wrote letter to management to express concern that their future pay is contingent upon revenue increases in print only, while they are involved in working with online as well Training policies At Telegraph (UK) 5-days training for each journalist over a period of 14 weeks. Each journalist at Lawrence Journals (Kansas, US) is cross-trained, eg. print reporters can write and present on Lawrence’s TV-channel and photographers became videographers. The multimedia training sessions at Gannett are meant not to diversify skills, but rather to expand on them: photographers learn more about videography, managing editors about effective use of new technologies and resources, traditional reporters about online editions

Job cuts

The number of planned job cuts in the U.S. media sector surged 88 percent last year and that trend will likely continue as readers shift from print to online services . (Reuters, 25th January 2007)

10% layoff at Telegraph (UK), Union of Journalists announced strikes, but after 2 months negotiations they gave up.

Also 10% loss in editorial staff at The Financial Times – a total of 50 jobs.

At Washington Post re-direction of newsroom staff and resources from general assignment to original reporting, analysis, investigations and criticism. In addition reduction of newsroom staff.

Boston Globe newsroom employees wrote letter to management to express concern that their future pay is contingent upon revenue increases in print only, while they are involved in working with online as well

Training policies

At Telegraph (UK) 5-days training for each journalist over a period of 14 weeks.

Each journalist at Lawrence Journals (Kansas, US) is cross-trained, eg. print reporters can write and present on Lawrence’s TV-channel and photographers became videographers.

The multimedia training sessions at Gannett are meant not to diversify skills, but rather to expand on them: photographers learn more about videography, managing editors about effective use of new technologies and resources, traditional reporters about online editions

Convergency at The Telegraph Central news hub: the news meetings are open and anyone can come and hover and listen. The multimedia newsroom Projected on to the wall: their web site, other web sites and shows and a real-time list of their own top stories and also those of the competitors. Reporters and production staff from all departments will be located on the single editorial floor and will work together producing the Telegraph's website, the daily and Sunday editions of the newspaper and a range of other digital publishing products, including audio and video interviews and regular newscasts and alerts available 24-hours a day. Sources: PressGazette Online, http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/article/020407/telegraph_newsroom_multimedia_budget_day Telegraph Media Group Ltd, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/main.jhtml?xml=/money/2006/09/05/cnhub05.xml The BuzzMachine, http://www.buzzmachine.com/2007/03/12/in-the-telegraph-newsroom/ Editorial departments span out like spokes from the wheel of the central news hub. Editors of various stripes in the first circle, reporters in the next. The Telegraph’s moving to its new newsroom at the end of 2006 was in fact a deep crisis for the editorial staff. After 10% lay-off, the journalists voted for a strike. After two months negotiations the strike was cancelled.

Case study: the „Budget Day” * story on various channels 1 month earlier Preparations 12.30pm The Chancellor starts his speech 3pm Podcast: interview with an expert 4pm Newspaper articles on predictions 1 week earlier Microsite with live news reports, Your Views comment section and interactive budget calculators. A lot of the content from the next day's newspaper is already going live, but it will be will be fine-tuned and extended for the print edition. Video: reporter and cameraman are interviewing taxi drivers during the afternoon „ Budget Day”: 21 March, 2007. On this day the Chancellor of the UK announced proposed tax measures. 10,000 E-mail news alert subscribers 466,000 Web, total unique users 896,476 Print (daily average) The Daily Telegraph averages

Case study (cont.) Telegraph PM, an A4 free pdf edition, generated by repackaging and renosing stories which have already been published on the web, with the online version including click-throughs to live audio and video content. around 4pm next morning next evening 5.30pm The Business Show – daily video podcast: expert interviews, charts. Video: political satire by Rory Bremner, British comedian 16-page broadsheet supplement and five pages of news in the main paper. Source: Press Gazette Online, http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/article/020407/telegraph_newsroom_multimedia_budget_day 50,000 Audio/video plays 309,202 Web, unique users of special 45,000 Print (increase) Budget Day extra results

Example: workflow at Nemzeti Sport Print Decision Web SMS Control News Publish Print Control Web News News Publish Old, print focused workflow New, multimedia workflow

Newsdesk at Edipress, Switzerland At Edipress the original idea was to design a single editing system and a single archive database for all titles, accessible from everywhere. In all of the publications the newsroom was transformed into a multimedia platform, where all journalists write for several media: print, web, television, radio, and mobile. The same news is therefore covered by the editor in different papers, depending on the time of the day and on the media where it will be published. …The new system also affected the structure of the newsrooms; they are now no longer organized by services, but by covered subjects. … newsrooms are designed as multimedia open spaces, with a central desk in charge of managing the information flow and “petals” departing from the center and divided according to covered subjects. At the central desk sits the day’s editor-in-chief, the chief of photography and the responsible for the Internet. Source: Editors Weblog http://www.editorsweblog.org/print_newspapers/2006/10/switzeland_the_shape_of_the_multimedia_n.php Panoramic view of the newsdesk in video: http://youtube.com/watch?v=OPgEBb6MUYA

