Cold War Policies under Eisenhower Republican President 1953-1961 (Vice-President Richard Nixon)

Why did people vote in a Republican President? Korean War - containment didn’t work Soviet Union was becoming a larger threat The McCarthy Trials made people think that Democrats were “soft” on communism Eisenhower was a war hero

Korean War - containment didn’t work

Soviet Union was becoming a larger threat

The McCarthy Trials made people think that Democrats were “soft” on communism

Eisenhower was a war hero

“More Bang for the Buck” Ike wants a strong military AND strong economy, but maintaining a military is expensive. Reduced the size of the army and navy. Put efforts into developing Strategic Air Command (SAC), superbombers, and nuclear weapons

Ike wants a strong military AND strong economy, but maintaining a military is expensive.

Reduced the size of the army and navy.

Put efforts into developing Strategic Air Command (SAC), superbombers, and nuclear weapons

Massive Retaliation Containment is not enough…need more in the fight against communism. Massive retaliation = the threat to use nuclear weapons Supported his new policy of reducing armed forces and increasing nuclear arsenal 1953=1,000 bombs 1961=18,000

Containment is not enough…need more in the fight against communism.

Massive retaliation = the threat to use nuclear weapons

Supported his new policy of reducing armed forces and increasing nuclear arsenal

1953=1,000 bombs 1961=18,000

Brinkmanship The willingness to go to the brink of war to force the other side to back down Examples: Korean War Taiwan Crisis Suez Crisis

The willingness to go to the brink of war to force the other side to back down

Examples:

Korean War

Taiwan Crisis

Suez Crisis

Korean War Ike promised to end the Korean War 1952: he went to Korea and told China that the U.S. might continue the war “under circumstances of our own choosing” Hinting that they might use nuclear attacks against them 1953: armistice is signed - brinkmanship worked

Ike promised to end the Korean War

1952: he went to Korea and told China that the U.S. might continue the war “under circumstances of our own choosing”

Hinting that they might use nuclear attacks against them

1953: armistice is signed - brinkmanship worked

Taiwan Crisis Nationalists controlled Taiwan and other small islands near China 1954: China threatened to seize 2 islands and began shelling the islands, they wanted to liberate Taiwan Ike asked Congress to authorize force to defend Taiwan Warned China that US navy would aid Taiwan and that they could use nuclear weapons

Nationalists controlled Taiwan and other small islands near China

1954: China threatened to seize 2 islands and began shelling the islands, they wanted to liberate Taiwan

Ike asked Congress to authorize force to defend Taiwan

Warned China that US navy would aid Taiwan and that they could use nuclear weapons

Suez Crisis Ike wanted to prevent Middle East countries from aligning with USSR Sec. of State offered to help Egypt build a dam on the Nile Egypt bought weapons from Czech. (communist nation) So Dulles had to withdraw the offer Egyption troops took the Suez Canal from the Anglo-French company that controlled it They wanted to use canal profits to pay for the dam

Ike wanted to prevent Middle East countries from aligning with USSR

Sec. of State offered to help Egypt build a dam on the Nile

Egypt bought weapons from Czech. (communist nation)

So Dulles had to withdraw the offer

Egyption troops took the Suez Canal from the Anglo-French company that controlled it

They wanted to use canal profits to pay for the dam

European Response Oct. 1956: British and French troops invaded Egypt Ike was angry with them USSR threatened attacks on Britain and France British and French called off invasion USSR won the diplomatic victory by supporting Egypt Other Arab nations began accepting Soviet aid

Oct. 1956: British and French troops invaded Egypt

Ike was angry with them

USSR threatened attacks on Britain and France

British and French called off invasion

USSR won the diplomatic victory by supporting Egypt

Other Arab nations began accepting Soviet aid

Covert Operations in Iran 1953: Iranian PM nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. Was going to make deal with USSR Shah of Iran (pro-USA) tried to oust the PM but failed CIA organized riots and coup that ousted PM and returned shah to power

1953: Iranian PM nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Co.

Was going to make deal with USSR

Shah of Iran (pro-USA) tried to oust the PM but failed

CIA organized riots and coup that ousted PM and returned shah to power

Covert Operations in Guatemala 1951: Jacobo Arbenz Guzman elected president with communist support Land-reform programs United Fruit Company 1954: Communist Czech gives arms to Guatemala CIA armed opposition and trained them. These forces invaded Guatemala and Arbenz left office

1951: Jacobo Arbenz Guzman elected president with communist support

Land-reform programs

United Fruit Company

1954: Communist Czech gives arms to Guatemala

CIA armed opposition and trained them.

These forces invaded Guatemala and Arbenz left office

Eisenhower Doctrine Pan-Arabism was spreading: idea that all Arab people should be united into one nation. Worried that Nasser was trying to take over the Middle East Ike requested authorization of military force whenever the president thought it necessary Containment in the Middle East

Pan-Arabism was spreading: idea that all Arab people should be united into one nation.

Worried that Nasser was trying to take over the Middle East

Ike requested authorization of military force whenever the president thought it necessary

Containment in the Middle East

U-2 Spy Plane USSR shot down US spy plane in 1960

USSR shot down US spy plane in 1960

Ike’s Farewell Address January 1961: warned about the military-industrial complex New relationship between military and industry

January 1961: warned about the military-industrial complex

New relationship between military and industry

Nikita Khrushchev 1956: Nikita is new leader of USSR Eastern Europeans heard his speech, which discredited communism Frustrated under Stalin’s rule 1956: riots in Eastern Europe 1956: uprising in Hungary Soviets crushed the rebellion

1956: Nikita is new leader of USSR

Eastern Europeans heard his speech, which discredited communism

Frustrated under Stalin’s rule

1956: riots in Eastern Europe

1956: uprising in Hungary

Soviets crushed the rebellion

October 4, 1957 - Sputnik I