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“Race”-ing to Equity: A Toolkit
    and Tale of Two Cities
                     john a. powell
  Executive Director, Kirwan Institute for the Study of
                 Race and Ethnicity
     Williams Chair in Civil Rights & Civil Liberties,
                Moritz College of Law
                                        New Partners for Smart Growth
                                        Conference
                                        Charlotte, NC
                                        February 3, 2011
Overview
• Introductions
• Understanding the Geography of Opportunity
   – Structural racialization and
• Changing the Geography of Opportunity
   – Targeted Universalism
   – Growing Communities of Opportunity
   – Opportunity mapping
• East Baltimore Revitalization Initiative
• Racial Equity Impact Analysis
Our understanding of Opportunity has changed
over time….
STRUCTURAL RACIALIZATION AND
SYSTEMS THINKING
•   One variable can explain
              why differential outcomes.




•   Structural Inequality
    –   Example: a Bird in a cage.
        Examining one bar cannot
        explain why a bird cannot fly.
        But multiple bars, arranged in
        specific ways, reinforce each
        other and trap the bird.
• Understanding the
  relationships among
  these multiple
  dimensions, and how
  these complex intra-
  actions change
  processes
  • Relationships are
    neither static nor
    discrete



                         5
Opportunity is….


Racialized…                Spatialized…                Globalized…
• In 1960, African-        • marginalized people       • Economic
  American families in       of color and the very
  poverty were 3.8 times                                 globalization
                             poor have been
  more likely to be          spatially isolated from
  concentrated in high-      opportunity via           • Climate change
  poverty neighborhoods      reservations, Jim
  than poor whites.          Crow, Appalachian
                             mountains, ghettos,       • the Credit and
• In 2000, they were 7.3     barrios, and the            Foreclosure crisis
  times more likely.         culture of
                             incarceration.
Our opportunity context matters




Some people ride the “Up”   Others have to run up the
escalator to reach          “Down” escalator to get there
opportunity
 The order of the structures
 The timing of the interaction between them
 The relationships that exist between/among them




                                                    8
Structural Racialization
Contd.
• The way we organize the built environment
  has been based on racial segregation
• This creates psychological segregation
• Not only inefficient but also morally wrong
Why do some people have access to the “good
         life” while others do not?
It’s more than a matter of choice…
             The Cumulative Impacts of Spatial, Racial and
                     Opportunity Segregation
                     Segregation impacts a number of life-opportunities
                                    Impacts on Health
                                          School Segregation
                                                      Impacts on Educational Achievement

                                                       Exposure to crime; arrest

                                                       Transportation limitations and other
                                                       inequitable public services

         Neighborhood                                          Job segregation
          Segregation
                                                               Racial stigma, other
                                                              psychological impacts
                                                       Impacts on community power and
                                                               individual assets

Adapted from figure by Barbara Reskin at: http://faculty.washington.edu/reskin/
Who’s to blame?




13
Historic Government Role
• A series of federal policies have contributed to
  the disparities we see today
  –   School Policy
  –   Suburbanization & Homeownership
  –   Urban Renewal
  –   Public Housing
  –   Transportation




                                                     14
TODAY,
Institutions continue to
support, not dismantle, the
status quo. This is why we
continue to see racially
inequitable outcomes even
if there is good intent
behind policies, or an
absence of racist actors. (i.e.
structural racialization)
• Factually correct
  But what does this sentence
   suggest?
       Black students inherently not as capable?
•   SR opens the analysis to impact of
    housing on schools, concentrated
    poverty in schools, under-
    resourced schools
•   Structures “normalize”. So when
    we are navigating through
    structures (ex. education system),
    we do so without actively thinking.
          • Example: We have
            accepted the
            normalization of testing in
            the US.
– We look at the gap in testing
  and ways to alleviate that
  gap.
– A different approach:
    • Finland has eliminated examination
      systems that had previously tracked
      students for middle schools and
      restricted access to high schools,
      among other key changes
– Outcome of changes: graduating
  over 90% of HS students;
  consistently high rankings on
  international standards
– Takeaway: without
  structural approach, we
  misdiagnose the
  problem
UNDERSTANDING THE GEOGRAPHY
OF OPPORTUNITY CAN MAKE OUR
REGIONAL INVESTMENTS MORE
EFFECTIVE.
 But how can we rearrange structures so they provide
 pathways to opportunity for everyone?
Changing the Geography of
              Opportunity
 Targeted Universalism
  o Communication
  o Policy
  o Portland Example
 Growing Communities of Opportunity
  o Opportunity Mapping
A new way of talking and acting