At Edipress the original idea was to design a single editing system and a single archive database for all titles, accessible from everywhere. In all of the publications the newsroom was transformed into a multimedia platform, where all journalists write for several media: print, web, television, radio, and mobile. The same news is therefore covered by the editor in different papers, depending on the time of the day and on the media where it will be published. …The new system also affected the structure of the newsrooms; they are now no longer organized by services, but by covered subjects. … newsrooms are designed as multimedia open spaces, with a central desk in charge of managing the information flow and “petals” departing from the center and divided according to covered subjects. At the central desk sits the day’s editor-in-chief, the chief of photography and the responsible for the Internet.

Source: Editors Weblog http://www.editorsweblog.org/print_newspapers/2006/10/switzeland_the_shape_of_the_multimedia_n.php

From web to print, Apropo, Romania Apropo is the first multimedia publishing brand developed in Romania by Publimedia, a Romanian publishing company owned by Adrian Sarbu. He built up his media empire since 1990, he has interests in market leader TV and radio stations, and owns Publimedia Publishing House, with a lot of newspapers and magazines. Apropo was launched as a web portal made by Publimedia Publishing House for young people. They are no. 35 in the general ranking of Romanian websites with 425,838 users per month (according to trafic.ro ). In 2004 Publimedia launched Apropo TV, a magazine made as a direct competitor to Ringier’s TV mania, the best selling tv guide on Romanian market , but they failed. In April Apropo TV was reshaped to Apropo, a bimonthly glossy magazine of celebrity news, with a circulation of 29,000 copies per issue. The Apropo brand is used on Pro TV, with a weekly show on celebrities called Apropo TV and on Pro FM, with a morning show called Apropo FM. http://www.apropo.ro

Apropo is the first multimedia publishing brand developed in Romania by Publimedia, a Romanian publishing company owned by Adrian Sarbu. He built up his media empire since 1990, he has interests in market leader TV and radio stations, and owns Publimedia Publishing House, with a lot of newspapers and magazines.

Apropo was launched as a web portal made by Publimedia Publishing House for young people. They are no. 35 in the general ranking of Romanian websites with 425,838 users per month (according to trafic.ro ).

In 2004 Publimedia launched Apropo TV, a magazine made as a direct competitor to Ringier’s TV mania, the best selling tv guide on Romanian market , but they failed. In April Apropo TV was reshaped to Apropo, a bimonthly glossy magazine of celebrity news, with a circulation of 29,000 copies per issue.

The Apropo brand is used on Pro TV, with a weekly show on celebrities called Apropo TV and on Pro FM, with a morning show called Apropo FM.

New media at Mafra, Czech Republic Mafra is the publisher of iDnes. They built up a multimedia company, the first of this kind on the Czech market. Content - shared editorial system (Lidové Noviny on its own could not afford it). The integration of content is relevant especially for new media (Internet, radio stations, TV, magazines - e.g. the cross-media projects such as Proměna, Pelíšky slavných, Prague news coverage for the Express Radio). On the other hand, content limits and differences are strictly observed in dailies. Advertising - Year-on-year comparison of the total advertising area (excl. auto advertising) has shown a decrease by 8.5% (MF Dnes), 8.8% (MF Dnes regional editions) and 10.7% (Lidové noviny) as compared with January 2005. Magazín Dnes + TV lost 23.6% of advertising pages. Group’s net income in 2004: revenues grew 9.2%. http://idnes.cz/ http://lidovky.zpravy.cz/

Mafra is the publisher of iDnes. They built up a multimedia company, the first of this kind on the Czech market.

Content - shared editorial system (Lidové Noviny on its own could not afford it). The integration of content is relevant especially for new media (Internet, radio stations, TV, magazines - e.g. the cross-media projects such as Proměna, Pelíšky slavných, Prague news coverage for the Express Radio). On the other hand, content limits and differences are strictly observed in dailies.

Advertising - Year-on-year comparison of the total advertising area (excl. auto advertising) has shown a decrease by 8.5% (MF Dnes), 8.8% (MF Dnes regional editions) and 10.7% (Lidové noviny) as compared with January 2005. Magazín Dnes + TV lost 23.6% of advertising pages.

Group’s net income in 2004: revenues grew 9.2%.

