2. Word Processing is a term coined to emphasize
the manipulation of certain types of data- characters
combined to form words, sentences, paragraphs,
memos, letter and reports.
1964- the beginning of widespread use of word
processing.
Word processing system comprises equipment,
procedure and people whereby thoughts and ideas
are expressed and distributed in hardcopy or
softcopy.
3. Capabilities of Word Processing
1. Automatic Functions
2. Storage Functions
3. Display Functions
4. Communication Functions
5. Sophisticated Functions
6. Programming Functions
4. Programming Cycle
1. Defining the problem
2. Planning a solution to the problem
3. Coding the solution
4. Checking out the program by debugging and
testing
5. Documentation
5. Documentation
1. Complete statement of the problem
2. Description of the program logic and copies of
the flow charts
3. Final source listing
4. List and description of error tests along with
the disposition of these errors
5. Operating instructions, including program and
data structures and test data used
6. Input and output specifications
7. Schedules to be maintained
6. Programming Languages
Computers accomplish their task only when properly
instructed by programs. In writing program
instructions, the programmer uses a languages which
can be understood by computer.
Categories of Programming Languages
1. Machine Languages – Every computer has its own
machine language and this only language it
understands. With earlier computers, were all
written in machine language. Coding a program in
machine language is not an easy task; writing
instructions in a binary notation.
7. 2. Symbolic Languages – Because of the difficulties
involved in writing and testing a machine-language
program, several symbolic programming languages
have been developed. Symbolic languages permit the
programmer to use convenient symbols or
mnemonics when writing a program.
3. High -Level Language-High – level language
statements closely resemble English language
statements. The mathematical symbols are for the
most part, the symbols of traditional mathematics.
8. Advantage of high – level language
1. It is easily learned and understood being almost
English.
2. Lesser time is required to write programs.
3. They are standardized and can be accepted by any
computer which has a compiler for a particular
language
4. They provide better documentation and are much
easier to maintain
5. Availability of diagnostic error detection allows the
compiler to check program statements for syntactical
errors
9. Number System
The number system that we now use has provided
mathematician, engineers and scientists with a great
advantage over those of previous civilization.
The earliest numerals which have been found consist of
either vertical or horizontal marks. The decimal number 1
is an example of this sort of symbol.
We have always been accustomed to working primarily
with the decimal system. It is important to note that there
are many other system for numerical calculation and some
are far better suited to the capabilities of digital
computers.
10. Unitary System
In counting, the simplest system, the simplest system
is not the decimal system, but a one-to-one
comparison between the objects to be counted and
the count or tally, A long series of tallying marks is
simplified by breaking up the long series of tallying
marks into group of five, by making a diagonal stroke
through each set of mark, marks as ______.
11. Decimal System
The decimal system for counting has been so widely
used from time immemorial. It is based upon the ten
fingers of man. This system is nothing more than a
code where each distinct quantity is assigned a
symbol. In the decimal system the following digits
are used: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9. These symbols are
called the Arabic numerals.
12. Scientific and Engineering Notation
In Scientific and Engineering Notation , we
frequently encounter very large or very small
numbers. For example the distance of Mars from the
sun is 226, 400, 000 kms the speed of light is 300
000 000 meters per second, the distance in terms of
meter for one light year is approximately 9 240 000
000 000 000 meters. Scientific notation provide
convenient scheme for representation of such quality.
13. Rounding off values
Rounding of values is the process of dropping or
eliminating one or more of the final digits on the
right so that the value contains only significant
figures required for further computation or for
reporting in the final result.
Truncating
The process of deleting a certain digit rather than
rounding off the number is called truncating or
chopping.
14. Data Representation in Computers
In computer, data is recorded as electronic signals or
indications. The presence or absence of these signals
in specific circuitry represents data in the computer
just as the presence or absence of punched holes
represent data on a punched card.
15. The binary method of notation can be used to
describe the setting of binary components. The
system is the positional numeration system to the
base 2. Binary notation uses only two symbols 0 and
1.
Division
139/2
69/2
34/2
17/2
8/2
4/2
2/2
Quotient
69
34
17
8
4
2
1
Remainder
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