TARGETED UNIVERSALISM
“Situatedness” is relational
              • Problem: 3 people are
                out to sea and a big
                storm is coming.

              • Goal: To reach the
                people within 6 hours

              • Assumption: If we can
                reach them within 6
                hours, we will save
                them all
Example contd.
• But the 3 are not all in
  the stormy water in the
  same way…

• Which person would be
  most likely to survive the
  6 hours it would take to
  reach them?

• If water is a “structure,”(housing,
  education, etc.) some groups are
  able to navigate the structure
  more successfully than other
  groups…
Targeted universalism as

• Moves beyond the disparities frame

• Focuses on the universal goals shared by all the
  communities while being sensitive to the targeted
  strategies that are responsive to the situation of
  marginalized communities
Targeted Universalism as Strategy
*Promote Universal
  Policies in Targeted
  Ways*
• There is no “one size
  fits all”
• “One vision, many
  paths”
• Process:
    • What is the goal?
    • How do we tailor
      strategies to
      different groups,
      who are differently
      situated, to lift them
      to that goal?
We’ve seen a Targeted Universalism approach at work before…
                   Neighborhood Stabilization Program
                               Context
 • “the old inequality made the new inequality possible by creating
   geographic concentrations of underserved..consumers” ripe for
   exploitation
     – Black and Hispanic communities were hardest hit by twin crises of
       unemployment and foreclosures. Research shows that residential
       segregation is a major contributing factor to the incidence of
       foreclosure in communities of color, esp. in Black communities—the
       greater the segregation, the higher the number and rate of
       foreclosure. (Massey)

 • And the destabilizing effects were not contained within these
   neighborhoods (i.e. spillover)

 • Solution? Targeted form of public investment: “We believe
   fundamentally that with the broader recovery we should be
   focusing resources on the places that are hardest hit.” (Sec.
   Donovan)
Example contd.
                   Implementation

• What does this suggest about investment of NSP?
   – Solutions for rebuilding neighborhoods need to address
     the housing issues, the social infrastructure, and access to
     credit in these neighborhoods.
   – And should also provide access to higher opportunity areas

• Questions to consider:
   – Are NSP funds contributing to increased concentrations of
     rental units in high poverty neighborhoods, or
     predominantly minority neighborhoods?
   – Are NSP funds expended in conformance with
     Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing requirements?
      • i.e. used to purchase affordable housing in high opportunity
        neighborhoods?
In Tampa, NSP properties clustered in
    neighborhoods of low income, and
 neighborhoods that are predominantly
minority, which are the hardest hit areas….
These are also
  neighborhoods of
lowest opportunity …

 But a good number
of properties are also
in neighborhoods of
 higher opportunity
Growing together to expand opportunity for all

COMMUNITIES OF OPPORTUNITY
The Opportunity Framework
– Deliberate, coordinated, and
  regional investments in people,
  places, and linkages
– Two-pronged approach:
   • Targeted in-place, urban
     revitalization strategies
   • Mobility-based investments
     for marginalized residents to
     access high opportunity
     communities’



These are Not opposing strategies! A sustainable,
transformative development strategy requires both
A Multi-faceted Approach:
Strategies for Connecting to Opportunity
So Why Mapping?