Sanoma (HU), B92 (SCG) Multimedia success stories: Sanoma acquired in Hungary Startlap, a community web site from the top league , and they have successful products like Figyelő Net and Nők Lapja Café . B92 in Serbia started as a samizdat radio station, later they launched web, and today they have TV broadcast. B92 is one of the most successful local multimedia company in the region. B92 focuses on local content, they do not provide traditional portal services . Their growth potential is limited by the size of the Serbian internet market. http://www.b92.net

Multimedia success stories:

Sanoma acquired in Hungary Startlap, a community web site from the top league , and they have successful products like Figyelő Net and Nők Lapja Café .

B92 in Serbia started as a samizdat radio station, later they launched web, and today they have TV broadcast. B92 is one of the most successful local multimedia company in the region. B92 focuses on local content, they do not provide traditional portal services . Their growth potential is limited by the size of the Serbian internet market.

Pesti Est, Port (Hungary) Problematic experiments in multimedia: In Hungary some years ago Pesti Est, a free program guide made similar steps. Their goal was brand extension into other market segments. They started est.hu , than a radio station, and they launched such surprising enterprises like Pesti Est Taxi and Pesti Est Café. Today they seem to discontinue this trend, they sold the radio station and the taxi company. Port.hu is competitor of Pesti Est, however they are present only on the internet, as market leader in their segment. They tried lot of times to expand to print, but they failed. However this is the first Hungarian web company, which is establishing in other countries of the region: they launched port.ro , and they have offices in Prague and Bratislava. http://port.hu/

Problematic experiments in multimedia:

In Hungary some years ago Pesti Est, a free program guide made similar steps. Their goal was brand extension into other market segments. They started est.hu , than a radio station, and they launched such surprising enterprises like Pesti Est Taxi and Pesti Est Café. Today they seem to discontinue this trend, they sold the radio station and the taxi company.

Port.hu is competitor of Pesti Est, however they are present only on the internet, as market leader in their segment. They tried lot of times to expand to print, but they failed. However this is the first Hungarian web company, which is establishing in other countries of the region: they launched port.ro , and they have offices in Prague and Bratislava.

READERS’S COMMUNITY

Two-way interaction with your readers Issues to be considered: hierarchy, journalist’s role, info vs. opinion Yes, possible Yes, possible Anonymous mails are not published Consumer’s anonymity Comments via SMS, e-mail Dial-in programmes (Supporting channel) Forum Online interview Blog Article comment Get published Readers’ page with opinions Two-way interaction TV/Radio Mobile Internet Print

Issues to be considered:

hierarchy,

journalist’s role,

info vs. opinion

Comments via SMS, e-mail

Dial-in programmes

Forum

Online interview

Blog

Article comment

Get published

Issues in detail Journalist dominates Journalist dominates Blogger dominates Participants are equal Participants are equal Hierarchy Editor may close article for comment Sometimes added info Comment Moderator is an independent supervisor, not part of the discussion Comments, without info Forum Blogger himself moderates Blogger ads info, even if personal Blog Reader sends info Interviewee adds info Information Moderation n/a Moderator acts as a journalist Get published Online interview

Best practices The moderator’s role Regular readers like to participate, to write, to send pictures about events. They have to be rewarded by citations in the newspaper, always refering to their nicknames. Take seriously their requests, if they want to invite somebody, organize it, if they want to donate to someone, help them, if they want to rename a street, support them, go to the city authorities. Organize them meetings, parties, common events, invite them to visit Ringier, and report about these activities in the newspaper. Anwer each e-mail immediately, an answered mail makes you 10 new readers. EiC should participate in online forums and events. ” Be the photoreporter of Compact” (Romania) 37 readers evaluated this picture: the overall rating is 3.81 of 5. Rules of submitting pictures for publication. Image archive Compact reader, Iounut Grosoiu posted this photo. www.compact.info.ro

(There are several good examples. Check the websites of major newspapers) Comment http://forum.index.hu (Moderating rules: http://forum.index.hu/Custom/showModMod ) Forum Népszabadság Online (http://www.nolblog.hu/) Times Online Weblogs - a bit aristocratic (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/weblogs) Blog CNN Send an I-report ( http://www.cnn.com/exchange/) Compact ( http://compact.info.ro/index.php?section=blog&screen=hp) Washington Post Live Discussions (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/linkset/2005/05/18/LI2005051801255.html) Index Fórum (http://forum.index.hu/Topic/showTopicList?t=29) Axel Springer sites (http://www.petofinepe.hu/index.php?apps=online&a=2000) Get published O. Interview

Népszabadság Online (http://www.nolblog.hu/)

