Performance Technology Perspective on the 9-11 Commission Report Information Sharing April Foiles Mike Teaman Patricia Guthrie Wyn Jamison Nicholas Glading Kathleen Borsos-Wooley

Information Sharing: Introduction Information sharing & 9/11 What actually happened? Optimal performance of information sharing Where do we need to be? Drivers & barriers to information sharing What are the key factors to get us there? Suggested Solution System

Information sharing & 9/11

What actually happened?

Optimal performance of information sharing

Where do we need to be?

Drivers & barriers to information sharing

What are the key factors to get us there?

Suggested Solution System

Information Sharing: Actuals What happened? Information which potentially could have prevented 9/11 was not shared and utilized by the appropriate agencies. Including: names of key terrorists, attack plans, and activities. Each agency had a different piece of the puzzle. Critical information could not be accessed by those who could use it. Information was pushed upwards awaiting top level approval and dissemination, only to be bogged down, rather than shared horizontally between agencies where swift action could be taken.

What happened?

Information which potentially could have prevented 9/11 was not shared and utilized by the appropriate agencies.

Including: names of key terrorists, attack plans, and activities.

Each agency had a different piece of the puzzle.

Critical information could not be accessed by those who could use it.

Information was pushed upwards awaiting top level approval and dissemination, only to be bogged down, rather than shared horizontally between agencies where swift action could be taken.

Information Sharing: Actuals Why could information not be shared? Agency databases inadequate Not designed for inter-agency sharing Not designed for analysis of historical data Do not incorporate local agencies Cultures of agencies Cold War cultures required absolute secrecy Agencies collect and analyze information differently CIA - successful predictions FBI - successful convictions

Why could information not be shared?

Agency databases inadequate

Not designed for inter-agency sharing

Not designed for analysis of historical data

Do not incorporate local agencies

Cultures of agencies

Cold War cultures required absolute secrecy

Agencies collect and analyze information differently

CIA - successful predictions

FBI - successful convictions

Information Sharing: FBI & CIA (for example) Everywhere EXCEPT the USA United States of America Scope Secrecy is all important. Never reveal sources. Watch criminals. Find specific evidence that they can use in court. Method Predict world events. Convict criminals. Mission Intelligence agency Law enforcement agency What is it? CIA Central Intelligence Agency FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation Agency

Information Sharing: The “Optimal” Occurrence Where do we need to be? Information Sharing Organizations should provide incentives for sharing. Participation from all levels of government under one shared mission. Information Sharing Procedures Information should be processed, reported, and distributed according to a uniform set of high standards. Information should be shared horizontally between agencies.

Where do we need to be?

Information Sharing

Organizations should provide incentives for sharing.

Participation from all levels of government under one shared mission.

Information Sharing Procedures

Information should be processed, reported, and distributed according to a uniform set of high standards.

Information should be shared horizontally between agencies.

Information Sharing: The “Optimal” Occurrence Where do we need to be? Leadership President should lead agency information reform. Establishment of the Terrorist Threat Integration Center (TTIC) Sharing and use of information must be directed by practical guidelines. Building Trust Procedures must take into account the people, the nation’s business – and must spend taxpayer money judiciously. Let’s Move Things Along!

Where do we need to be?

Leadership

President should lead agency information reform.

Establishment of the Terrorist Threat Integration Center (TTIC)

Sharing and use of information must be directed by practical guidelines.

Building Trust

Procedures must take into account the people, the nation’s business – and must spend taxpayer money judiciously.

Let’s Move Things Along!

Information Sharing: The “Optimal” Occurrence Where do we need to be? Exemplars: Communities of Practice - local, state, & federal agency response teams 2002 Olympics (State of Utah & Pentagon’s Defense Threat Reduction Agency) CATIC (California Anti-Terrorism Information Center) working with Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) and NYC Police Department FBI Dallas Office’s Emergency Response Network (800+ public & private agencies)

Where do we need to be?

Exemplars: Communities of Practice - local, state, & federal agency response teams

2002 Olympics (State of Utah & Pentagon’s Defense Threat Reduction Agency)

CATIC (California Anti-Terrorism Information Center) working with Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) and NYC Police Department

FBI Dallas Office’s Emergency Response Network (800+ public & private agencies)

Information Sharing: Drivers & Barriers What are the key factors that need to be addressed in order to achieve optimal information sharing? Skills/Knowledge Border, screening, and immigration agents don’t know what to look for or what to share . Agencies have different approaches to gathering and using intelligence that are not integrated into a unified effort. Motivation Border, screening, and immigration agents don’t have confidence screening for possible terrorist threats. Agencies don’t value information sharing due to Cold War cultures still present that required absolute security of sources and information.

What are the key factors that need to be addressed in order to achieve optimal information sharing?

Skills/Knowledge

Border, screening, and immigration agents don’t know what to look for or what to share .