   Regional, racial and social
    inequity often manifest as
    spatial inequity
   Mapping shows the
    cumulative effects of
    opportunity segregation
www.KirwanInstitute.org

                          www.race-talk.org

                          KirwanInstitute
                               on:
East Baltimore Revitalization
          Initiative
           New Partners for Smart Growth Conference
 Scot T. Spencer, Associate Director for Advocacy and Influence
                  The Annie E Casey Foundation
                          www.aecf.org
The Revitalization Project
• A study was commissioned by the City, funded by
  a foundation to answer the question ‘what would
  it take to catalyze the redevelopment of the
  neighborhoods north of Johns Hopkins?’
• The study underscored the need to be bold, to
  undertake a development at some scale and to
  capitalize on the intellectual capital of Johns
  Hopkins
• There was very little mention of the
  consequences of the proposed action on the
  people who lived in the community…
Before Revitalization
Neighborhood Demographics (2000)
• 2nd poorest neighborhood in Baltimore City
• Median household income $14,900; city’s median ~
  $32,000; regional median ~ $58,000
• 98% African-American
• Fewer than ½ of the adults were in the labor force
• Median sales price for a home was $28,000; city median
  was $69,000
• 27% of residents over age 25 with HS diploma
• Community was part of the Federal Empowerment Zone
• Immediately north of Johns Hopkins hospital and
  professional campus
The Planning Process
• Project was announced by the City in 2001; most
  residents found out in the newspaper
• A 3-day community charrette was held in the
  summer of 2001 and largely focused on an 88
  acre area now referred to as “the piano”
• Plans called for the concentration of the
  development in a 30 acre core resulting in
  significant relocation (750 families) and
  demolition (over 800 buildings, 550 in the first 30
  acres)
A Community Lost?
Resident Organizing/Resident
              Engagement
• A resident group - Save Middle East Action
  Committee - was formed in response to the
  project
• With a long history of distrust of Johns Hopkins,
  the project was viewed as another land grab
• Residents began to organize “A House for a
  House” campaign and sought a seat at the
  leadership table
• Residents fought for (and won): Economic
  Inclusion, Right to Return, Safe Demolition
  Protocol
A Different Role for Philanthropy
• Invest in both sides of the discussion –
  resident engagement and project
  management
• Serve as a tool to amplify the resident voice –
  anger, anxiety, resentment, ideas and ideals
  and mourning
• Look for new ways to use resources to achieve
  mutual benefit
• Leadership by example
Elements of a More Inclusive Process –
       Some Lessons Learned
• Reframing the project from Economic
  Development to Community Development to
  Community Building
• Significant investment of resources – time and
  capital
• Actively listening to and including the voices of
  community
• Being nimble to respond to immediate issues
  without losing sight of the long term goals
• Document the process to inform the field
The Story is not finished…
Scot T. Spencer
sspencer@aecf.org
Today’s Face, Tomorrow’s Future




                Friends of Talladega College Meeting
                            New York, NY
                          October 11, 2005




http://www.aecf.org/KnowledgeCenter/PublicationsSeries/RaceMatters.aspx
Racial Equity Impact Analysis
                Value of the Tool

     • Encourages broad participation
       in discussion
     • Turns generally good ideas into ones that
       can close racial gaps (From necessary to
       sufficient policies and practices)

46
Racial Equity Impact Analysis
                             The Tool
1. Are all racial/ethnic groups who are affected by
   the policy/practice/decision at the table?

2. How will the proposed policy/practice/decision affect each group?

3. How will the proposed policy/practice/decision be perceived by each
   group?

4. Does the policy/practice/decision worsen or ignore existing
   disparities?

5. Based on the above responses, what revisions are needed in the
   policy/practice/decision under discussion?

                                                                       47
Today’s Face, Tomorrow’s Future




           Friends of Talladega College Meeting
                       New York, NY
                     October 11, 2005




For additional information, contact Delia Carmen
             www.carmen@voices.org
MORE ON EQUITY IMPACT
STATEMENTS
Example: LEED certification
 • LEED for Neighborhood Development recognizes
   development projects that successfully protect and
   enhance the overall health, natural environment and
   quality of life in our communities.
 • The rating system encourages smart growth and New
   Urbanist best practices by promoting the location and
   design of neighborhoods that reduce vehicle miles traveled
   (VMT) and creating developments where jobs and services
   are accessible by foot or public transit.
 • It also promotes an array of green building and green
   infrastructure practices, particularly more efficient energy
   and water use—especially important in urban areas where
   infrastructure is often overtaxed.




