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Unit 28 topographic_surveying_in_construction_and_civil_engineering
1.
Unit 28: Topographic
Surveying in Construction and Civil Engineering Unit code: K/600/0426 QCF Level 3: BTEC Nationals Credit value: 10 Guided learning hours: 60 Aim and purpose This unit gives learners the opportunity to develop the skills needed to carry out surveys to establish the levels of points, determine coordinates of stations, and survey land and buildings. Learners will also develop a knowledge of emerging technologies in control and topographic surveys. Unit introduction Topographic surveying is the measurement of existing features of the earth’s surface and the presentation of the results. Knowledge of the size, shape and position of natural and manmade features is an essential element in the planning of a wide variety of projects. Surveyors use a variety of instruments to carry out measurements, which are normally recorded electronically. Measurement data is transferred from the instrument to suitable software for processing and the production of the required drawings. Drawings in digital format can be sent to the client electronically, and are often input directly into their own software for analysis, planning or design of the project. Surveying is a technologically-advanced discipline and is changing rapidly in terms of instrumentation and the presentation of results. The professional surveyor must be confident with the underlying mathematics involved in the processing of data, and calculations are therefore an important part of the unit. Learners should have an understanding of trigonometry and basic mathematical principles before starting this unit. The use of spreadsheets for calculations and software for producing drawings is also an important aspect of this unit. Learning outcomes On completion of this unit a learner should: 1 Be able to carry out control surveys to establish the levels of points 2 Be able to carry out control surveys to determine coordinates of stations 3 Be able to carry out surveying of land and buildings 4 Know about emerging technologies in control and topographic surveys. Edexcel BTEC Level 3 Nationals specification in Construction and the Built Environment – Issue 1 – January 2010 © Edexcel Limited 2009 1
2.
1 Be able
to carry out control surveys to establish the levels of points Control surveys: procedures to establish vertical control; calculations Procedures: fly levelling to establish levels of points Calculations: adjustment of simple levelling networks 2 Be able to carry out control surveys to determine coordinates of stations Control surveys: procedures; calculations Procedures: to determine coordinates and stations; traversing; free station Calculations: polar and rectangular coordinates; adjustment of simple traverses 3 Be able to carry out surveying of land and buildings Surveying of land: topographic surveys (hard detail, soft detail and contours); use of total stations and standard software; production of plans Surveying of buildings: measured building surveys (internal and external); use of standard software; production of plans 4 Know about emerging technologies in control and topographic surveys Emerging technologies: Global Positioning Systems (GPS); automated total stations; laser scanning Advantages: in terms of accuracy; reliability; ease of use; site conditions; cost Edexcel BTEC Level 3 Nationals specification in Construction and the Built Environment Unit content – Issue 1 – January 2010 © Edexcel Limited 2009 2
3.
Assessment and grading
criteria In order to pass this unit, the evidence that the learner presents for assessment needs to demonstrate that they can meet all the learning outcomes for the unit. The assessment criteria for a pass grade describe the level of achievement required to pass this unit. Assessment and grading criteria To achieve a pass grade the evidence must show that the learner is able to: To achieve a merit grade the evidence must show that, in addition to the pass criteria, the learner is able to: To achieve a distinction grade the evidence must show that, in addition to the pass and merit criteria, the learner is able to: P1 carry out levelling surveys to establish vertical control [IE1, IE2, IE4, IE6, TW1, SM2, SM3, EP3] M1 adjust a simple levelling network using a standard method of calculation. D1 compare the suitability of standard adjustment methods in terms of their accuracy P2 carry out control surveys to determine coordinates [IE1, IE2, IE4, IE6, TW1, SM2, SM3, EP3] M2 adjust a simple traverse network using a standard method of calculation P3 calculate coordinates of stations from data collected [IE1, IE2, IE4, IE6, TW1, SM2, SM3, EP3] P4 carry out surveys of land and buildings [IE1, IE2, IE4, IE6, TW1, SM2, SM3, EP3] M3 specify appropriate instruments and techniques for topographic surveying tasks. D2 assess the accuracy and effectiveness of new technologies against current methods used in control and topographic surveying. P5 produce plans of land and buildings using standard software [IE1, IE2, IE4, IE6, TW1, SM2, SM3, EP3] P6 describe the uses and advantages of emerging technologies in control and topographic surveying. [IE1, IE2, IE4, IE6, TW1, SM2, SM3, EP3] PLTS: This summary references where applicable, in the square brackets, the elements of the personal, learning and thinking skills applicable in the pass criteria. It identifies opportunities for learners to demonstrate effective application of the referenced elements of the skills. Key IE – independent enquirers CT – creative thinkers RL – reflective learners TW – team workers SM – self-managers EP – effective participators Edexcel BTEC Level 3 Nationals specification in Construction and the Built Environment 3 – Issue 1 – January 2010 © Edexcel Limited 2009
4.
