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Energy Auditing Techniques for
  Small Commercial Facilities
                             2010
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Ryan Stroupe, Pacific Energy Center
Jim Kelsey P.E., kW Engineering
Richard Young, Food Service Technology Center




           Lighting Systems
Learning Objectives
•   Understand lighting concepts and terms
•   Understand lamp efficiencies
•   Know where find lamp/ballast wattages
•   Understand lighting power density from T-24
•   Understand appropriate applications for different sources
•   Understand light quality concerns
•   Understand lighting control strategies
•   Understand O&M opportunities
•   Understand energy saving calculations for lighting


2009          Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   3




Energy Auditor Role and Activities
•   Survey and catalog lighting systems in a facility
•   Recognize efficiency opportunities
•   Distinguish over-illumination or under-illumination
•   Asses other light quality issues
•   Compare space to code compliant LPD
•   Recommend lighting control strategies
•   Use light meters and monitoring equipment




2009          Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   4
Why is Lighting Important?
•   Represents 35% of electric energy in CA commercial buildings.
•   For some facilities can be nearly 50% of electric energy use.
•   Many DR strategies are related to lighting.
•   Less of a focus for facility engineers and commissioning providers




2009           Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   5




Intention of Lighting Systems
• Illuminate spaces for specific tasks
• Illuminate surfaces or objects




                www.nlm.nih.gov



2009           Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   6
Directional vs. Ambient Lighting




2009             Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   7




Lighting System Components
• Luminaire
       – The complete lighting unit
• Lamp
       – The light source; bulb
• Ballast
       – Power regulator
• Reflector
       – Component that directs/distributes
         light
• Diffuser/Lens/Louver
       – Shields eye from glare
       – Evens out light distribution

2009             Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   8
Spectral Power Distribution
• Describes color distribution of light source across visible spectrum
• Vertical scale is power
• Horizontal scale is wavelength




                                                                  Source: Philips Lighting

2009          Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities               9




Inverse Square Law
• Resultant illuminance is inversely
                                                                                   I
  proportional to the square of                                       E=
  distance from source to surface                                                  D2
• Double distance from source = ¼                               E= Target Illuminance (fc)
  illuminance                                                    I= Source Intensity (cd)
                                                           D= Distance from Source to Target
• Applies only to point sources



                                                                                             2H
                                     H
             100 fc                                                 25 fc


2009          Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities               10
Lighting Concepts
    Term                                         Units
•   Luminous Flux                                Lumens
•   Illuminance                                  Foot-candle/Lux
•   Power                                        watts
•   Efficacy                                     lumens/watt
•   Lighting Power Density                       watts/ft2
•   Lamp Life                                    hours
•   Lumen Depreciation                           given as a % of initial lumens
•   Correlated Color Temperature                 Kelvin degrees
•   Color Rendering Index                        0-100 scale (unit-less)
•   Ballast Factor                               given as % of luminous output

2009          Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   11




Unit Sphere and Steradian
• One candle source
• One foot radius with
  1’- 0” x 1’- 0” opening
• One meter radius with 1
  meter x 1 meter opening




2009          Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   12
Luminous Flux
• Total amount of light emitted by
  a source in all directions
• Measured in lumens
• Used to rate the output of lamps




2009       Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   13




Illuminance
• The density of light falling
  on a surface
• Requires an area unit
• Measured in lumens per ft2
  (footcandles)
• Also measured in lux
  (lumens per meter2)




2009       Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   14
Efficacy
•   A measure of lamp (and ballast) performance
•   Describes system conversion efficiency of power to light
•   Is light output over input power
•   Units are lumens/watt
•   Varies by lamp (and ballast) type


                         Light out
                         Power in
2009         Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   15




Lighting Power Density
•   A measure of the power intensity of lighting systems
•   Is lighting power over the area of a room or building
•   Units are watts/square foot
•   Energy code provides limits by space use or building type



                    Light power
                       Area
2009         Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   16
Lamp Life
• Total operating time that ½ of test set remains burning
• Tested under consistent temperatures and time/start
       –   77F°
       –   3 hrs/start for fluorescents
       –   10 hrs/start for HID sources
       –   12 hr/start data available from some manufacturers
       –   Number of starts adversely affect lamp life; longer runs than test
           will allow lamps to outlast their rated life expectancy.
• Measured in hours



2009               Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   17




Lumen Depreciation
• Given as a percentage of initial lumens
• Factors include lamp aging and dirt accumulation




2009               Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   18
Light Source Chromaticity
• Refers to Correlated Color
  Temperature (CCT)
• Measurement of coolness or
  warmness of a light source
• Measured in degrees
  Kelvin (º K)
• The higher the chromaticity,
  the cooler the source appears




2009        Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   19




Color Rendering Index (CRI)
• Method of determining how well a light source
  renders colors reflected by objects
• Used to compare color performance for light
  sources of the same color temperature
• 0-100 point scale




2009        Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   20
Underwriters Laboratory
• Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) is an independent, not-
  for-profit product safety testing and certification organization.
• Look for the UL label to insure that the lighting products you
  purchase are safe to install
• Testing includes
       – Risk of fire
       – Electric shock
       – Injury to persons




2009              Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   21




Lamp Types
•   Incandescent
•   Halogen
•   Fluorescent
•   High Intensity Discharge
       –   Metal halide
       –   Mercury vapor
       –   High Pressure Sodium
       –   Low Pressure Sodium
• Induction lamps
• Light Emitting Diodes
• Neon

2009              Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   22
Incandescent Lamps
•   Efficacy                                      6-24 l/w
•   Kelvin temperature                            2700K°
•   Color Rendering Index                         100
•   Lamp life                                     750-2000 hours
•   Lumen depreciation                            <20%
•   Start to full brightness                      immediate
•   Re-strike time                                immediate
•   Dimming ability                               Yes
•   Strengths
       –   First cost
       –
       –
           Color rendering
           Instant on
                                                                      This lamp type is
       –   Very good lumen maintenance
       –   Ease of dimming                                            a good candidate
       –   Not ambient temperature dependent

• Weaknesses                                                          for replacement!
       –   Low efficacy
       –   Short lamp life
       –   High lamp surface temperature
       –   Limited color


2009                      Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities          23




Incandescent Lamp Operation
• Resistive load; electricity passes
  through a filament
• 90% of energy applied produces heat
• Light becomes redder with dimming
• Lamp life is reduced at higher
  wattages
• Best applications:
       – Where lamp/fixture may be damaged
       – Extremely cold or hot environments
       – Residential