Source: US Green Building Council http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=6423
But where’s the “teeth”?
      The following credit categories are included in the rating system:


      Smart Location and Linkage encourages communities to consider location,
         transportation alternatives, and preservation of sensitive lands while also
         discouraging sprawl.
      Neighborhood Pattern and Design emphasizes vibrant, equitable
         communities that are healthy, walkable, and mixed-use.
      Green Infrastructure and Buildings promotes the design and construction of
         buildings and infrastructure that reduce energy and water use, while
         promoting more sustainable use of materials, reuse of existing and historic
         structures, and other sustainable best practices.
      Innovation and Design Process recognizes exemplary and innovative
         performance reaching beyond the existing credits in the rating system, as
         well as the value of including an accredited professional on the design
         team.
      Regional Priority encourages projects to focus on earning credits of
         significance to the project’s local environment.
Source: The Opportunity Agenda http://opportunityagenda.org/files/field_file/The%20Opportunity%20Impact%20Statement.pdf
Example: Opportunity Impact
                        Statements
  • The Opportunity Impact Statement (OIS) is a
    comprehensive evaluation tool that public bodies,
    affected communities, and the private sector can use
    to ensure that programs and projects offer equal and
    expanded opportunity for everyone in a community or
    region, as required by law.
  • The Opportunity Impact Statement creates a uniform
    enforcement protocol with consistent metrics to
    facilitate compliance with anti-discrimination
    protections and proactively to promote greater
    opportunity.


Source: US Green Building Council http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=6423
Opportunity Impact Statements
        Draft Opportunity Impact Statements would be prepared in accordance with
            the scope of the project decided upon during the Opportunity
            Assessment, which will determine what opportunity factors and
            considerations will be examined. In addition, they must fulfill to the fullest
            extent possible the requirements established for final Statements. Those
            requirements should include:
        1. The opportunity impact, measured by delivery of and/or access to services, job
            creation, business openings, and community opportunity to participate in the
            benefits of the project, with a discussion of community need;
        2. Any adverse effects on the population’s opportunity which cannot be avoided
            should the proposal be implemented;
        3. Alternatives to the proposed action or ameliorative effects, including a cost-benefit
            analysis; and
        4. The degree to which the project will impact services or industries in a manner that
            will meet projected long-term community employment and infrastructure needs.
            The ultimate format for Opportunity Impact Statements should encourage both
            solid analysis and clear presentation of the alternatives, allowing the agency, the
            applicant, and members of the affected communities to understand the
            opportunity implications of the proposed project
Source: The Opportunity Agenda http://opportunityagenda.org/files/field_file/The%20Opportunity%20Impact%20Statement.pdf

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“Race”-ing to Equity: A Toolkit and Tale of Two Cities