Times Online Weblogs - a bit aristocratic (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/weblogs)

CNN Send an I-report ( http://www.cnn.com/exchange/)

Compact ( http://compact.info.ro/index.php?section=blog&screen=hp)

Washington Post Live Discussions (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/linkset/2005/05/18/LI2005051801255.html)

Index Fórum (http://forum.index.hu/Topic/showTopicList?t=29)

Axel Springer sites (http://www.petofinepe.hu/index.php?apps=online&a=2000)

Outlook: The small screen of your mobile phone

Compare the mobile and desktop internet experience In what situations and when do you use mobile and internet? How long is a mobile and an internet usage session? Do you share the usage experience with others? What are the input and output tools of mobile and internet? Compare the number and function of button conventions Discussion

In what situations and when do you use mobile and internet?

How long is a mobile and an internet usage session?

Do you share the usage experience with others?

What are the input and output tools of mobile and internet?

Compare the number and function of button conventions

Mobile killer application: killing time Provide consistent navigation mechanisms. Clearly identify the target of each link. Provide a short but descriptive page title . Keep the number of externally linked resources to a minimum. Limit content to what the user has requested. Take into account the trade-off between having too many links on a page and asking the user to follow too many links to reach what they are looking for. Avoid free text entry where possible. Provide pre-selected default values where possible. Provide only minimal navigation at the top of the page. Ensure that information conveyed with color is also available without color. Do not use images that cannot be rendered by the device. Avoid large or high resolution images except where critical information would otherwise be lost. Source: Mobile Web Best Practices 1.0 http://www.w3.org/TR/mobile-bp/ „ Following a UK field study, 70% of users decided not to continue using WAP. Currently, its services are poorly designed, have insufficient task analysis, and abuse existing non-mobile design guidelines. WAP's killer app is killing time; m-commerce's prospects are dim for the next several years.” Source: Jakob Nielsen, WAP Field Study Findings, 2000 http://www.useit.com/alertbox/20001210.html From: Mobile content – by Fathom, 2004

Provide consistent navigation mechanisms.

Clearly identify the target of each link.

Provide a short but descriptive page title .

Keep the number of externally linked resources to a minimum.

Limit content to what the user has requested.

Take into account the trade-off between having too many links on a page and asking the user to follow too many links to reach what they are looking for.

Avoid free text entry where possible. Provide pre-selected default values where possible.

Provide only minimal navigation at the top of the page.

Ensure that information conveyed with color is also available without color.

Do not use images that cannot be rendered by the device. Avoid large or high resolution images except where critical information would otherwise be lost.

Source: Mobile Web Best Practices 1.0

http://www.w3.org/TR/mobile-bp/

Mobile values: fast, immediate WAP, PDA (pull) Continuously updated summaries News in 2 minutes: facts only Categorized SMS, MMS (push) On-event alerts, breaking news „ Who, what, when” only Personalized wap.bleskovky.sk

WAP, PDA (pull)

Continuously updated summaries

News in 2 minutes: facts only

Categorized

Exercise: Mobile abbreviations searching their meaning 1. SMS 2. MMS 3. PDA 4. WAP 5. GPRS C) Short text message E) Multimedia message D) Browsable content on mobile A) Small PC with touchscreen B) Mobile data connection, without time limitation Do not hesitate to call the free helpdesk of your mobile operator, if you have technical problems. Although a basic knowledge of mobile technology is necessary for a 21st century journalist, the marketing jargon will not help you. !

How to download wallpaper or ringtone? The first download is not easy, it is not your fault, if something is not working. Call your mobile operator’s (Vodafone, T-Mobile, etc.) free customer care service for help. Unfortunately there is no agreement between mobile phone handset manufacturers for the rules of mobile content downloads. The result is disturbing: SonyEricsson owners have to go through different menu options than Nokia owners. PET PET http://195.70.54.216/aspdl/dls/6915d0b365345532cb41879339113bc8bb6117ac Download Send an SMS with the word advertised in the newspaper You will receive an SMS with a link. You can find it in your browser or message inbox, depending on what mobile you have. Click on the link, this will automatically open in the browser of your mobile phone. Click on the link, this will start the download of your wallpaper. Save it to some folder. Set the image as a wallpaper. If you cannot find this message, call your mobile operator’s customer care. If you cannot download, call your mobile operator’s customer care to activate WAP service on your SIM card.