                                                                           Spectral power distribution

2009                      Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities          24
Halogen Lamps
•    Efficacy                                     8-35 l/w
•    Kelvin temperature                           2900K°
•    Color Rendering Index                        100
•    Lamp life                                    2000-6000 hours
•    Lumen depreciation                           <5%
•    Start to full brightness                     immediate
•    Re-strike time                               immediate
•    Dimming ability                              Yes
•    Strengths
       –   Directional source
       –   First cost
       –   Color rendering
       –   Instant on
       –   Excellent lumen maintenance
       –   Ease of dimming
       –   Not ambient temperature dependent

• Weaknesses
       –   Low efficacy
       –   Relatively short lamp life
       –   High lamp surface temperature
       –   Limited color
2009                      Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   25




Tungsten Halogen Cycle




    Filament in quartz capsule surrounded by halogen gas and operates at higher temperature

2009                      Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   26
Fluorescent Lamps
•   Efficacy                                            60-100 l/w
•   Kelvin temperature                                  2700-7500K°
•   Color Rendering Index                               50-98
•   Lamp life                                           7500-30,000 hours
•   Lumen depreciation                                  10-30%
•   Start to full brightness                            0-5 seconds
•   Re-strike time                                      immediate
•   Dimming ability                                     Yes, with proper ballast
•   Strengths
       –   High efficacy
       –   Long lamp life
       –   Wide range of colors
       –   Very good lumen maintenance
       –   Cool lamp surface temperature
       –   Area source

• Weaknesses
       –   Sophisticated lamp/ballast combination
       –   Does not perform well in hot/cold environments
       –   Has warm-up time
       –   Older technologies hum and flicker


2009                       Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities          27




Fluorescent Lamp Operation
• Low pressure, gas discharge source
  where light is produced by fluorescence
  of phosphor coating when excited by
  UV radiation from mercury arc.
• Ballast is required
• Comes in wide variety of shapes
• Light becomes bluer with dimming
• Best applications:
       –   Ambient lighting
       –   Where energy use is a concern
       –   Where lights on on for long periods
       –   Day lit environments

                                                                            Spectral power distribution

2009                       Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities          28
Ballast Issues
• Component that regulates electricity to the lamp
       – Provides required voltage for lamp start-up
       – Limits current to lamp during operation
• Types
       – Electromagnetic (magnetic)
           •   Steel or iron core
           •   60hz output
           •   May hum
           •   Older ballasts (before 1973) may have PCBs
       – Electronic
           •   More energy efficient (10-25% better than magnetic)
           •   Solid state components
           •   20-40Khz output
           •   Reduced flicker
           •   Quiet operation
           •   Easier to install
           •   Lighter weight
2009                  Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   29




Ballast Features
• Number of lamps powered (up to 4 lamps on one ballast)
• Start time
       – Rapid start
       – Instant start
       – Programmed start
• Dimming capabilities
• Parallel wiring (will still work if one lamp fails in a two lamp fixture)
• Ballast Factor
       – Relative luminous output of a lamp(s) operated on a ballast with
         respect to the same lamp(s) driven on a reference ballast
       – Used to describe ballasts that under- or over-drive lamps

2009                  Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   30
Fluorescent Lamp Types
•   T (Tubular)
•   U-shape
•   Circline
•   Flat
•   2D
•   Compact




2009               Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities        31




Fluorescent Lamp Nomenclature
F32T8/835/HO
• F32T8                                                  •HO
                                                               –HO              High output
       –   Fluorescent
                                                               –RS              Rapid start
       –   32 input power in watts
                                                               –ES              Energy saving
       –   Tubular lamp type
                                                               –CW              Cool white
       –   8 1/8” inches in diameter or 1”
                                                               –WW              Warm white
• 835                                                          –SS              Super Saver
       – 80-89 CRI                                             –ECO             Ecologic
       – 3500 Kelvin Temp                                      –D               Daylight

                Note: Lamp coding may vary by manufacturer
2009               Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities        32
T-12 Fluorescents
• About 60 l/w with magnetic ballasts
• Changing to T-8s with electronic ballasts is a 20-40%
  improvement in efficacy
• Larger T-12 lamp prevents light from exiting fixture
• Still accounts for nearly 50% of all fluorescents in US


                                                        This lamp type is
                                                        a good candidate
                                                        for replacement!


2009         Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   33




High Efficiency, 3rd Gen. or Super T-8s
•   Excellent efficacy                           up to 95 l/w at mean life
•   Good lumen maintenance                       93% at 12,000 hrs
•   Long lamp life                               in excess of 18,000 hours
•   CRI                                          80 or better

       This new fluorescent lamp
       type is the only T-8 linear
        fluorescent that qualifies
          for PG&E’s Deemed
           Incentive Program


2009         Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   34
Identifying Magnetic Ballasts
• Use the flicker checker
• Much easier than opening fixture
• Under electronic ballasts
       – Looks like shades of gray
       – rotating in one direction
• Under magnetic ballasts
       – Has color
       – Rotating in both directions




2009               Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   35




T-5 Fluorescents
•   Excellent efficacy                                 up to 90 l/w at mean life
•   Good lumen maintenance                             95%
•   Long lamp life                                     in excess of 20,000 hours
•   CRI                                                80 or better
•   Notes:
       – Thinner lamp allows light fixture to be more efficient
       – With reflector provides high light output
         (encroaches on HID market)
       – Metric length and lamp holder size makes retrofits difficult
       – Variety of colors available (3000-4000K)
       – This fluorescent lamp type qualifies for PG&E Incentive




2009               Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   36
Cold Cathode Fluorescent
• Operate at a much higher voltage and lower
  current than conventional fluorescent lamps.
• The higher voltage overcomes the need to heat
  the tube while the lower arc current greatly
  extends the life of the discharge electrodes.
• Cold cathode lamps are typically ten to 30
  percent more efficient than a comparable hot
  cathode fluorescent lamp.
• Cold cathode lights have a life expectancy
  more than twice that of typical compact
  fluorescent lamps and do not suffer accelerated
  degradation with variations in supply voltage.
• This fluorescent lamp type qualifies for PG&E
  Incentives* for incandescent replacement
  (fluorescent must be 2 to 8 watts).
    *Check PGE.com for updates and incentive details
2009                 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   37




Compact Fluorescent Lamps
•   Efficacy                                 28-84 l/w
•   Kelvin temperature                       2700-5000K°
•   Color Rendering Index                    82-86
•   Lamp life                                10,000-20,000 hours
•   Lumen depreciation                       <30%
•   Start to full brightness                 0-5 minutes
•   Re-strike time                           immediate
•   Dimming ability                          Yes, with proper ballast
•   Notes:
       – May come with integrated ballast
       – Ballast must be ventilated; Do not enclose lamp
       – This lamp type qualifies for the PG&E incentives