  • 1. “Race”-ing to Equity: A Toolkit and Tale of Two Cities john a. powell Executive Director, Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity Williams Chair in Civil Rights & Civil Liberties, Moritz College of Law New Partners for Smart Growth Conference Charlotte, NC February 3, 2011
  • 2. Overview • Introductions • Understanding the Geography of Opportunity – Structural racialization and • Changing the Geography of Opportunity – Targeted Universalism – Growing Communities of Opportunity – Opportunity mapping • East Baltimore Revitalization Initiative • Racial Equity Impact Analysis
  • 3. Our understanding of Opportunity has changed over time…. STRUCTURAL RACIALIZATION AND SYSTEMS THINKING
  • 4. One variable can explain why differential outcomes. • Structural Inequality – Example: a Bird in a cage. Examining one bar cannot explain why a bird cannot fly. But multiple bars, arranged in specific ways, reinforce each other and trap the bird.
  • 5. • Understanding the relationships among these multiple dimensions, and how these complex intra- actions change processes • Relationships are neither static nor discrete 5
  • 6. Opportunity is…. Racialized… Spatialized… Globalized… • In 1960, African- • marginalized people • Economic American families in of color and the very poverty were 3.8 times globalization poor have been more likely to be spatially isolated from concentrated in high- opportunity via • Climate change poverty neighborhoods reservations, Jim than poor whites. Crow, Appalachian mountains, ghettos, • the Credit and • In 2000, they were 7.3 barrios, and the Foreclosure crisis times more likely. culture of incarceration.
  • 7. Our opportunity context matters Some people ride the “Up” Others have to run up the escalator to reach “Down” escalator to get there opportunity
  • 8.  The order of the structures  The timing of the interaction between them  The relationships that exist between/among them 8
  • 10. Contd. • The way we organize the built environment has been based on racial segregation • This creates psychological segregation • Not only inefficient but also morally wrong
  • 11. Why do some people have access to the “good life” while others do not?
  • 12. It’s more than a matter of choice… The Cumulative Impacts of Spatial, Racial and Opportunity Segregation Segregation impacts a number of life-opportunities Impacts on Health School Segregation Impacts on Educational Achievement Exposure to crime; arrest Transportation limitations and other inequitable public services Neighborhood Job segregation Segregation Racial stigma, other psychological impacts Impacts on community power and individual assets Adapted from figure by Barbara Reskin at: http://faculty.washington.edu/reskin/
  • 14. Historic Government Role • A series of federal policies have contributed to the disparities we see today – School Policy – Suburbanization & Homeownership – Urban Renewal – Public Housing – Transportation 14
  • 15. TODAY, Institutions continue to support, not dismantle, the status quo. This is why we continue to see racially inequitable outcomes even if there is good intent behind policies, or an absence of racist actors. (i.e. structural racialization)
  • 16. • Factually correct  But what does this sentence suggest?  Black students inherently not as capable? • SR opens the analysis to impact of housing on schools, concentrated poverty in schools, under- resourced schools • Structures “normalize”. So when we are navigating through structures (ex. education system), we do so without actively thinking. • Example: We have accepted the normalization of testing in the US.
  • 17. – We look at the gap in testing and ways to alleviate that gap. – A different approach: • Finland has eliminated examination systems that had previously tracked students for middle schools and restricted access to high schools, among other key changes – Outcome of changes: graduating over 90% of HS students; consistently high rankings on international standards – Takeaway: without structural approach, we misdiagnose the problem
  • 18. UNDERSTANDING THE GEOGRAPHY OF OPPORTUNITY CAN MAKE OUR REGIONAL INVESTMENTS MORE EFFECTIVE. But how can we rearrange structures so they provide pathways to opportunity for everyone?
  • 19. Changing the Geography of Opportunity  Targeted Universalism o Communication o Policy o Portland Example  Growing Communities of Opportunity o Opportunity Mapping
  • 20. A new way of talking and acting TARGETED UNIVERSALISM
  • 21. “Situatedness” is relational • Problem: 3 people are out to sea and a big storm is coming. • Goal: To reach the people within 6 hours • Assumption: If we can reach them within 6 hours, we will save them all
  • 22. Example contd. • But the 3 are not all in the stormy water in the same way… • Which person would be most likely to survive the 6 hours it would take to reach them? • If water is a “structure,”(housing, education, etc.) some groups are able to navigate the structure more successfully than other groups…
  • 23. Targeted universalism as • Moves beyond the disparities frame • Focuses on the universal goals shared by all the communities while being sensitive to the targeted strategies that are responsive to the situation of marginalized communities
