Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Theory of Multiple Intelligences Presented by Prof..K.Prabhakar [email_address]

Why all the interest in Intelligence
The educational opportunities depend on one type of testing or other
it is used as a predictive tool for performance in the job situations
Many a times we miss Einsteins, Gandhis,Balamuralikrishnas and brand them as dunces
In fact human potential is not identified as we are not able to understand it

What is Human Potential?
We all go through various tests such as SAT,CAT,MAT,GMAT, IIT Entrance Examinations, IAS etc.
Do they measure the potential of a Humanbeing to perform future tasks or tests what we know already?
What it measures?
How it measures?
Is it more focussed on the tool than on what it is supposed to measure?

What is Intelligence ?
It is the single general capacity that every Humanbeing possess to a greater or lesser extent
It can be measured by standardized verbal instruments, such as short answers, paper and pencil tests

Who is true genius?
A mind of large general powers , accidentally determined to some particular directions- S.Johnson
What is large general powers?
The mind has potential to deal with many different content, does it mean that persons ability with one kind has an effect on other content?
No scientific proof is available to prove the state ment of Samuel Johnson

How Intelligence is expressed?
Think and write five sentences on your idea of intelligence
Keep it until we go the slide on How it is expressed.

Intelligence Earlier views
Joseph Gall has observed a relationship between certain mental characteristics of his schoolmates and shapes of their heads

Phrenological Characteristics
Gall’s Hypothesis

Charles Spearman’ Two factor theory
In examining correlation of various subsets of intelligence, he found that certain subsets tend to correlate higher than others
His hypothesis is all intellectual tasks must entail the exercise of a factor known as general intelligence(g factor)
Each individual type of item requiring specific factor called S factor.

Two Factor Theory
An individual has overall supply of mental energy and the S factor is invoked for specific purpose as neurological engine.
He thought that it can be represented by a single number

LouisThrustone
He contributed that Spearman’s g factor consists of seven sub factors
Verbal
word fluency
Number facility
spatial Visualization
associative memory
perceptual speed
Inductive reasoning

Cattell
Fluid Intelligence
characterized by Biological factors
Crystallized Intelligence
More characterized by environment

Historical Continuum of Phases of Intelligence Measurement
Lay theories
Standard Psychometric Approach
Pluralization
Hierarchization
Contextualization
Distribution

Lay Theories
For most of the part of history there was no scientific definition of intelligence.
Out standing men and women are labeled as ‘Clever’
Nobody challenged each other on what is intelligence.

The standard Psychometric Approach
A century ago, psychologists made the first efforts to define intelligence technically and to devise test that measure intelligence.
However, there is no scientific advance in psychometric community that really helped to improve upon the system

Pluralization and Hierachization
Charles Spearman-Lewis Terman tended to believe that intelligence was best conceptualized as a single general capacity for conceptualization and problem solving.
They sought to demonstrate that a group of scores on tests reflected a single underlying factor of ‘General Intelligence’.

Pluralizaton and Hierarchization
Thurstone-Guilford argued for existence of a number of factors, or components of intelligence. In broader sense Howard Gardner agrees with this tradition but he relies on different source of evidence. It is not on group of test but on neurological ,evolutionary and cross cultured evidence.

Contextualization
Is it possible for us to ignore critical differences among contexts within which human beings live and develop.
Do you thing the person living in the same era as ours is same as in Neolithic and Homeric era.Part of intelligence can be attributed to cultures and their attributes rather than differences among individuals.

Distribution
Distribution goes a step further it talks about relation of person with things and objects in the immediate environment rather than on structures and values in larger context of culture.

Distribution...
Traditional View is that intelligence is carried within one’s head.i.e. it can be measured in isolation.
However it does not stop with one’s skin, It encompasses tools, (paper,pencil,computer etc) and notional memory such as colleagues, office files, library etc. We can say that the Cognition is distributed.

It is not the end of the story
Arthur Jensen-Eyseneck-Bouchard
They provided evidence on high heritability of psychometric intelligence.The examples of twins reared apart.
They felt that there is no need to pay attention to cultures,contexts and distribution of intelligence.

Anderson’s Electrophysiological View
They said that intelligence is reflected a basic property of the nervous system and can be assessed electrophysiologically without going through the paper and pencil tests.
Anderson has evidence to suggest that indices of intelligence is found in infants.

Are we in a collision course?
Cultural and distribution nature of intelligence, now how do we account for the intelligence expressed outside the paper and pencil tests? We call it a tender side of intelligence.
Genetic and Neurological basis of intelligence
Speed and flexibility of nervous conduction is largely inborn.And we go by tough minded approach to intelligence

Expression of Intelligence
Specific tasks
Domains
Disciplines
There is no pure spatial intelligence, it is expressed in
puzzle-solutions,block building or in passing basket ball for children

What about adults? How do we assess their intelligence?
They exhibit as chess players, artists or geometricians
We have to assess the intelligence by watching people who are familiar with and have skills in these pursuits or we can introduce people to the domain and observe how well one can move beyond the novice stage, with or without specific support.

What are Intelligence, domains and fields
At the level of individual we are speaking about one or more of human intelligences. They are part of our birth.
We are born in cultures that house a large number of domains-diciplines,crafts and other pursuits in shich one can become encultured and then can be assessed in terms of level of competence one has attained.

Let us go further in this path
Individual practitioners
Persons who elect to enter a professional realm, secure training, and pursue their own personal and professional goals

Individual practitioners
Important points
Knowledge was evenly distributed among prehistoric era , in a tribe if a person happens to know about medicine, he continued to be hunter but his knowledge is used by community.
It took thousands of years for the society to develop the specialized profession.

Domain
Knowledge ,Skill, practices, rules and values captured in various codes.A culture consists of numerous domains and domains have ethical dimensions.

Domain...
When sufficient knowledge is accumulated it is codified for smooth transmission to new practitioners
Culture has many domains which can be subdivided into further sub domains
Mathematics can be subdivided into Calculus, Algebra etc.

Domain...
Domain has both ideas and symbolic codes.The symbols used by a particular set of people in a domain has a specific system that helps them to communicate with each other and to profession.

Field
The role that individuals practice when working with symbols of the domain; field also include institutions. A society consists of numerous fields. There major roles: elite gatekeepers, expert practitioners, apprentices and students.

What is the relation between Intelligence-Domain-Field?
Think and give your comments

Let us imagine that we do not know about Intelligence
What are the roles or end states that are prized by cultures?
Hunters
Fishermen
Religious leaders
athletes
artists
Musicians
Poets

Let us consider three examples
Pulawat Sailor
Koranic student
Parisian composer Using computer

If we want to encompass the realm of Human cognition what we have to do?

We have to include wider Universal set of Competencies
If you closely observe the competencies required by the end states we said, they do not lend themselves to measurement by standard verbal methods

How do you identify the best? We need better methods Can we think of them together?

Thank you very much and this presentation is dedicated to Dr. Howard Gardner

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Theory of Multiple Intelligences

by Prabhakar Krishnamurthy on Dec 26, 2006

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Theory of Multiple Intelligences — Presentation Transcript