2009                 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   38
Compact Fluorescent Lamps
• Strengths
       –   High efficacy
       –   Compact size
       –   Long lamp life
       –   Good CRI
       –   Wide range of colors
       –   Good lumen maintenance
       –   Cool lamp surface temperature
       –   High frequency operation

• Weaknesses
       –   Higher first cost (over incandescent)
       –   Position sensitive
       –   Does not perform well in hot/cold environments
       –   Has warm-up time
       –   Expensive to dim

2009                 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities                     39




 Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) Shapes




                                                                     Source: IESNA ED-150 Instructor Guide, 1995

2009                 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities                     40
High Intensity Discharge Sources
• Used to light surfaces some distance from source
• Applications
       –   Street lights
       –   Exterior lighting of buildings
       –   Warehouse lighting
       –   High-bay retail
• Types
       –   Mercury Vapor
       –   Metal Halide
       –   High Pressure Sodium
       –   Low Pressure Sodium
• Alternatives
       – Induction lamps
       – T-5 Fluorescent


2009                     Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   41




Mercury Vapor
•   Efficacy                                       30-65 l/w
•   Kelvin temperature                             5600-7000K
•   Color Rendering Index                          15-40
•   Lamp life                                      10,000-16,000 hours
•   Lumen depreciation                             30-50%
•   Start to full brightness                       3-5 minutes
•   Re-strike time                                 5 minutes
•   Dimming ability                                yes, with special ballast
•   Strengths
       –   Long lamp life
• Weaknesses                                                              This lamp type is
       –   Only incandescents are more inefficient
       –   Poor color rendering                                           a good candidate
       –   Poor lumen maintenance
       –   Long strike time and re-strike time                            for replacement!
       –   New outdoor installations are illegal under some state laws.
       –   Mercury lamp ballasts are noisy
       –   Lamps are quite voltage sensitive
       –   A special dimming ballast is required to dim mercury lamps.
2009                     Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   42
Metal Halide Lamps
•   Efficacy                                     50-110 l/w
•   Kelvin temperature                           3000-6000K
•   Color Rendering Index                        65-92
•   Lamp life                                    6000-20,000 hours
•   Lumen depreciation                           10-30%
•   Start to full brightness                     2-10 minutes
•   Re-strike time                               3-20 minutes
•   Dimming ability                              with difficulty
•   Strengths
       –   High efficacy
       –   Long lamp life
       –   Good lumen maintenance
       –   Good color rendering for HID source
• Weaknesses
       –   Has warm-up time
       –   Long re-strike time
       –   Color shifts with age
       –   Lamp position sensitivity
       –   Expensive to dim

2009                     Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   43




Metal Halides Features
• Pulse Start
       –   Probe start provides brief, high-power pulse for lamp start up
       –   Up to 50% improvement in efficacy
       –   Reduced strike and re-strike time
       –   High lumen maintenance
       –   Improved color stability
       –   Longer lamp life
       –   This lamp type qualifies for the PG&E incentives
• Bi-level control
       – Switch lamps to lower energy-saving level
       – Continuous dimming is more difficult due to flicker, color shift & lamp shutdown
       – Can be controlled based on occupancy




2009                     Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   44
High Pressure Sodium Lamps
•   Efficacy                         50-120 l/w
•   Kelvin temperature               2100-2200
•   Color Rendering Index            21-65
•   Lamp life                        16,000-24,000 hours
•   Lumen depreciation               10-20%
•   Start to full brightness         4-6 minutes
•   Re-strike time                   1 minute
•   Dimming ability                  with difficulty
•   This lamp type qualifies for the PG&E incentives
•   Strengths
       –   High efficacy
       –   Long lamp life
       –   Good lumen maintenance
       –   Universal burning position

• Weaknesses
       –   Has warm-up time
       –   Re-strike time
       –   Poor CRI
       –   Expensive to dim
       –   Color shifts with age

2009                        Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   45




Induction Lamps
•   Efficacy                         60-80 l/w
•   Kelvin temperature               3000K-4100K
•   Color Rendering Index            80
•   Lamp life                        100,000 hours
•   Lumen depreciation               20-25%
•   Start to full brightness         Some warm up
•   Re-strike time                   immediate
•   Dimming ability                  No
•   This lamp type qualifies for the PG&E incentives
•   Strengths
       –   Extremely long lamp life
       –   Tolerates varied temperatures
       –   On/off cycling does not affect lamp life
       –   No color shift over lamp life
• Weaknesses
       –   Not as efficient as high-efficiency fluorescents
       –   Have yet to collect enough long-term performance data
       –   Lumen depreciation is significant
       –   Unable to dim
       –   Immediate strike and re-strike
       –   High first cost



2009                        Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   46
Light Emitting Diodes
•   Efficacy                        20-60 l/w*
•   Kelvin temperature              3000K-4500K
•   Color Rendering Index           20-70
•   Lamp life                       50,000-100,000 hours
•   Lumen depreciation              10-30%?
•   Start to full brightness        immediate
•   Re-strike time                  immediate
•   Dimming ability                 Yes
•   This lamp type qualifies for PG&E incentives
•   Applications
       –   Exit signs
       –   Traffic lights
       –   Signage
       –   Safety lights (theaters)
       –   Replace Neon


 * test data in labs is much higher (130 l/w)

2009                    Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   47




Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
• Strengths
       – Adequate light at low wattage for some applications
       – LED exit signs require 2-25% of the wattage of
         incandescent exit signs
       – LED exit signs require 25-50% of the wattage of
         CFL exit signs
       – Rugged
       – Extremely long lamp life; some claims of up to 25 year life
       – 1/3 the life cycle cost of incandescents over a ten year life
• Weaknesses
       – Low efficacy ( 20-60 L/W)
       – White LEDs have lower efficacy than colored LEDS Not
         appropriate for all applications
       – Have yet to collect enough long-term performance data
       – Currently-manufactured LEDs are rated for operating
         temperatures of 25 degrees C; at lower temperatures they
         produce more light and at higher temperatures, less.
       – Signs should be changed when light levels drop below
         accepted standards
       – Require DC power



2009                    Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   48
Light Emitting Diode (LED) - Operation


                                                                      Hard Plastic
                                                                      Phosphor coating (optional)
                                                                      Semi-Conductor
                                                                      Anvil




                                                                      Base Pins

• Produce light by electroluminescence
• Solid state light source
• Semiconductor chip         Image license: GNU Free Documentation License.