  • 24. Targeted Universalism as Strategy *Promote Universal Policies in Targeted Ways* • There is no “one size fits all” • “One vision, many paths” • Process: • What is the goal? • How do we tailor strategies to different groups, who are differently situated, to lift them to that goal?
  • 25. We’ve seen a Targeted Universalism approach at work before… Neighborhood Stabilization Program Context • “the old inequality made the new inequality possible by creating geographic concentrations of underserved..consumers” ripe for exploitation – Black and Hispanic communities were hardest hit by twin crises of unemployment and foreclosures. Research shows that residential segregation is a major contributing factor to the incidence of foreclosure in communities of color, esp. in Black communities—the greater the segregation, the higher the number and rate of foreclosure. (Massey) • And the destabilizing effects were not contained within these neighborhoods (i.e. spillover) • Solution? Targeted form of public investment: “We believe fundamentally that with the broader recovery we should be focusing resources on the places that are hardest hit.” (Sec. Donovan)
  • 26. Example contd. Implementation • What does this suggest about investment of NSP? – Solutions for rebuilding neighborhoods need to address the housing issues, the social infrastructure, and access to credit in these neighborhoods. – And should also provide access to higher opportunity areas • Questions to consider: – Are NSP funds contributing to increased concentrations of rental units in high poverty neighborhoods, or predominantly minority neighborhoods? – Are NSP funds expended in conformance with Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing requirements? • i.e. used to purchase affordable housing in high opportunity neighborhoods?
  • 27. In Tampa, NSP properties clustered in neighborhoods of low income, and neighborhoods that are predominantly minority, which are the hardest hit areas….
  • 28. These are also neighborhoods of lowest opportunity … But a good number of properties are also in neighborhoods of higher opportunity
  • 29. Growing together to expand opportunity for all COMMUNITIES OF OPPORTUNITY
  • 30. The Opportunity Framework – Deliberate, coordinated, and regional investments in people, places, and linkages – Two-pronged approach: • Targeted in-place, urban revitalization strategies • Mobility-based investments for marginalized residents to access high opportunity communities’ These are Not opposing strategies! A sustainable, transformative development strategy requires both
  • 31. A Multi-faceted Approach: Strategies for Connecting to Opportunity
  • 32. So Why Mapping?  Regional, racial and social inequity often manifest as spatial inequity  Mapping shows the cumulative effects of opportunity segregation
  • 33. www.KirwanInstitute.org www.race-talk.org KirwanInstitute on:
  • 34. East Baltimore Revitalization Initiative New Partners for Smart Growth Conference Scot T. Spencer, Associate Director for Advocacy and Influence The Annie E Casey Foundation www.aecf.org
  • 35. The Revitalization Project • A study was commissioned by the City, funded by a foundation to answer the question ‘what would it take to catalyze the redevelopment of the neighborhoods north of Johns Hopkins?’ • The study underscored the need to be bold, to undertake a development at some scale and to capitalize on the intellectual capital of Johns Hopkins • There was very little mention of the consequences of the proposed action on the people who lived in the community…
  • 37. Neighborhood Demographics (2000) • 2nd poorest neighborhood in Baltimore City • Median household income $14,900; city’s median ~ $32,000; regional median ~ $58,000 • 98% African-American • Fewer than ½ of the adults were in the labor force • Median sales price for a home was $28,000; city median was $69,000 • 27% of residents over age 25 with HS diploma • Community was part of the Federal Empowerment Zone • Immediately north of Johns Hopkins hospital and professional campus
  • 38. The Planning Process • Project was announced by the City in 2001; most residents found out in the newspaper • A 3-day community charrette was held in the summer of 2001 and largely focused on an 88 acre area now referred to as “the piano” • Plans called for the concentration of the development in a 30 acre core resulting in significant relocation (750 families) and demolition (over 800 buildings, 550 in the first 30 acres)
  • 40. Resident Organizing/Resident Engagement • A resident group - Save Middle East Action Committee - was formed in response to the project • With a long history of distrust of Johns Hopkins, the project was viewed as another land grab • Residents began to organize “A House for a House” campaign and sought a seat at the leadership table • Residents fought for (and won): Economic Inclusion, Right to Return, Safe Demolition Protocol
  • 41. A Different Role for Philanthropy • Invest in both sides of the discussion – resident engagement and project management • Serve as a tool to amplify the resident voice – anger, anxiety, resentment, ideas and ideals and mourning • Look for new ways to use resources to achieve mutual benefit • Leadership by example