Exercise: mobile browsing Compare the following mobile portals according to the criteria below: Media portals: BBC - www.bbc.co.uk/mobile/pda (WAP version also available) New York Times - mobile.nytimes.com Nepszabadsag (HU) – wap.nol.hu Novy Cas (SK) – wap.bleskovky.sk Operator portals: T-Mobile - wap.t-zones.hu, wap.t-zones.sk, wap.t-zones.cz Vodafone – live.vodafone.com Operator portals are usually available only in the network of the respective operator. Criteria : Title page : What can you find on the titlepage? Articles, images? Click distance : How much time/click does it take to get the latest news? Optimized : Are the news optimized for reading on mobile screen? What is the difference between operator and media portals? Check further content offers at the operators’ portal: 3G video, content download, services In Hungary, check tariffs: http://www.tantusz.nhh.hu !

Compare the following mobile portals according to the criteria below:

Media portals:

BBC - www.bbc.co.uk/mobile/pda (WAP version also available)

New York Times - mobile.nytimes.com

Nepszabadsag (HU) – wap.nol.hu

Novy Cas (SK) – wap.bleskovky.sk

Operator portals:

T-Mobile - wap.t-zones.hu, wap.t-zones.sk, wap.t-zones.cz

Vodafone – live.vodafone.com

Operator portals are usually available only in the network of the respective operator.

Criteria :

Title page : What can you find on the titlepage? Articles, images?

Click distance : How much time/click does it take to get the latest news?

Optimized : Are the news optimized for reading on mobile screen?

What is the difference between operator and media portals?

Check further content offers at the operators’ portal: 3G video, content download, services

In Hungary, check tariffs: http://www.tantusz.nhh.hu

Background: usability

News sites fight for readers’ attention More than 50% of the visits are under 2 min „ [On YouTube] the average video length viewed is 2 1/2 minutes long, said Hurley. „ YouTube CEO and co-founder Chad Hurley Source: Market Watch Jul 27, 2006, http://www.marketwatch.com server statistics of nemzetisport.hu Avg. internet usage: 1-2 hours/day and news is just no. 3 motivation Videos are viewed for 2 and half minutes Source: WEMF Report April 2006 http://www.wemf.ch/

Importance of usability Users’ experience of various media channels are studied by usability experts. Jakob Nielsen has specialized in the usability of information technology products, like websites. Website usability is studied with so-called eye-tracking research. Nielsen’s definition of usability: Learnability : How easy is it for users to accomplish basic tasks the first time they encounter the design? Efficiency : Once users have learned the design, how quickly can they perform tasks? Memorability : When users return to the design after a period of not using it, how easily can they reestablish proficiency? Errors : How many errors do users make, how severe are these errors, and how easily can they recover from the errors? Satisfaction : How pleasant is it to use the design? Source: Jakob Nielsen, Usability 101 http://www.useit.com/alertbox/20030825.html The power of critical mass of users may work against usability, eg. Microsoft has difficulties to introduce new GUI.

Users’ experience of various media channels are studied by usability experts. Jakob Nielsen has specialized in the usability of information technology products, like websites. Website usability is studied with so-called eye-tracking research.

Nielsen’s definition of usability:

Learnability : How easy is it for users to accomplish basic tasks the first time they encounter the design?

Efficiency : Once users have learned the design, how quickly can they perform tasks?

Memorability : When users return to the design after a period of not using it, how easily can they reestablish proficiency?

Errors : How many errors do users make, how severe are these errors, and how easily can they recover from the errors?

Satisfaction : How pleasant is it to use the design?

Eye-tracking in short Eye-tracking has been used in usability testing for many years, beginning primarily with cockpit design testing …. Such early studies were valuable in establishing some assumptions about the relationships between eye-movement data and the cognitive activity of a user. Frequency of fixations was assumed to be related to the importance of the control, while the duration of fixations was related with ease of interpreting information. In recent years, eye-tracking has been adapted to usability studies involving web-based stimuli …. Usability professionals and independent research groups have been attempting to identify the specific contributions of eye-tracking to website design and usability. Many such studies involve the identification of the specific targets of the users’ visual attention to different parts of the interface, or Areas of Interest (AOI). The data relative to these AOIs can then be compared in different ways, including order, number and duration of fixations to each AOI. Source: Mark C. Russell, „Hotspots and Hyperlinks: Using Eye-tracking to Supplement Usability Testing” http://psychology.wichita.edu/surl/usabilitynews/

How do you read the title page of a news site? Research findings of the Poynter Institute: Most important: flag/logo and top headlines in the upper left. Headlines dominate, especially in the upper left. Photographs aren't typically the entry point to a homepage. Text rules on the PC screen. Smaller type encourages focused viewing behavior, while larger type promotes lighter scanning. A headline has less than a second of visitor’s attention. Source: Poynter Institute http://www.poynterextra.org/eyetrack2004 Priority zones of a titlepage Eye-movement on a newspaper homepage

Research findings of the Poynter Institute:

Most important: flag/logo and top headlines in the upper left.