2009            Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities         49




  LED - SPD Curve
                                                                • Continuous
                                                                  curve
                                                                • Blue weighted
                                                                • Varies for color
                                                                  LEDs


           PG&E Pacific Energy Center 2007




2009            Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities         50
Lamp Comparison Matrix
                                            Source        Efficacy     Lamp Life                  Color                                 Voltage      Temperature
   Lamp Family                                                                         LLD                 CRI        Dimmable2
                                             Type         (lm/W)      (rated hours)              Temp.1                                Sensitive2     Sensitive2


   Incandescent                              Point          15           1,000         95%           W     100           Y                 Y              N

     Halogen
                                             Point          20           3,000         100%          W     100           Y                 Y              N
   Incandescent

       Fluorescent                           Linear         95           25,000        95%       WMC        86           Y                 N              Y

        Compact
                                             Area           70           12,000        86%       WMC        86           S                 N              Y
       Fluorescent

    Pulse Start
                                             Point          100          20,000        85%           WM     70           S                 N              N
   Metal Halide

    Ceramic
                                             Point          90           20,000        85%           WM     92           S                 N              N
   Metal Halide


   High Pressure
                                             Point          110          24,000        90%           W      21           N                 N              N
      Sodium


       Induction
                                             Area           80          100,000        75%           WM     80           N                 N              N
        Lamps

   White LEDs                              Projection       40           50,000        70%           MC     75           Y                 N              Y


 1 - W (Warm), M (Mid-range), C (Cool)                                                         Note: Values are representative of lamp family performance
 2 - Y (Yes), S (Special Cases), N (No)
2009                                                  Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities                                        51




 Mean Lamp/Ballast System Efficacy
                                              Halogen PAR38
                                            Incandescent A19
                                           Halogen IR PAR38
                                                      White LED
                                        CFL PL13 2-pin - Mag
                                          CFL 15W Screw-in
                                      CFL 26W Double - GEB
            Lamp (and Ballast) Type




                                       CFL 42W Triple - GEB
                                            MH 400W - Mag
                                       MH 100W - Elec, pulse
                                       MH 400W - Mag, pulse
                                      CMH 400W - Mag, pulse
                                       MH 400W - Elec, pulse
                                      CMH 400W - Elec, pulse
                                                  T12 - Mag
                                           Biaxial - GEB, prog
                                           T5HO - GEB, prog
                                          Basic T8 - GEB, ins
                                          Super T8 - EE, prog
                                                 T5 - EE, ins
                                           Super T8 - EE, ins
                                                                  0               20            40               60               80                100
                                                                                              Efficacy [mean lm/W]
          *GEB: Generic Electronic Ballast, EE: Extra Efficient Ballast, ins: instant start, prog: programmed start, pulse: pulse start


2009                                                  Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities                                        52
Daylighting
•   Efficacy                                           80-250 l/w
•   Kelvin temperature                                 5,400-10,000K
•   Color Rendering Index                              100 (best source)
•   Lamp life                                          Infinite, but daily cycle
•   Lumen depreciation                                 None
•   Notes:
       –   Savings dependant on reducing electric lighting load
       –   Associated with increased productivity, reduced sick days…
       –   Some heat introduced with daylight
       –   Indirect light is ideal (less glare and heat)


2009               Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   53




Recommended Illuminance Levels




                     These are recommendations not code requirements

2009               Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   54
De-Lamping Opportunities
• Efficient lighting systems often provide more light
       –   New lamps and ballasts may provide higher lumen output
       –   Ballast may have high ballast factor
       –   Reflectors may be added
       –   Fixtures may be cleaner
•      Older buildings designed for higher illuminance
•      Many spaces over-illuminated for appropriate task
•      Task/low ambient lighting strategies
•      Scotopic lighting provides better visual acuity and higher perceived
       brightness




2009                Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   55




Lighting Controls
• Objectives
       – In all cases reduce the hours of operation of lighting equipment
       – In some cases reduce the power draw of lighting equipment

• Types
       –   Manual switches
       –   Schedule controls/Sweeps
       –   Timers
       –   Occupancy sensors
       –   Manual dimmers
       –   Daylight controls/Photosensors
2009                Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   56
Scheduled Controller/Sweep
• Controlled through building
  automation system (BAS)
• Ideal for spaces with regular use
• Best option is manual ON,
  controlled OFF
• Applications
       –     Open office space
       –     Schools
       –     Retail spaces
       –     Manufacturing
• This control equipment qualifies for
  the PG&E Incentive


2009                            Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities                                      57




Data from Timer Controls
Retail Example                                         Retail Store Stockrooms

                                               Men's Ware           Visual           Lingerie          Shoes

       200

       180

       160

       140

       120

       100

       80

       60

       40

       20

        0
            Fri   Sat    Sun     Mon    Tue    Wed    Thu     Fri      Sat    Sun       Mon     Tue     Wed    Thu     Fri   Sat    Sun
           0:00   0:00   0:00    0:00   0:00   0:00   0:00   0:00      0:00   0:00      0:00    0:00    0:00   0:00   0:00   0:00   0:00




2009                            Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities                                      58
Time Clocks
• Allows lights to run in a
  space for a limited time
• Essentially a timed switch
• Simple controller
• Inexpensive
• Types:
       – Mechanical
       – Electronic
• Applications:
       – Stock/Storage rooms
       – Laundry rooms
       – Service areas
2009                  Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   59




Occupancy Sensors
• Ideal for spaces with irregular use
  and unoccupied at least ½ operating
  hours
• Sensors located in spaces
• May be tied to BAS
• Two main sensor types
       – Infrared
       – Ultrasonic
• Applications
       –   Rest rooms
       –   Stock rooms
       –   Conference rooms
       –   Garages
• This control equipment qualifies for
  PG&E Incentive
2009                  Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   60
Passive InfraRed Sensor Attributes




       http://www.wattstopper.com/pdf/Sensor_Broch_Final.pdf




2009                          Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   61




Ultrasonic Sensor Attributes




2009                          Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   62
Data from Occupancy Controls
 Garage Example


       8
       7
       6
       5
       4
       3
       2
       1
       0
        9/20      9/22        9/24         9/26         9/28        9/30         10/2        10/4

2009                 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities          63




Interior Daylight Controls
• Ideal for interior spaces
  with a daylight factor >2%
• Sensors located in spaces
• May be tied to BAS
• Two main strategies
       – Photocells
       – Photosensors
• Applications
       –   Single-story buildings
       –   Perimeter office spaces
       –   Schools
       –   Big-box retail

2009                 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities          64
Data from Daylighting Controls
 Grocery Store Example




2009        Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   65




Exterior Lighting Controls
• Sensor typically located
  above fixture
• Photocells switch lights
  off when there is adequate
  daylight
• This control equipment
  qualifies for the PG&E
  Incentive




