Designing Physical/Digital Objects for The Internet of Things: From Sensors to User Interaction

DESIGNING PHYSICAL/DIGITAL OBJECTS FOR THE INTERNET OF THINGS FROM SENSORS TO USER INTERACTION Gerd Kortuem 17 June 2009 Infolab21 | Lancaster University gerd@kortuem.com | @kortuem | www.kortuem.com

ARDUINO Arduino is an open source microcontroller board, plus a free software development environment, to make objects that can sense inputs from switches, sensors, and computers, and control motors, lights, and other physical outputs in the real world! • ATmega1280, 5V • Digital I/O Pins 54 (of which 14 provide PWM output) • Analog Input Pins 16 • DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA • DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA • Flash Memory 128 KB of which 4 KB used by bootloader • SRAM 8 KB • EEPROM 4 KB • Clock Speed 16 MH Gerd Kortuem | gerd@kortuem.com | @kortuem | www.kortuem.com | Infolab21 | Lancaster University

BLOGJECTS A Manifesto for Networked Objects — Cohabiting with Pigeons, Arphids and Aibos in the Internet of Things BY JULIAN BLEEKER Blogjects track and trace where they are and where they’ve been Blogjects have self-contained (embedded) histories of their encounters and experiences Blogjects always have some form of agency — they can foment action and participate; they have an assertive voice within the social web. Gerd Kortuem | gerd@kortuem.com | @kortuem | www.kortuem.com | Infolab21 | Lancaster University

all daily trigger tim short-term exposu Duration of use exposure action). (measured) average daily expo Vibration characteristics (known for each equipment, measured by manufacturer) • Daily exposu Soil condition (assumed) • Exposure exposu Actual Daily Hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) • Neurological component – numbness, tingling, reduced sense o ? touch & temperature A(8) is deﬁned as – main cause of disability in advanced cases • Vascular component – “vibration white finger” – episodes of finger blanching Maximum Legal Exposure – typically cold-induced attacks • Musculoskeletal component – pain, weak grip, etc. ahv = actual Gerd Kortuem | gerd@kortuem.com | @kortuem | www.kortuem.com | Infolab21 | Lancaster University

PERSONAL HEALTH HISTORIES How dangerous is work for each individual? 40 150.0 30 112.5 Daily Exposure Action Value Daily Exposure Limit Value 20 75.0 10 37.5 0 0 10:50 11:00 11:10 11:20 11:30 11:40 11:50 12:00 12:20 12:30 12:40 13:50 14:00 14:10 14:20 14:30 14:40 14:50 15:00 15:20 15:30 14:20 Time Time Daily limit Intensity limit Gerd Kortuem | gerd@kortuem.com | @kortuem | www.kortuem.com | Infolab21 | Lancaster University

USAGE-BASED PRICING Rental equipment is charged per actual use, not per time 7 60 6 50 5 40 Tool 3 4 Worker 30 Tool 2 Tool 1 20 3 10 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8d2 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 d1 d1 d3 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tool When, how, how often? By whom? Gerd Kortuem | gerd@kortuem.com | @kortuem | www.kortuem.com | Infolab21 | Lancaster University

THE SAFETY-AWARE BARREL I shouldn’t be here! I am too hot! Don’t shake me so much! Don’t put me next to these barrels! I am standing too close to my neighbours There are too many of us! Gerd Kortuem | gerd@kortuem.com | @kortuem | www.kortuem.com | Infolab21 | Lancaster University

©TECO Karlsruhe University COOPERATIVE REASONING Reactive chemicals may not be stored next to each other Chemical A next to Chemical A alone is ok chemical B is not ok Total mass of a chemical must be below critical threshold m1 + m2 < safety limit m1 + m2 + m3 > safety limit Gerd Kortuem | gerd@kortuem.com | @kortuem | www.kortuem.com | Infolab21 | Lancaster University

©TECO Karlsruhe University COOPERATIVE REASONING Reactive chemicals may not be stored next to each other Chemical knowledge Chemical A next to Chemical A alone is ok chemical B is not ok Total mass of a chemical must be below critical threshold m1 + m2 < safety limit m1 + m2 + m3 > safety limit Gerd Kortuem | gerd@kortuem.com | @kortuem | www.kortuem.com | Infolab21 | Lancaster University

©TECO Karlsruhe University COOPERATIVE REASONING Reactive chemicals may not be stored next to each other Chemical knowledge Chemical A next to Chemical A alone is ok chemical B is not ok Total mass of a chemical must be below critical threshold Spatial awareness m1 + m2 < safety limit m1 + m2 + m3 > safety limit Gerd Kortuem | gerd@kortuem.com | @kortuem | www.kortuem.com | Infolab21 | Lancaster University