Essential guidance for
tutors Delivery Tutors delivering this unit have opportunities to use a wide range of techniques. Lectures, discussions, seminar presentations, site visits, supervised practicals, research using the internet and/or library resources and use of personal and/or industrial experience are all suitable. Delivery should stimulate, motivate, educate and enthuse learners. Visiting expert speakers could add to the relevance of the subject but, as this is essentially a practical unit, learners will learn more quickly by doing, rather than by listening. The four learning outcomes are not linked to each other but there is a natural progression through plan control, levelling and topographic surveys. Learning outcomes 1 to 3 are essentially practical. Learning outcome 4 is less in practical nature but it gives learners the opportunity to investigate new technologies and relate their use to the practical work they have already carried out. The unit requires learners to carry out standard surveying calculations using non-programmable calculators. However, once learners have demonstrated this ability, the use of spreadsheets to carry out repetitive calculations should be encouraged. The unit gives learners opportunities to carry out realistic surveying tasks and produce high quality results. This unit is likely to be delivered later in the programme, since a familiarity with the use of surveying equipment, and an understanding of basic levelling and angle calculations, is assumed. Learners should therefore have studied a mathematical unit prior to starting this unit. Group activities are permissible, but tutors will need to ensure that individual learners are provided with equal experiential and assessment opportunities. Health, safety and welfare issues are paramount and should be reinforced through close supervision of all workshops and activity areas, and risk assessments must be undertaken before practical activities are taken. Centres are advised to read the Delivery approach section in the specification, and Annexe H: Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (PUWER). Edexcel BTEC Level 3 Nationals specification in Construction and the Built Environment – Issue 1 – January 2010 © Edexcel Limited 2009 4
5.
Outline learning plan
The outline learning plan has been included in this unit as guidance and can be used in conjunction with the programme of suggested assignments. The outline learning plan demonstrates one way in planning the delivery and assessment of this unit. Topic and suggested assignments/activities and/assessment Tutor explanation: Introduction to the unit Levelling Tutor explanation: surveying principles and terminology, introduction to levelling and the automatic level, levelling techniques, 2 peg test Learner exercise: 2 peg test Learner exercise: practical levelling exercise Learner exercise: calculate reduced levels using ‘rise and fall’ and ‘HOC’ methods Learner exercise: adjust/check calculations using standard methods Didactic input: explanation of contour surveys, techniques to compute areas and volumes from contours, spot heights, ground sections. Learner exercise: formative assessment exercise Learner exercise: computation of areas and volumes from contours Traversing Tutor explanation: introduction to traversing, open and closed loop traverse Learner exercise: calculations of traverse angles Tutor explanation: sources of errors in a closed traverse Learner exercise: worked example of closed traverse calculations Tutor explanation: Bowditch Method of Traverse Correction Class discussion: factors affecting choice of stations Learner exercise: correction of reduced angles using (2n-4)x90 Learner exercise: calculation of WCB from angles Tutor explanation: introduction to polar and rectangular coordinates Learner exercise: calculation and conversion of coordinates using manual methods Tutor explanation: introduction to the optical theodolite Learner exercise: formative assessment exercise Assignment 1: Contour Surveys and Determining Coordinates Topographic survey Tutor explanation: introduction to total station and familiarisation equipment Didactic input: data capture and use, download survey data, manipulation of data Learner exercise: full total station survey including GPS (formative assessment exercise) Edexcel BTEC Level 3 Nationals specification in Construction and the Built Environment 5 – Issue 1 – January 2010 © Edexcel Limited 2009
6.