2009        Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   66
Summary of Lighting Opportunities
• Change out inefficient lighting
       –   Replace incandescent lamps
       –   Replace halogens used as ambient sources
       –   Replace T-12 fluorescents
       –   Replace magnetically ballasted fluorescents
       –   Replace mercury vapor lamps
       –   Used LED for exit signs and signage
• De-lamp in over-illuminated spaces or service areas
• Add lighting controls
       –   Sweeps
       –   Timers
       –   Occupancy sensors
       –   Daylighting/photosensor controls
2009               Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   67




Lighting Operations & Maintenance
•   Re-lamp whole building on a regular schedule
•   Replace flickering, dim and burned-out lamps
•   Clean diffusers, lenses and lamps
•   Trim bushes and trees away from outdoor lighting
•   Verify controls
       – Check scheduled off times for sweeps
       – Tune/commission occupancy sensors
       – Tune/commission photosensors for daylight controls



2009               Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   68
Other Lighting Issues
• Consider light system performance
       –   Consider luminaire efficiency not just lamp efficacy
       –   Remember distance from source impact light levels
       –   Spacing of luminaires is a factor
       –   Lighter wall and ceiling colors are advantageous
• Consider scotopic sources
• High efficiency systems reduce cooling loads
• Glare is a concern especially with computers


2009              Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   69




Lighting Tools and Resources
•   Flicker checker
•   Illuminance meter
•   Lighting loggers
•   Occupancy loggers
•   Luminance meter
•   Measuring tape/Disto
•   Circuit tracer
•   Recommended illuminance level table
•   Lighting fixture wattage tables
2009              Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities   70
Key Points to Remember
•   Relative lighting efficacies
•   Where to find light system wattages
•   How to calculate Lighting Power Density
•   How to use meters and test equipment
•   Appropriate control strategies for different situations
•   Lighting O&M opportunities
•   Where to find lighting incentive information
•   How to calculate energy savings potential



2009                 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities               71




References and Resources
• Advanced Lighting Guidelines: 2003 Edition
       – http://www.newbuildings.org/lighting.htm
• Lighting Fundamentals Handbook
       – Free through EPRI http://my.epri.com/
• Table of Standard Fixture Wattages
    www.entergy-texas.com/content/Energy_Efficiency/documents/Small_CommercialWattageTable_020504.xls
    www.entergy- texas.com/content/Energy_Efficiency/documents/Small_CommercialWattageTable_020504.xls

• Occupancy Sensor Design and Application Guide
    http://www.wattstopper.com/getdoc/419/OSappsNewDesignFinal.pdf
• California Energy Code, Title 24
       http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/
• PG&E Lighting Incentives
       http://www.pge.com/mybusiness/energysavingsrebates/rebatesincentives/ref/lighting/
       http://www.pge.com/mybusiness/energysavingsrebates/rebatesincentives/ref/lighting/

2009                 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities               72