  • 42. Elements of a More Inclusive Process – Some Lessons Learned • Reframing the project from Economic Development to Community Development to Community Building • Significant investment of resources – time and capital • Actively listening to and including the voices of community • Being nimble to respond to immediate issues without losing sight of the long term goals • Document the process to inform the field
  • 43. The Story is not finished…
  • 45. Today’s Face, Tomorrow’s Future Friends of Talladega College Meeting New York, NY October 11, 2005 http://www.aecf.org/KnowledgeCenter/PublicationsSeries/RaceMatters.aspx
  • 46. Racial Equity Impact Analysis Value of the Tool • Encourages broad participation in discussion • Turns generally good ideas into ones that can close racial gaps (From necessary to sufficient policies and practices) 46
  • 47. Racial Equity Impact Analysis The Tool 1. Are all racial/ethnic groups who are affected by the policy/practice/decision at the table? 2. How will the proposed policy/practice/decision affect each group? 3. How will the proposed policy/practice/decision be perceived by each group? 4. Does the policy/practice/decision worsen or ignore existing disparities? 5. Based on the above responses, what revisions are needed in the policy/practice/decision under discussion? 47
  • 48. Today’s Face, Tomorrow’s Future Friends of Talladega College Meeting New York, NY October 11, 2005 For additional information, contact Delia Carmen www.carmen@voices.org
  • 49. MORE ON EQUITY IMPACT STATEMENTS
  • 50. Example: LEED certification • LEED for Neighborhood Development recognizes development projects that successfully protect and enhance the overall health, natural environment and quality of life in our communities. • The rating system encourages smart growth and New Urbanist best practices by promoting the location and design of neighborhoods that reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and creating developments where jobs and services are accessible by foot or public transit. • It also promotes an array of green building and green infrastructure practices, particularly more efficient energy and water use—especially important in urban areas where infrastructure is often overtaxed. Source: US Green Building Council http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=6423
  • 51. But where’s the “teeth”? The following credit categories are included in the rating system: Smart Location and Linkage encourages communities to consider location, transportation alternatives, and preservation of sensitive lands while also discouraging sprawl. Neighborhood Pattern and Design emphasizes vibrant, equitable communities that are healthy, walkable, and mixed-use. Green Infrastructure and Buildings promotes the design and construction of buildings and infrastructure that reduce energy and water use, while promoting more sustainable use of materials, reuse of existing and historic structures, and other sustainable best practices. Innovation and Design Process recognizes exemplary and innovative performance reaching beyond the existing credits in the rating system, as well as the value of including an accredited professional on the design team. Regional Priority encourages projects to focus on earning credits of significance to the project’s local environment. Source: The Opportunity Agenda http://opportunityagenda.org/files/field_file/The%20Opportunity%20Impact%20Statement.pdf
  • 52. Example: Opportunity Impact Statements • The Opportunity Impact Statement (OIS) is a comprehensive evaluation tool that public bodies, affected communities, and the private sector can use to ensure that programs and projects offer equal and expanded opportunity for everyone in a community or region, as required by law. • The Opportunity Impact Statement creates a uniform enforcement protocol with consistent metrics to facilitate compliance with anti-discrimination protections and proactively to promote greater opportunity. Source: US Green Building Council http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=6423
  • 53. Opportunity Impact Statements Draft Opportunity Impact Statements would be prepared in accordance with the scope of the project decided upon during the Opportunity Assessment, which will determine what opportunity factors and considerations will be examined. In addition, they must fulfill to the fullest extent possible the requirements established for final Statements. Those requirements should include: 1. The opportunity impact, measured by delivery of and/or access to services, job creation, business openings, and community opportunity to participate in the benefits of the project, with a discussion of community need; 2. Any adverse effects on the population’s opportunity which cannot be avoided should the proposal be implemented; 3. Alternatives to the proposed action or ameliorative effects, including a cost-benefit analysis; and 4. The degree to which the project will impact services or industries in a manner that will meet projected long-term community employment and infrastructure needs. The ultimate format for Opportunity Impact Statements should encourage both solid analysis and clear presentation of the alternatives, allowing the agency, the applicant, and members of the affected communities to understand the opportunity implications of the proposed project Source: The Opportunity Agenda http://opportunityagenda.org/files/field_file/The%20Opportunity%20Impact%20Statement.pdf