Headlines dominate, especially in the upper left.

Photographs aren't typically the entry point to a homepage. Text rules on the PC screen.

Smaller type encourages focused viewing behavior, while larger type promotes lighter scanning.

A headline has less than a second of visitor’s attention.

Source: Poynter Institute http://www.poynterextra.org/eyetrack2004

News website comparison at Poynter Best practice 5 typical designs were compared by time spent, details found, clicks generated. The „compact” web design was the winner. (For details see nex page.) Source: Poynter Institute http://poynterextra.org/eyetrack2004/homepages.htm 2.2 Clicks made 17.1 Details found 12.1 Time spent, sec. 2.4 Clicks made 22.3 Details found 16.4 Time spent, sec.

5 typical designs were compared by

time spent,

details found,

clicks generated.

The „compact” web design was the winner. (For details see nex page.)

Compact design Site navigation on left side of homepage Mouse rollover of section links provide pop up menu of all items in section Beyond top story, others promoted with relatively the same headline size. Design is tight and packed, not much empty space used between elements Top story promoted with photo/graphic and significantly larger stylized type. Site/publication name must colorful element on the page. Takes up small percentage of home page. Links to sites/products by same company at top of page. Search on top-most position No full stories on titlepage. About 20 promos/links to other stories. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/

Similarly to general design, there are no overall true mandatory rules in web design either. In our days the compact titlepage is a widespread practice, however, those are the most successful who are brave enough to break the rules. On a compact web page, navigation is used more. On an extended homepage, the navigation is likely to be used less, so be sure there are content links on the homepage to areas of the site you want people to visit. By removing content from the homepage and making it compact, you can change user behavior: using the navigation to dive into the site for more content. By limiting the amount of content on a homepage, you can drive viewing to advertising on the page.. People view the top part of a news site's homepage first. Exercise: Analyse the website of your newspaper: does it have a compact design? Identify the compact features on the page!

Similarly to general design, there are no overall true mandatory rules in web design either. In our days the compact titlepage is a widespread practice, however, those are the most successful who are brave enough to break the rules.

On a compact web page, navigation is used more. On an extended homepage, the navigation is likely to be used less, so be sure there are content links on the homepage to areas of the site you want people to visit.

By removing content from the homepage and making it compact, you can change user behavior: using the navigation to dive into the site for more content.

By limiting the amount of content on a homepage, you can drive viewing to advertising on the page..

People view the top part of a news site's homepage first.

How do you read an article on the web? People rarely read w eb pages word by word; instead, they scan the page, picking out individual words and sentences. Nielsen refers to the order of the scanning as „F-shape”, although even this illustration includes some resemblance to an E-shape as well. E’s top bar : H orizontal , across the upper part of the content area . E’s lower bar : M ove down the page a bit and then across in horizontal movement , a shorter area . E’s stem : L eft side in a vertical movement. Sometimes this is fairly slow and systematic , appears as a solid stripe on an eyetracking heatmap. Other times users move faster, creating a spottier heatmap . Source: Jakob Nielsen, F-shaped pattern for reading web http://www.useit.com/alertbox/reading_pattern.html F See more about web usability in the chapter „Outlook”

Nielsen’s recommended style for web texts How to make a story scannable? Nielsen’s general recommendations: highlighted keywords (hypertext links serve as one form of highlighting; typeface variations and color are others) meaningful sub-headings (not "clever" ones) bulleted lists one idea per paragraph (users will skip over any additional ideas if they are not caught by the first few words in the paragraph) the inverted pyramid style, starting with the conclusion (see later) half the word count (or less) than conventional writing Further possibilities to make a story visual: tables, boxes, graphics, infographics. „ ... Web users are busy: they want to get the straight facts. Also, credibility suffers when users clearly see that the site exaggerates.” Source: Jakob Nielsen, How users read on the web http://www.useit.com/alertbox/9710a.html

How to make a story scannable? Nielsen’s general recommendations:

highlighted keywords (hypertext links serve as one form of highlighting; typeface variations and color are others)

meaningful sub-headings (not "clever" ones)

bulleted lists

one idea per paragraph (users will skip over any additional ideas if they are not caught by the first few words in the paragraph)

the inverted pyramid style, starting with the conclusion (see later)

half the word count (or less) than conventional writing

Further possibilities to make a story visual: tables, boxes, graphics, infographics.

„ ... Web users are busy: they want to get the straight facts. Also, credibility suffers when users clearly see that the site exaggerates.”

Market statistics Please note that this is a fast moving market. Check up-to-date date at the original sources.