Agencies have different approaches to gathering and using intelligence that are not integrated into a unified effort.

Motivation

Border, screening, and immigration agents don’t have confidence screening for possible terrorist threats.

Agencies don’t value information sharing due to Cold War cultures still present that required absolute security of sources and information.

Information Sharing: Drivers & Barriers What are the key factors that need to be addressed in order to achieve optimal information sharing? Environment No joint mission or agency to manage it. No standardized system or coordinated database in place for information collecting and sharing. No communication system to unify all intelligence gathering sources. Analysis of intelligence scattered amongst agencies with no collaboration of efforts and information. Although civil liberties & privacy rights need to be ensured, s ecurity requirements nurture over classification and excessive compartmentalization of information. No top level leadership to encourage sharing.

What are the key factors that need to be addressed in order to achieve optimal information sharing?

Environment

No joint mission or agency to manage it.

No standardized system or coordinated database in place for information collecting and sharing.

No communication system to unify all intelligence gathering sources.

Analysis of intelligence scattered amongst agencies with no collaboration of efforts and information.

Although civil liberties & privacy rights need to be ensured, s ecurity requirements nurture over classification and excessive compartmentalization of information.

No top level leadership to encourage sharing.

Information Sharing: Drivers & Barriers What are the key factors that need to be addressed in order to achieve optimal information sharing? Incentives Agencies have “need to know” cultures, rather than “need to share” Few rewards (& possibly punishment) for information sharing No punishment for not sharing Lack of inter-agency trust with sharing sources and methods. Funding incentives encourage individual agency successes, rather than success of joint mission amongst all agencies.

What are the key factors that need to be addressed in order to achieve optimal information sharing?

Incentives

Agencies have “need to know” cultures, rather than “need to share”

Few rewards (& possibly punishment) for information sharing

No punishment for not sharing

Lack of inter-agency trust with sharing sources and methods.

Funding incentives encourage individual agency successes, rather than success of joint mission amongst all agencies.

Information Sharing: Solution System A solution with a common vision… Government restructuring Presidential leadership promoting information sharing National Intelligence Director (NID) to direct and manage international, domestic and defense intelligence agencies Terrorist Threat Integration Center (TTIC) Coordinate national defense against terrorism Ensure horizontal information sharing Maintain and analyze shared information database systemically Joint CIA-FBI anti-terrorism task force Funded and managed as independent agency

A solution with a common vision…

Government restructuring

Presidential leadership promoting information sharing

National Intelligence Director (NID) to direct and manage international, domestic and defense intelligence agencies

Terrorist Threat Integration Center (TTIC)

Coordinate national defense against terrorism

Ensure horizontal information sharing

Maintain and analyze shared information database systemically

Joint CIA-FBI anti-terrorism task force

Funded and managed as independent agency

Information Sharing: Solution System A solution with a common vision… Knowledge Management System Networked National Community Ground-up NOT Top-down Approach Integrated NOT Stove-piped Horizontal access for all levels of government Robust Information System Redundancy - reduces dependency on any one “arm” Interoperability - flexibility; uses existing systems Open standards - connectivity, consistency Safeguards Civil Liberties Review and permission structure Audit trail of information access

A solution with a common vision…

Knowledge Management System

Networked National Community

Ground-up NOT Top-down Approach

Integrated NOT Stove-piped

Horizontal access for all levels of government

Robust Information System

Redundancy - reduces dependency on any one “arm”

Interoperability - flexibility; uses existing systems

Open standards - connectivity, consistency

Safeguards Civil Liberties

Review and permission structure

Audit trail of information access

Information Sharing: Solution System A solution with a common vision… Systematic Training & Process Development Scenario and data collection training, including performance support tools, for border, screening, and immigration agents Incorporate mentoring and coaching systems using top performers Online community of practice to maintain learning and optimal performance Feedback systems that promote sharing and discourage withholding Standardized system for gathering, analyzing and sharing information Standardized system for communication amongst local and federal agencies

A solution with a common vision…

Systematic Training & Process Development

Scenario and data collection training, including performance support tools, for border, screening, and immigration agents

Incorporate mentoring and coaching systems using top performers

Online community of practice to maintain learning and optimal performance

Feedback systems that promote sharing and discourage withholding

Standardized system for gathering, analyzing and sharing information

Standardized system for communication amongst local and federal agencies

Information Sharing: 9-11 Commission Resources National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (also known as the 9-11 Commission) http://www.9-11commission.gov/ The September 11 Digital Archive http://911digitalarchive.org/ The Family Steering Committee for the 9-11 Independent Commission http://www.911independentcommission.org/

National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (also known as the 9-11 Commission)

http://www.9-11commission.gov/

The September 11 Digital Archive

http://911digitalarchive.org/

The Family Steering Committee for the 9-11 Independent Commission

http://www.911independentcommission.org/