This presentation explains the formation of the first aorist passive participles in biblical Greek.

1. Morphology
AORIST PASSIVE PARTICIPLES

2. Morphology
We are working with a diagnostic approach toward
identifying verbs. For aorist passive participles, the key
diagnostics are:
1. θε marks the aorist tense, passive voice.
2. ντ marks the masculine or neuter.
3. ισα marks the feminine.
4. 3-1-3 pattern personal endings.

3. Aorist Passive Masculine

4. Aorist Passive Masculine
The masculine and neuter forms of the aorist passive
participle take third-declension personal endings.
The masculine and neuter participle morpheme is ντ.
This is usually a marker of an active participle, but here
the θε tense formative marks the form as passive.

5. AAP-NMS
λυθεις
λυ + θε + ντ + ς
λυ + θε + – ς
λυ + θει + ς
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative θε marks it
as aorist passive.
2. The participle morpheme ντ
would mark it as masculine or
neuter, but it has become
invisible.
3. The personal ending ς marks it
as NS.

6. AAP-GMS
λυθεντος
λυ + θε + ντ + ος
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative θε marks it
as aorist passive.
2. The participle morpheme ντ
marks masculine or neuter.
3. The personal ending ος marks it
as GS.

7. AAP-DMS
λυθεντι
λυ + θε + ντ + ι
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative θε marks it
as aorist passive.
2. The participle morpheme ντ
marks masculine or neuter.
3. The personal ending ι marks it
as DS.

8. AAP-AMS
λυθεντα
λυ + θε + ντ + α
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative θε marks it
as aorist passive.
2. The participle morpheme ντ
marks it as masculine or neuter.
3. The personal ending α marks it
as AMS (or NNP/ANP).

9. AAP-NMP
λυθεντες
λυ + θε + ντ + ες
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative θε marks it
as aorist passive.
2. The participle morpheme ντ
marks it as masculine or neuter.
3. The personal ending ες marks it
as NMP (the neuter ending
would be α).

10. AAP-GMP
λυθεντων
λυ + θε + ντ + ων
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative θε marks it
as aorist passive.
2. The participle morpheme ντ
marks it as masculine or neuter.
3. The personal ending ων marks it
as GP.

11. AAP-DMP
λυθεισι(ν)
λυ + θε + ντ + σι(ν)
λυ + θε + – σι(ν)
λυ + θει + σι(ν)
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative θε marks it
as aorist.
2. The participle morpheme ντ has
dropped out because of the
addition of a personal ending
starting with sigma.
3. The personal ending σι(ν) marks
it as DP.

12. AAP-AMP
λυθεντας
λυ + θε + ντ + ας
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative θε marks it
as aorist passive.
2. The participle morpheme ντ
marks it as masculine or neuter.
3. The personal ending ας marks it
as AMP (the neuter ending
would be α).

13. Aorist Active Neuter

14. Aorist Active Neuter
The neuter participle is similar to the masculine. It
takes the third-declension personal endings and the
active participle morpheme ντ.
In the genitive and dative, the masculine and neuter
forms are identical. The nominative and accusative
forms are different.

15. AAP-NNS and ANS
λυθεν
λυ + θε + ντ + –
λυ + θε + ν + –
λυ + θε + ν
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative θε marks it
as aorist passive.
2. The participle morpheme ντ
would mark it as masculine or
neuter.
3. The personal ending – marks it
as NNS and ANS.
4. Since there is no personal
ending, the τ of ντ drops out.

16. AAP-NNP and ANP
λυθεντα
λυ + θε + ντ + α
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative θε marks it
as aorist passive.
2. The participle morpheme ντ
marks it as masculine or neuter.
3. The personal ending α marks it
as NNP or ANP (or AMS).

17. Aorist Active Feminine

18. Aorist Passive Feminine
The feminine forms of the aorist passive participle take
first-declension personal endings, exactly like δοξα.
The ordinary feminine passive participle morpheme is
ισα.
Technically, the feminine active participle morpheme is
«ντια», but internal vowel changes result in it becoming
ισα. (Read the next slide only if you want to know how
it was formed.)

19. Advanced and Technical
The feminine participles add ια to the participle morpheme ντ, so the
feminine morpheme becomes «ντια». This undergoes changes. First, τι →
σ, which results in «νσα». Second, the ν drops out when followed by σ,
which results in «σα». In other words, this happens:
ντια → νσα → σα
In the aorist passive, the tense stem lengthens from θε to θει to
compensate for the other losses. Technically, therefore, the components
of λυθεισα are λυ + θει + σα, where λυ is the tense stem, θει is the
lengthened tense formative, and σα is the feminine passive participle
morpheme. Mounce thinks it simpler to link the ι to the participle
morpheme and learn it as ισα.

20. AAP-NFS
λυθεισα
λυ + θε + ισα + –
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative θε marks it
as aorist passive.
2. The feminine passive participle
morpheme ισα/ιση marks it as
feminine.
3. The personal ending – marks it
as NS.

21. AAP-GFS
λυθεισης
λυ + θε + ισα + ς
λυ + θε + ιση + ς
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative θε marks it
as aorist passive.
2. The feminine passive participle
morpheme ισα/ιση marks it as
feminine.
3. The personal ending ς marks it
as GS.

22. AAP-DFS
λυθεισῃ
λυ + θε + ισα + ι
λυ + θε + ιση + ι
λυ + θε + ισῃ
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative θε marks it
as aorist passive.
2. The feminine passive participle
morpheme ισα/ιση marks it as
feminine.
3. The personal ending ι (subscript)
marks it as DS.

23. AAP-DFS
λυθεισαν
λυ + θε + ισα + ν
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative θε marks it
as aorist passive.
2. The feminine passive participle
morpheme ισα/ιση marks it as
feminine.
3. The personal ending ν marks it
as AS.

24. AAP-NFP
λυθεισαι
λυ + θε + ισα + ι
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative θε marks it
as aorist passive.
2. The feminine passive participle
morpheme ισα/ιση marks it as
feminine.
3. The personal ending ι (not
subscripted) marks it as NP.

25. AAP-GFP
λυθεισων
λυ + θε + ισα + ων
αω → ω
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative θε marks it
as aorist passive.
2. The feminine passive participle
morpheme ισα/ιση marks it as
feminine.
3. The personal ending ων marks it
as GP.

26. AAP-DFP
λυθεισαις
λυ + θε + ισα + ις
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative θε marks it
as aorist passive.
2. The feminine passive participle
morpheme ισα/ιση marks it as
feminine.
3. The personal ending ις marks it
as DP.

27. AAP-AFP
λυθεισας
λυ + θε + ισα + ς
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative θε marks it
as aorist passive.
2. The feminine passive participle
morpheme ισα/ιση marks it as
feminine.
3. The personal ending ς marks it
as AP.

28. The End