Classification and generations of computers

Introduction to computers
Classifications of computers
(1)By nature
(2)By purpose
(3)By size
Generations(5)

Computers Digital Computers Analog Computers Hybrid computers Classification by nature

Digital Computers Use digits specially binary digits (0, 1) to represent data Examples: Personal computers such as Laptops and Desktops, etc Computer Classification Classification by nature

Analog Computers Use physical magnitudes as voltage and pressure instead of digits Examples: Thermometers, voltmeters, speed measuring meters, etc Computer Classification Classification by nature

Hybrid Computers
Combination of both the analogue and digital computers
Examples:
A computer that maintain temperature in a burner of a production plant
Computer Classification Classification by nature

Computer Classification Classification by Purpose Special purpose computers General purpose computers Computers

Special purpose computers
Designed for a special job only
Examples: Computers used in digital watches, pocket calculators, point of sales, etc
Computer Classification Classification by Purpose

General Purpose computers
Design to solve wide variety of problems
Examples: A personal computer used in an office or at home
Computer Classification Classification by Purpose Can a general purpose computer be converted to a special purpose computer ?

By size Mainframe Minicomputers Microcomputers Supercomputer

Mainframe computer
A large computer
has enormous input, process, output and storage capacities
hundreds of terminals connected
hundreds of users can work simultaneously
Computer Classification Classification by size

Mini computer
A smaller version of Mainframes

Microcomputer
A smaller computer
available for only one user at any time
The central processing unit is embedded in a single chip - microprocessor
Examples: personal computers; Laptops, desktops

The First generation
The Second Generation
The Third Generation
The Fourth Generation
The Fifth Generation

1942-1955
Vacuum Tube
Heat
Burnout
Machine language
Magnetic core memory
Storage
Punched cards
Tape (1957)
Characteristics of 1 st Generation Computers
Computers big and clumsy
Electricity consumption is high
Electric failure occurred regularly - computers not very reliable
Large air conditioners was necessary because the computers generated heat
Batch processing

programming - machine language

ENIAC - first generation computer vacuum tube 1942-1955

1955-1964
Transistor
Smaller
No warm-up time
Less energy
Less heat
Faster
More reliable
Storage
Removable disk pack (1954)
Magnetic tape
Programming languages
Assembly language
FORTRAN (1954)
COBOL(1959)
Used primarily by business, university, government

Computers became smaller
Generate less heat
Electricity consumption lower
More reliable and f aster
Core memory developed
Magnetic tapes and disks used
First operating systems developed
A new processing method was needed.
Time-sharing (processing technique)

transistor 1955-1964 second generation computer

= 40 1

1964-1975
Integrated Circuit
Electronic circuit on small silicon chip
Reliability
Compactness
Low cost
Inexpensive – mass-produced
Computers smaller, faster and more reliable
Power consumption lower
High-level languages appeared

1 1000

1975-1989
Microprocessor
General-purpose processor on a chip
Explosive growth
Digital watches
Pocket calculators
Personal computers
Cars
Copy machines
Television sets
Integrated circuits, smaller and faster
Micro computer series such as IBM and APPLE developed
Portable computers developed
Great development in data communication
Different types of secondary memory with high storage capacity and fast access developed

third generation computer integrated circuit 1975-1989

1989-Present
Large capacity of main memory, hard disk, optical disk.
Notebook
Powerful desktop P.C and workstation
Very powerful mainframe systems
Internet
World wide web (www) ,multimedia applications
Portable computers, more powerful ,cheaper ,reliable and easy to use.

fifth generation computer microprocessor 1989 - today

IBM PC & COMPATIBLE 2007 1990

second vacuum tube transistor integrated circuit third first microprocessor fourth

Classification and generations of computers

by Khushbu Sonegara

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