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Laney lighting pec

  • 1. Energy Auditing Techniques for Small Commercial Facilities 2010 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9/20 9/22 9/24 9/26 9/28 9/30 10/2 10/4 Ryan Stroupe, Pacific Energy Center Jim Kelsey P.E., kW Engineering Richard Young, Food Service Technology Center Lighting Systems
  • 2. Learning Objectives • Understand lighting concepts and terms • Understand lamp efficiencies • Know where find lamp/ballast wattages • Understand lighting power density from T-24 • Understand appropriate applications for different sources • Understand light quality concerns • Understand lighting control strategies • Understand O&M opportunities • Understand energy saving calculations for lighting 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 3 Energy Auditor Role and Activities • Survey and catalog lighting systems in a facility • Recognize efficiency opportunities • Distinguish over-illumination or under-illumination • Asses other light quality issues • Compare space to code compliant LPD • Recommend lighting control strategies • Use light meters and monitoring equipment 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 4
  • 3. Why is Lighting Important? • Represents 35% of electric energy in CA commercial buildings. • For some facilities can be nearly 50% of electric energy use. • Many DR strategies are related to lighting. • Less of a focus for facility engineers and commissioning providers 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 5 Intention of Lighting Systems • Illuminate spaces for specific tasks • Illuminate surfaces or objects www.nlm.nih.gov 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 6
  • 4. Directional vs. Ambient Lighting 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 7 Lighting System Components • Luminaire – The complete lighting unit • Lamp – The light source; bulb • Ballast – Power regulator • Reflector – Component that directs/distributes light • Diffuser/Lens/Louver – Shields eye from glare – Evens out light distribution 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 8
  • 5. Spectral Power Distribution • Describes color distribution of light source across visible spectrum • Vertical scale is power • Horizontal scale is wavelength Source: Philips Lighting 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 9 Inverse Square Law • Resultant illuminance is inversely I proportional to the square of E= distance from source to surface D2 • Double distance from source = ¼ E= Target Illuminance (fc) illuminance I= Source Intensity (cd) D= Distance from Source to Target • Applies only to point sources 2H H 100 fc 25 fc 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 10
  • 6. Lighting Concepts Term Units • Luminous Flux Lumens • Illuminance Foot-candle/Lux • Power watts • Efficacy lumens/watt • Lighting Power Density watts/ft2 • Lamp Life hours • Lumen Depreciation given as a % of initial lumens • Correlated Color Temperature Kelvin degrees • Color Rendering Index 0-100 scale (unit-less) • Ballast Factor given as % of luminous output 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 11 Unit Sphere and Steradian • One candle source • One foot radius with 1’- 0” x 1’- 0” opening • One meter radius with 1 meter x 1 meter opening 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 12
  • 7. Luminous Flux • Total amount of light emitted by a source in all directions • Measured in lumens • Used to rate the output of lamps 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 13 Illuminance • The density of light falling on a surface • Requires an area unit • Measured in lumens per ft2 (footcandles) • Also measured in lux (lumens per meter2) 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 14
  • 8. Efficacy • A measure of lamp (and ballast) performance • Describes system conversion efficiency of power to light • Is light output over input power • Units are lumens/watt • Varies by lamp (and ballast) type Light out Power in 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 15 Lighting Power Density • A measure of the power intensity of lighting systems • Is lighting power over the area of a room or building • Units are watts/square foot • Energy code provides limits by space use or building type Light power Area 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 16
  • 9. Lamp Life • Total operating time that ½ of test set remains burning • Tested under consistent temperatures and time/start – 77F° – 3 hrs/start for fluorescents – 10 hrs/start for HID sources – 12 hr/start data available from some manufacturers – Number of starts adversely affect lamp life; longer runs than test will allow lamps to outlast their rated life expectancy. • Measured in hours 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 17 Lumen Depreciation • Given as a percentage of initial lumens • Factors include lamp aging and dirt accumulation 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 18
  • 10. Light Source Chromaticity • Refers to Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) • Measurement of coolness or warmness of a light source • Measured in degrees Kelvin (º K) • The higher the chromaticity, the cooler the source appears 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 19 Color Rendering Index (CRI) • Method of determining how well a light source renders colors reflected by objects • Used to compare color performance for light sources of the same color temperature • 0-100 point scale 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 20
  • 11. Underwriters Laboratory • Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) is an independent, not- for-profit product safety testing and certification organization. • Look for the UL label to insure that the lighting products you purchase are safe to install • Testing includes – Risk of fire – Electric shock – Injury to persons 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 21 Lamp Types • Incandescent • Halogen • Fluorescent • High Intensity Discharge – Metal halide – Mercury vapor – High Pressure Sodium – Low Pressure Sodium • Induction lamps • Light Emitting Diodes • Neon 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 22
  • 12. Incandescent Lamps • Efficacy 6-24 l/w • Kelvin temperature 2700K° • Color Rendering Index 100 • Lamp life 750-2000 hours • Lumen depreciation <20% • Start to full brightness immediate • Re-strike time immediate • Dimming ability Yes • Strengths – First cost – – Color rendering Instant on This lamp type is – Very good lumen maintenance – Ease of dimming a good candidate – Not ambient temperature dependent • Weaknesses for replacement! – Low efficacy – Short lamp life – High lamp surface temperature – Limited color 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 23 Incandescent Lamp Operation • Resistive load; electricity passes through a filament • 90% of energy applied produces heat • Light becomes redder with dimming • Lamp life is reduced at higher wattages • Best applications: – Where lamp/fixture may be damaged – Extremely cold or hot environments – Residential Spectral power distribution 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 24
  • 13. Halogen Lamps • Efficacy 8-35 l/w • Kelvin temperature 2900K° • Color Rendering Index 100 • Lamp life 2000-6000 hours • Lumen depreciation <5% • Start to full brightness immediate • Re-strike time immediate • Dimming ability Yes • Strengths – Directional source – First cost – Color rendering – Instant on – Excellent lumen maintenance – Ease of dimming – Not ambient temperature dependent • Weaknesses – Low efficacy – Relatively short lamp life – High lamp surface temperature – Limited color 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 25 Tungsten Halogen Cycle Filament in quartz capsule surrounded by halogen gas and operates at higher temperature 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 26
  • 14. Fluorescent Lamps • Efficacy 60-100 l/w • Kelvin temperature 2700-7500K° • Color Rendering Index 50-98 • Lamp life 7500-30,000 hours • Lumen depreciation 10-30% • Start to full brightness 0-5 seconds • Re-strike time immediate • Dimming ability Yes, with proper ballast • Strengths – High efficacy – Long lamp life – Wide range of colors – Very good lumen maintenance – Cool lamp surface temperature – Area source • Weaknesses – Sophisticated lamp/ballast combination – Does not perform well in hot/cold environments – Has warm-up time – Older technologies hum and flicker 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 27 Fluorescent Lamp Operation • Low pressure, gas discharge source where light is produced by fluorescence of phosphor coating when excited by UV radiation from mercury arc. • Ballast is required • Comes in wide variety of shapes • Light becomes bluer with dimming • Best applications: – Ambient lighting – Where energy use is a concern – Where lights on on for long periods – Day lit environments Spectral power distribution 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 28