DEVICE ARCHITECTURE Domain Knowledge reactive(<chemical>,<chemical>) critical_mass(<chemical>,<number>) content(me,<chemical>) mass(me,<number> Safety Rules hazard:- content(me, CH1), content(C, CH2), reactive(CH1, CH2), min_dist(CH1, CH2, D1), distance(me, C, D2), C18F6720 @ 20 MHz (5 MIPS) Program Memory: 128KB D2 > D1. Data Memory: 3.8KB RAM 1KB internal EEPROM Memory: 32 KB EEPROM Observational Knowledge distance(<container>,<container>,<dist>) Smart-Its Sensor Node Gerd Kortuem | gerd@kortuem.com | @kortuem | www.kortuem.com | Infolab21 | Lancaster University

©TECO Karlsruhe University Smart-its sensor node: Trial at BP’s chemical plant in Hull, UK (July 2006) PIC18F6720 @ 20 MHz (5 MIPS) Program Memory: 128KB Data Memory: 3.8KB RAM Gerd Kortuem | gerd@kortuem.com | @kortuem | www.kortuem.com | Infolab21 | Lancaster University

TECHNOLOGY ARCHETYPES Different system models imply different H&S solutions Enterprise Management System Personal Health & Safety Record Exception reports Health & Safety Rules Data logs Feedback Operative's Context-sensitive behavior notices Automatic data capture Operatives' behavior Operatives Sensor-network Smart-object inspired H&S system inspired H&S system (top-down) (bottom-up) Gerd Kortuem | gerd@kortuem.com | @kortuem | www.kortuem.com | Infolab21 | Lancaster University

BEHAVIOR-BASED SAFETY Operatives as source of expertise and behavioral change Personal Personal Health & Health & Safety Safety Record Record Operative's Context-sensitive Operative's Context-sensitive behavior notices behavior notices Collaborative safety Gerd Kortuem | gerd@kortuem.com | @kortuem | www.kortuem.com | Infolab21 | Lancaster University

PUBLICATIONS Press Smart tags hail the web of things. BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7207514.stm Scientiﬁc Daniel Fitton, Fahim Kawsar and Gerd Kortuem. Exploring The Design of a Memory Model for Smart Objects. First International Workshop on Digital Object Memories. To appear. Daniel Fitton, Vasughi Sundramoorthy, Gerd Kortuem, James Brown, Christos Efstratiou, Joe Finney, Nigel Davies. Exploring the Design of Pay-Per-Use Objects in the Construction Domain. EuroSSC 2008: 192-205 Kortuem et al. Sensor Networks or Smart Artifacts? An Exploration of Organizational Issues of an Industrial Health and Safety Monitoring System. Proceedings International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (Ubicomp 2007), October 2007, Innsbruck, Austria Brown et al. Network Interrupts: Supporting Delay Sensitive Applications in Low Power Wireless Control Networks. Proceedings ACM MobiCom workshop on Challenged Networks (CHANTS 2007), September 2007, Montreal, Canada Efstratiou et al. Experiences of Designing and Deploying Intelligent Sensor Nodes to Monitor Hand-Arm Vibrations in the Field. Proceedings of MobiSys 2007, San Juan, Puerto Rico Iszatt White, M. Catching Them At It? An Ethnography of Rule Violation. Symposium on Current Developments in Ethnographic Research in the Social and Management Sciences, 13th-14th September 2006, Liverpool, UK Busby, J. and Iszatt-White, M. Pushing the Boundaries of HRO Thinking: Non-complex and Uncoupled but still Deadly. SRA Annual Meeting - Risk Analysis in a Dynamic World: Making a Difference, 3rd-4th December 2006, Baltimore, Maryland Davies et al. Sensing Danger – Challenges in Supporting Compliance in the Field. 8th IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications (HotMobile 2007), February 2007, Tucson, Arizona Lowton M. and Finney, J. Finding NEMO: On the Accuracy of Inferring Location in IEEE 802.15.4 Networks. Proceedings Workshop on Real-World Wireless Sensor Networks (RealWSN 2006), June 2006, Uppsala, Sweden Gerd Kortuem | gerd@kortuem.com | @kortuem | www.kortuem.com | Infolab21 | Lancaster University

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Designing Physical/Digital Objects for The Internet of Things: From Sensors to User Interaction

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