Clear winners are telecom companies as well as computer or internet start-ups. Most of them are providing news and entertainment on their homepages and therefore acting as serious competitors to classical media companies (publishing companies are emphasised with orange). Sweden France Germany Switzerland United Kingdom United States Companies in term of internet reach (in %) Web top10 Source: www.nielsen-netratings.com (Dec. 2006 ) Microsoft 79.61 Google 50.86 Aftonbladet Hierta 41.64 Eniro (search engine) 41.28 Bonnier AB 35.42 FöreningsSparbanken 28.46 Blocket (classified) 28.41 TeliaSonera 27.78 Yahoo! 26.92 Counties of Sweden 25.99 Google 71.88 Microsoft 64.11 eBay 55.00 United Internet 45.32 Time Warner 42.51 T-Online 40.96 Amazon 32.24 Yahoo! 30.96 Bertelsmann 28.94 Wikipedia 28.62 Google 76.91 Microsoft 75.61 Swisscom 53.88 Yahoo! 32.09 eBay 30.81 Wikipedia 28.48 SBB (railroad) 27.07 search.ch (post) 25.51 SRG SSR (public TV) 23.73 Apple Computer 22.64 Microsoft 74.47 Google 71.15 Yahoo! 48.93 eBay 47.93 BBC 42.35 Time Warner 29.45 News Corp. Online 27.29 Amazon 25.47 IAC (ask.com) 22.03 Apple Computer 21.51 Microsoft 68.87 Google 63.09 Yahoo! 62.48 Time Warner 59.63 News Corp. Online 37.83 eBay 36.98 IAC (ask.com) 29.20 Amazon 27.52 Apple Computer 22.73 RealNetworks, Inc. 21.66 Microsoft 82.26 Google 80.46 France Telecom 65.06 Iliad (telecom) 55.88 Yahoo! 46.34 PagesJaunes (post) 46.29 PPR 45.85 eBay 44.52 Benchmark Group 32.20 Wikipedia 28.52

Online Print Only dailies, weeklies and bi-weeklies , Period: 3Q 2006 Google has not been audited but is supposed to be on the very top of the list , Period: Nov. 2006 There are no publishers among the online market leaders. But leaders like T-Online, Yahoo! or Google are competitors to publishers for they provide news and content. Example: German publishers - L ost the lead of communication market The only print publishers on the list (emphasised with orange) appear with relative weak figures compare to market leaders Source: www.ivw.de * .Only dailies, weeklies and bi-weeklies ** Google has not been audited but is supposed to be on the very top of the list Nr Title Periodicity Circulation 1 Bild Daily 3.6 mio. 2 TV 14 Bi-weekly 2.4 mio. 3 TV Spielfilm Bi-weekly 2.2 mio. 4 Bild am Sonnatag Weekly 2 mio. 5 TV Digital Bi-weekly 1.9 mio. 6 TV-Movie Bi-weekly 1.8 mio. 7 Hörzu Weekly 1.6 mio. 8 Auf einem Blick Weekly 1.5 mio. 9 Bild der Frau Weekly 1.1 mio. 10 Der Spiegel Weekly 1.1 mio. Nr Title Visits 1 T-Online 246 mio. 2 MSN 192 mio. 3 yahoo 134 mio. 4 ProSieben Online 123 mio. 5 AOL 101 mio. 6 SPIEGEL ONLINE 63 mio. 7 Bild.de 38 mio. 8 Knuddels.de (chat) 32 mio. 9 mobile.de (car classified) 29 mio. 10 My Video 26 mio.

Contrary to Germany, English publishers (emphasised with orange) could defend their position as leaders of the online communication market. But strong brands like Yahoo! or Google (as well as BBC) are competitors to publishers because they provide news and content. The English c ommunication m arket Online Print (newspapers) Excluded are association’s or specialized distributions.. Period: 3Q 2006 Google and Yahoo are not showing any visitors figures but according to the page impressions figures they are supposed to be the very top of the list. Period: from Mar 2005 to Nov 2006 Source: www.abce.org.uk * Excluded are association’s or specialized distributions. ** Google and Yahoo are not showing any visitors figures but according to the page impressions figures they are supposed to be the very top of the list. *** BBC is a state owned and subsidized company Nr Title Periodicity Sold copies 1 News of the world Weekly 3.4 mio. 2 The Sun Daily 3 mio. 3 The Mail on Sunday Weekly 2.3 mio 4 The Daily Mail Daily 2.3 mio. 5 The Daily Mirror Daily 1.9 mio. Nr Title Unique visitors 1 BBC Online 82.3 mio. 2 Sky 13.9 mio. 3 Guardian unlimited 12.7 mio. 4 Times Online 9 mio. 5 The Sun Online 7.5 mio.