  • 15. Ballast Issues • Component that regulates electricity to the lamp – Provides required voltage for lamp start-up – Limits current to lamp during operation • Types – Electromagnetic (magnetic) • Steel or iron core • 60hz output • May hum • Older ballasts (before 1973) may have PCBs – Electronic • More energy efficient (10-25% better than magnetic) • Solid state components • 20-40Khz output • Reduced flicker • Quiet operation • Easier to install • Lighter weight 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 29 Ballast Features • Number of lamps powered (up to 4 lamps on one ballast) • Start time – Rapid start – Instant start – Programmed start • Dimming capabilities • Parallel wiring (will still work if one lamp fails in a two lamp fixture) • Ballast Factor – Relative luminous output of a lamp(s) operated on a ballast with respect to the same lamp(s) driven on a reference ballast – Used to describe ballasts that under- or over-drive lamps 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 30
  • 16. Fluorescent Lamp Types • T (Tubular) • U-shape • Circline • Flat • 2D • Compact 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 31 Fluorescent Lamp Nomenclature F32T8/835/HO • F32T8 •HO –HO High output – Fluorescent –RS Rapid start – 32 input power in watts –ES Energy saving – Tubular lamp type –CW Cool white – 8 1/8” inches in diameter or 1” –WW Warm white • 835 –SS Super Saver – 80-89 CRI –ECO Ecologic – 3500 Kelvin Temp –D Daylight Note: Lamp coding may vary by manufacturer 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 32
  • 17. T-12 Fluorescents • About 60 l/w with magnetic ballasts • Changing to T-8s with electronic ballasts is a 20-40% improvement in efficacy • Larger T-12 lamp prevents light from exiting fixture • Still accounts for nearly 50% of all fluorescents in US This lamp type is a good candidate for replacement! 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 33 High Efficiency, 3rd Gen. or Super T-8s • Excellent efficacy up to 95 l/w at mean life • Good lumen maintenance 93% at 12,000 hrs • Long lamp life in excess of 18,000 hours • CRI 80 or better This new fluorescent lamp type is the only T-8 linear fluorescent that qualifies for PG&E’s Deemed Incentive Program 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 34
  • 18. Identifying Magnetic Ballasts • Use the flicker checker • Much easier than opening fixture • Under electronic ballasts – Looks like shades of gray – rotating in one direction • Under magnetic ballasts – Has color – Rotating in both directions 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 35 T-5 Fluorescents • Excellent efficacy up to 90 l/w at mean life • Good lumen maintenance 95% • Long lamp life in excess of 20,000 hours • CRI 80 or better • Notes: – Thinner lamp allows light fixture to be more efficient – With reflector provides high light output (encroaches on HID market) – Metric length and lamp holder size makes retrofits difficult – Variety of colors available (3000-4000K) – This fluorescent lamp type qualifies for PG&E Incentive 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 36
  • 19. Cold Cathode Fluorescent • Operate at a much higher voltage and lower current than conventional fluorescent lamps. • The higher voltage overcomes the need to heat the tube while the lower arc current greatly extends the life of the discharge electrodes. • Cold cathode lamps are typically ten to 30 percent more efficient than a comparable hot cathode fluorescent lamp. • Cold cathode lights have a life expectancy more than twice that of typical compact fluorescent lamps and do not suffer accelerated degradation with variations in supply voltage. • This fluorescent lamp type qualifies for PG&E Incentives* for incandescent replacement (fluorescent must be 2 to 8 watts). *Check PGE.com for updates and incentive details 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 37 Compact Fluorescent Lamps • Efficacy 28-84 l/w • Kelvin temperature 2700-5000K° • Color Rendering Index 82-86 • Lamp life 10,000-20,000 hours • Lumen depreciation <30% • Start to full brightness 0-5 minutes • Re-strike time immediate • Dimming ability Yes, with proper ballast • Notes: – May come with integrated ballast – Ballast must be ventilated; Do not enclose lamp – This lamp type qualifies for the PG&E incentives 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 38
  • 20. Compact Fluorescent Lamps • Strengths – High efficacy – Compact size – Long lamp life – Good CRI – Wide range of colors – Good lumen maintenance – Cool lamp surface temperature – High frequency operation • Weaknesses – Higher first cost (over incandescent) – Position sensitive – Does not perform well in hot/cold environments – Has warm-up time – Expensive to dim 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 39 Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) Shapes Source: IESNA ED-150 Instructor Guide, 1995 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 40
  • 21. High Intensity Discharge Sources • Used to light surfaces some distance from source • Applications – Street lights – Exterior lighting of buildings – Warehouse lighting – High-bay retail • Types – Mercury Vapor – Metal Halide – High Pressure Sodium – Low Pressure Sodium • Alternatives – Induction lamps – T-5 Fluorescent 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 41 Mercury Vapor • Efficacy 30-65 l/w • Kelvin temperature 5600-7000K • Color Rendering Index 15-40 • Lamp life 10,000-16,000 hours • Lumen depreciation 30-50% • Start to full brightness 3-5 minutes • Re-strike time 5 minutes • Dimming ability yes, with special ballast • Strengths – Long lamp life • Weaknesses This lamp type is – Only incandescents are more inefficient – Poor color rendering a good candidate – Poor lumen maintenance – Long strike time and re-strike time for replacement! – New outdoor installations are illegal under some state laws. – Mercury lamp ballasts are noisy – Lamps are quite voltage sensitive – A special dimming ballast is required to dim mercury lamps. 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 42
  • 22. Metal Halide Lamps • Efficacy 50-110 l/w • Kelvin temperature 3000-6000K • Color Rendering Index 65-92 • Lamp life 6000-20,000 hours • Lumen depreciation 10-30% • Start to full brightness 2-10 minutes • Re-strike time 3-20 minutes • Dimming ability with difficulty • Strengths – High efficacy – Long lamp life – Good lumen maintenance – Good color rendering for HID source • Weaknesses – Has warm-up time – Long re-strike time – Color shifts with age – Lamp position sensitivity – Expensive to dim 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 43 Metal Halides Features • Pulse Start – Probe start provides brief, high-power pulse for lamp start up – Up to 50% improvement in efficacy – Reduced strike and re-strike time – High lumen maintenance – Improved color stability – Longer lamp life – This lamp type qualifies for the PG&E incentives • Bi-level control – Switch lamps to lower energy-saving level – Continuous dimming is more difficult due to flicker, color shift & lamp shutdown – Can be controlled based on occupancy 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 44
  • 23. High Pressure Sodium Lamps • Efficacy 50-120 l/w • Kelvin temperature 2100-2200 • Color Rendering Index 21-65 • Lamp life 16,000-24,000 hours • Lumen depreciation 10-20% • Start to full brightness 4-6 minutes • Re-strike time 1 minute • Dimming ability with difficulty • This lamp type qualifies for the PG&E incentives • Strengths – High efficacy – Long lamp life – Good lumen maintenance – Universal burning position • Weaknesses – Has warm-up time – Re-strike time – Poor CRI – Expensive to dim – Color shifts with age 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 45 Induction Lamps • Efficacy 60-80 l/w • Kelvin temperature 3000K-4100K • Color Rendering Index 80 • Lamp life 100,000 hours • Lumen depreciation 20-25% • Start to full brightness Some warm up • Re-strike time immediate • Dimming ability No • This lamp type qualifies for the PG&E incentives • Strengths – Extremely long lamp life – Tolerates varied temperatures – On/off cycling does not affect lamp life – No color shift over lamp life • Weaknesses – Not as efficient as high-efficiency fluorescents – Have yet to collect enough long-term performance data – Lumen depreciation is significant – Unable to dim – Immediate strike and re-strike – High first cost 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 46
  • 24. Light Emitting Diodes • Efficacy 20-60 l/w* • Kelvin temperature 3000K-4500K • Color Rendering Index 20-70 • Lamp life 50,000-100,000 hours • Lumen depreciation 10-30%? • Start to full brightness immediate • Re-strike time immediate • Dimming ability Yes • This lamp type qualifies for PG&E incentives • Applications – Exit signs – Traffic lights – Signage – Safety lights (theaters) – Replace Neon * test data in labs is much higher (130 l/w) 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 47 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) • Strengths – Adequate light at low wattage for some applications – LED exit signs require 2-25% of the wattage of incandescent exit signs – LED exit signs require 25-50% of the wattage of CFL exit signs – Rugged – Extremely long lamp life; some claims of up to 25 year life – 1/3 the life cycle cost of incandescents over a ten year life • Weaknesses – Low efficacy ( 20-60 L/W) – White LEDs have lower efficacy than colored LEDS Not appropriate for all applications – Have yet to collect enough long-term performance data – Currently-manufactured LEDs are rated for operating temperatures of 25 degrees C; at lower temperatures they produce more light and at higher temperatures, less. – Signs should be changed when light levels drop below accepted standards – Require DC power 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 48
