Brain and Its Functions- Part 2

Slide 1: Brain and Its Functions Part 2 Dr. Prithika Chary Consultant Neurologist and Neurosurgeon Adopted by Prof.K.Prabhakar, prabhakar.krishnmurthy@gmail.com

Slide 3: Components of the Nervous System Central Nervous System  – Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous  System – Cranial and Spinal nerves Autonomic Nervous  System – parasympathetic and sympathetic

Slide 5: Basic subdivisions of the brain From the point of view of development  and how the brain forms within the embryo, the brain can be subdivided into the prosencephalon or forebrain,  the mesencephalon or midbrain,  and the rhombencephalon or  hindbrain.

Slide 6: The forebrain In humans, most of the mass of the brain is  within the forebrain. The forebrain consists of the diencephalons,  which includes structures such as the thalamus and hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is a center for hormonal  control as well as an integral part of the limbic system which governs various emotional states.

Slide 7: The Cerebral Cortex The outer, visible  regions of these convolutions are the gyri (singular: gyrus). The grooves are  referred to as sulci (singular: sulcus), the deepest of which are sometimes called fissures.

Slide 9: The Frontal lobe – Motor/Intellect

Slide 10: The Temporal Lobe - Auditory

Slide 11: The Parietal lobe – Sensory/visuospatial

Slide 12: The Occipital lobe - Visual

Slide 13: The Sensorimotor strip

Slide 16: Modes of Thinking The upper (cerebral) left A analytical, mathematical,  technical and problem solving. The lower (limbic) left B controlled, conservative, planned,  organized and administrative in nature. The lower (limbic) right C interpersonal, emotional,  musical, spiritual and the "talker" modes. Upper (cerebral) right D imaginative, synthesising, artistic,  holistic and conceptual modes.

Slide 17: Benchmarks of brain development Inside the developing child, a complicated series  of interactions between body and world. Each step is dependent on the succession of  previous steps; genetic make-up and environment collide at every juncture, shaping and stretching towards potential. The young brain creates synapses by the  thousands, putting to use the hundred billion nerve cells inherited at birth, and bringing to life the first awkward and unpracticed movements of limbs and digits.

Slide 18: Brian development in Child The twenty hours of sleep most infants  require each day is a method of preserving metabolic energy for the enormous task of brain development that is occurring at an incredible rate. In the first year alone, a child will learn,  among hundreds of other things, to vocalize and imitate speech sounds, to reach for and grasp objects, and to turn toward sound

Slide 19: Milestones During this period, complex networks take shape  in the brain, guiding these functions to categorize and connect with the child's world. These milestones, by which we might generally  mark progress, are not only the key events of early development, but also the very building blocks of skills to come, such as speaking, walking, catching a ball, or playing music.

Slide 20: Turning to sound Turning your gaze to the  source of a sound requires a combination of information from vision, audition, and somatosensation. Sensory maps of these  systems are integrated in the superior colliculus, a structure that calculates where the sound is in space and how far to move your head to find the sound source.

Slide 21: The environment matters It is important to keep in mind that growth  and development, language and physical maturation, intelligence and sense of self in the world, do not emerge in a vacuum, but rather arise in a complex, interwoven, and unique interaction between the child and the environment. A child's development defies simple textbook  descriptions of isolated benchmarks -- children develop in the world, not on a growth chart. We will study more about Nature VS Nurture  in the next part of presentation.

Slide 22: Thank you Please go to the Part 3 of presentation  which provides information on Nuroplasticity, Nature VS Nurture, APOPTOSIS process, memory, learning and other related concepts.