On the online communication market, Swiss publishers have to fight against outsiders to defend their leaders position. Other companies not audited as Google or Yahoo! are providing news and acting as competitors for publishers. The Swiss c ommunication m arket Online Print Excluded are association’s or specialized distributions. Period: 3Q 2006 Google and Yahoo are not audited but are supposed to be the very top of the list. Period: Nov 2006 Source: www.wemf.ch * Excluded are association’s or specialized distributions. ** Free distribution *** Google and Yahoo are not audited but are supposed to be the very top of the list. Nr Title Periodicity Sold copies 1 20 Minuten (free) Daily 419‘684 2 Beobachter Weekly 315’081 3 Sonntagsblick Weekly 272’425 4 Blick Daily 254’657 5 Schweizer Illustrierte Weekly 232’519 Nr Title Unique visitors 1 Bluewin 4 mio. 2 Search.ch 2.3 mio. 3 Blick Online 1 mio. 4 NZZ Online 973‘000 5 20 Minuten 956‘000

While the print market is in continuous decline, the internet penetration as observed a fantastic success. Ad revenues are rising in an impressive way and now represent 3.5 % of the total ad revenues. This quote already passed above 10% on the US market. The money put on online advertising is not new money in ad investment. (Rupert Murdoch) Example - I n Germany print declines while online rises + 20% + 16% + 4% + 35% + 42% Online ad Print market Sold circulation (in mio. copies) In mio. EUR * Jan to Nov 2006 - 5% - 18% Source: www.ivw.de http://www.studie-deutschland-online.de/index.html

Appendix

TEST Thank you for participating in this course. Please, evaluate your progess by completing in the below test.

Thank you for participating in this course. Please, evaluate your progess by completing in the below test.

For trainers Before starting your training you might want to get an overview on participants’ general attitude to new media. Ask them to fill in this test. I have never met this term D Sending image with mobile phone C Text display on new radios B News, information A What is "RSS" about? 8 I do not know, I am not involved in this D Among top 3 C Among top 10 B Among top 50 A What is the position of your company on the local internet market? 7 I do not have any digital camera. D I take digital photos with my mobile and keep them there. C My child/husband does it or I take the camera to a service shop. B I archive them to PC and print them at home. A How do you process your personal digital photos? 6 I did not try it, I do not need it D I tried already C Sometimes, not regularly B Min. 3 times a week A How often do you use WAP? 5 I do not need it. D Sometimes 1 or 2 C Maximum 5 B 5 or more A How many SMS do you send in a day? 4 No, I do not need that. D No, my family has a common mail account. C Yes, but I use it very rarely. B Yes, for private issues I always use that. A Do you have private e-mail address? 3 Not yet. D I tried, without success, print ads are still better. C No, I have not bought anything, but found useful advertisement (eg. second-hand car) B Yes, I did. A Have you ever bought anything on web or with the help of web? 2 No, this is not needed for my work D Yes, but very rarely C Yes, but only if the topic requires B Yes, regularly, every day A Do you use web in your work for finding background info? 1 Options Question

Recommended newsfeeds Editors’ Weblog - http://www.editorsweblog.org/ Journalism.co.uk - http://journalism.co.uk/ What’s next: innovations in newspapers - http://www.innovationsinnewspapers.com/ Online Journalism Review - http://www.ojr.org/ Teaching Online Journalism - http://tojou.blogspot.com/ Poynter Online - http ://www.poynter.org/subject.asp?id=26 Crowdsourcing - http ://crowdsourcing.com/ Cyberjounalist.net - http ://www.cyberjournalist.net/ Readership Institute - http ://www.readership.org/ NewsDesigner.com - http ://www.newsdesigner.com/ It is strongly recommended to check and read the sites that are indicated as sources of this book. In addition newsfeeds of the below sites keep you updated on 21st century journalism.

Editors’ Weblog - http://www.editorsweblog.org/

Journalism.co.uk - http://journalism.co.uk/

What’s next: innovations in newspapers - http://www.innovationsinnewspapers.com/

Online Journalism Review - http://www.ojr.org/

Teaching Online Journalism - http://tojou.blogspot.com/

Poynter Online - http ://www.poynter.org/subject.asp?id=26

Crowdsourcing - http ://crowdsourcing.com/

Cyberjounalist.net - http ://www.cyberjournalist.net/

Readership Institute - http ://www.readership.org/

NewsDesigner.com - http ://www.newsdesigner.com/

Further sources on the CD insert [ A dirlist.doc file tartalma, több hasábbra tördelve ]