  • 25. Light Emitting Diode (LED) - Operation Hard Plastic Phosphor coating (optional) Semi-Conductor Anvil Base Pins • Produce light by electroluminescence • Solid state light source • Semiconductor chip Image license: GNU Free Documentation License. 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 49 LED - SPD Curve • Continuous curve • Blue weighted • Varies for color LEDs PG&E Pacific Energy Center 2007 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 50
  • 26. Lamp Comparison Matrix Source Efficacy Lamp Life Color Voltage Temperature Lamp Family LLD CRI Dimmable2 Type (lm/W) (rated hours) Temp.1 Sensitive2 Sensitive2 Incandescent Point 15 1,000 95% W 100 Y Y N Halogen Point 20 3,000 100% W 100 Y Y N Incandescent Fluorescent Linear 95 25,000 95% WMC 86 Y N Y Compact Area 70 12,000 86% WMC 86 S N Y Fluorescent Pulse Start Point 100 20,000 85% WM 70 S N N Metal Halide Ceramic Point 90 20,000 85% WM 92 S N N Metal Halide High Pressure Point 110 24,000 90% W 21 N N N Sodium Induction Area 80 100,000 75% WM 80 N N N Lamps White LEDs Projection 40 50,000 70% MC 75 Y N Y 1 - W (Warm), M (Mid-range), C (Cool) Note: Values are representative of lamp family performance 2 - Y (Yes), S (Special Cases), N (No) 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 51 Mean Lamp/Ballast System Efficacy Halogen PAR38 Incandescent A19 Halogen IR PAR38 White LED CFL PL13 2-pin - Mag CFL 15W Screw-in CFL 26W Double - GEB Lamp (and Ballast) Type CFL 42W Triple - GEB MH 400W - Mag MH 100W - Elec, pulse MH 400W - Mag, pulse CMH 400W - Mag, pulse MH 400W - Elec, pulse CMH 400W - Elec, pulse T12 - Mag Biaxial - GEB, prog T5HO - GEB, prog Basic T8 - GEB, ins Super T8 - EE, prog T5 - EE, ins Super T8 - EE, ins 0 20 40 60 80 100 Efficacy [mean lm/W] *GEB: Generic Electronic Ballast, EE: Extra Efficient Ballast, ins: instant start, prog: programmed start, pulse: pulse start 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 52
  • 27. Daylighting • Efficacy 80-250 l/w • Kelvin temperature 5,400-10,000K • Color Rendering Index 100 (best source) • Lamp life Infinite, but daily cycle • Lumen depreciation None • Notes: – Savings dependant on reducing electric lighting load – Associated with increased productivity, reduced sick days… – Some heat introduced with daylight – Indirect light is ideal (less glare and heat) 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 53 Recommended Illuminance Levels These are recommendations not code requirements 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 54
  • 28. De-Lamping Opportunities • Efficient lighting systems often provide more light – New lamps and ballasts may provide higher lumen output – Ballast may have high ballast factor – Reflectors may be added – Fixtures may be cleaner • Older buildings designed for higher illuminance • Many spaces over-illuminated for appropriate task • Task/low ambient lighting strategies • Scotopic lighting provides better visual acuity and higher perceived brightness 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 55 Lighting Controls • Objectives – In all cases reduce the hours of operation of lighting equipment – In some cases reduce the power draw of lighting equipment • Types – Manual switches – Schedule controls/Sweeps – Timers – Occupancy sensors – Manual dimmers – Daylight controls/Photosensors 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 56
  • 29. Scheduled Controller/Sweep • Controlled through building automation system (BAS) • Ideal for spaces with regular use • Best option is manual ON, controlled OFF • Applications – Open office space – Schools – Retail spaces – Manufacturing • This control equipment qualifies for the PG&E Incentive 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 57 Data from Timer Controls Retail Example Retail Store Stockrooms Men's Ware Visual Lingerie Shoes 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 58
  • 30. Time Clocks • Allows lights to run in a space for a limited time • Essentially a timed switch • Simple controller • Inexpensive • Types: – Mechanical – Electronic • Applications: – Stock/Storage rooms – Laundry rooms – Service areas 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 59 Occupancy Sensors • Ideal for spaces with irregular use and unoccupied at least ½ operating hours • Sensors located in spaces • May be tied to BAS • Two main sensor types – Infrared – Ultrasonic • Applications – Rest rooms – Stock rooms – Conference rooms – Garages • This control equipment qualifies for PG&E Incentive 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 60
  • 31. Passive InfraRed Sensor Attributes http://www.wattstopper.com/pdf/Sensor_Broch_Final.pdf 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 61 Ultrasonic Sensor Attributes 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 62
  • 32. Data from Occupancy Controls Garage Example 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9/20 9/22 9/24 9/26 9/28 9/30 10/2 10/4 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 63 Interior Daylight Controls • Ideal for interior spaces with a daylight factor >2% • Sensors located in spaces • May be tied to BAS • Two main strategies – Photocells – Photosensors • Applications – Single-story buildings – Perimeter office spaces – Schools – Big-box retail 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 64
  • 33. Data from Daylighting Controls Grocery Store Example 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 65 Exterior Lighting Controls • Sensor typically located above fixture • Photocells switch lights off when there is adequate daylight • This control equipment qualifies for the PG&E Incentive 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 66
  • 34. Summary of Lighting Opportunities • Change out inefficient lighting – Replace incandescent lamps – Replace halogens used as ambient sources – Replace T-12 fluorescents – Replace magnetically ballasted fluorescents – Replace mercury vapor lamps – Used LED for exit signs and signage • De-lamp in over-illuminated spaces or service areas • Add lighting controls – Sweeps – Timers – Occupancy sensors – Daylighting/photosensor controls 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 67 Lighting Operations & Maintenance • Re-lamp whole building on a regular schedule • Replace flickering, dim and burned-out lamps • Clean diffusers, lenses and lamps • Trim bushes and trees away from outdoor lighting • Verify controls – Check scheduled off times for sweeps – Tune/commission occupancy sensors – Tune/commission photosensors for daylight controls 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 68
  • 35. Other Lighting Issues • Consider light system performance – Consider luminaire efficiency not just lamp efficacy – Remember distance from source impact light levels – Spacing of luminaires is a factor – Lighter wall and ceiling colors are advantageous • Consider scotopic sources • High efficiency systems reduce cooling loads • Glare is a concern especially with computers 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 69 Lighting Tools and Resources • Flicker checker • Illuminance meter • Lighting loggers • Occupancy loggers • Luminance meter • Measuring tape/Disto • Circuit tracer • Recommended illuminance level table • Lighting fixture wattage tables 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 70
  • 36. Key Points to Remember • Relative lighting efficacies • Where to find light system wattages • How to calculate Lighting Power Density • How to use meters and test equipment • Appropriate control strategies for different situations • Lighting O&M opportunities • Where to find lighting incentive information • How to calculate energy savings potential 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 71 References and Resources • Advanced Lighting Guidelines: 2003 Edition – http://www.newbuildings.org/lighting.htm • Lighting Fundamentals Handbook – Free through EPRI http://my.epri.com/ • Table of Standard Fixture Wattages www.entergy-texas.com/content/Energy_Efficiency/documents/Small_CommercialWattageTable_020504.xls www.entergy- texas.com/content/Energy_Efficiency/documents/Small_CommercialWattageTable_020504.xls • Occupancy Sensor Design and Application Guide http://www.wattstopper.com/getdoc/419/OSappsNewDesignFinal.pdf • California Energy Code, Title 24 http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/ • PG&E Lighting Incentives http://www.pge.com/mybusiness/energysavingsrebates/rebatesincentives/ref/lighting/ http://www.pge.com/mybusiness/energysavingsrebates/rebatesincentives/ref/lighting/ 2009 Energy Auditing Techniques for Small and Medium Commercial Facilities 72