Topic and suggested
assignments/activities and/assessment Emerging technologies Tutor explanation: history of surveying Class discussion: processes involved, time needed, accuracy and cost (manual and with automated instruments) Independent investigation: available technologies and their uses Industrial visit to local, regional or national company to gain an understanding of data capturing techniques and use of software aids Assignment 2: Surveying Land and Buildings and Emerging Technologies Review of unit and assignment feedback Assessment Evidence for this unit can be gathered from a variety of sources, including well-planned investigative assignments, case studies or reports of practical assignments. There are many suitable forms of assessment that could be used. Some example assessment approaches are suggested below. However, these are not intended to be prescriptive or restrictive, and are provided as an illustration of the alternative forms of assessment evidence that would be acceptable. Some criteria can be assessed directly by the tutor during practical activities. If this approach is used, suitable evidence would be observation records or witness statements. Guidance on the use of these is provided on the Edexcel website. The structure of the unit suggests that the grading criteria could be addressed fully by using two assignments. The first of these would cover P1, P2, P3, M1, M2 and D1 and the second P4, P5, P6, M3 and D2. Learners may work in groups of three to four when carrying out practical work. To achieve a pass grade learners must meet the six pass criteria listed in the grading criteria grid. For P1, learners must undertake levelling surveys to establish vertical control. They must actively participate in fieldwork, be able to carry out calculations of levels of stations and produce a contour plan drawn to scale along with a written description of the processes involved. For P2, learners must carry out control surveys to determine coordinates. They must actively participate in fieldwork for a traverse survey, collect all the required data and provide a written description of the processes involved in carrying out the survey. For P3, learners must calculate coordinates of stations from the data collected for P2. They must calculate angles and distances from the basic observations and, carry out calculations of eastings and northings and produce a plan drawn to scale. For P4, learners must undertake surveys of land and buildings using standard survey instruments and produce plans using standard software. They must actively participate in fieldwork for a topographic survey, carry out calculations of eastings, northings and levels of observed points and provide a description of the processes involved in carrying out the survey. For P5, learners must produce plans from the data collected in P4, using standard software. They must produce a plan using survey software and/or computer-aided drawing along with a description of the processes involved in using the software For P6, learners must describe the uses and advantages of emerging technologies in control and topographic surveying. They must be able to demonstrate, at the very least, a knowledge of all the instruments mentioned in the unit content for learning outcome 4. Evidence should be in the form of a presentation, a report or oral answers to questions posed by the tutor. Edexcel BTEC Level 3 Nationals specification in Construction and the Built Environment – Issue 1 – January 2010 © Edexcel Limited 2009 6
7.
To achieve a
merit grade learners must meet all the pass grade criteria and the three merit grade criteria. For M1, learners must be able to adjust a simple levelling network using a standard method of calculation. For M2, learners must be able to adjust a simple traverse network using a standard method of calculation. For M3, learners must specify appropriate instruments and techniques for topographic surveying tasks. They must be able to discuss the application of these instruments to typical topographic surveying tasks including an explanation of how they are used on modern projects. Evidence should be in the form of a presentation, a report or oral answers to questions posed by the tutor. To achieve a distinction grade learners must meet all of the pass and merit grade criteria and the two distinction grade criteria. For D1, learners must compare the suitability of standard adjustment methods in terms of their accuracy when used in simple control networks. For D2, learners must assess the accuracy and effectiveness of new technologies compared to current methods for control and topographic surveying. They must be able to make reasoned judgements about their appropriateness in terms of cost and site conditions, and demonstrate their understanding of the digital data flow from observation to final product. Evidence should be in the form of a presentation, a report or oral answers to questions posed by the tutor. Programme of suggested assignments The following table shows a programme of suggested assignments that cover the pass, merit and distinction criteria in the grading grid. This is for guidance and it is recommended that centres either write their own assignments or adapt any Edexcel assignments to meet local needs and resources. Criteria covered Assignment title Scenario Assessment method P1, P2, P3, M1, M2, D1 Contour Surveys and Determining Coordinates You are working as a trainee surveyor and have been asked by your senior surveyor to carry out a contour survey. The client is a housing contractor who will use your survey results to ascertain cut-and-fill quantities. You have also been asked to carry out a traverse survey for a housing contractor. A report containing both raw and processed data as well as written descriptions of the processes involved. P4, P5, P6, M3, D2 Surveying Land and Buildings and Emerging Technologies You are working as a junior surveyor. Your client is a housing contractor. Your senior engineer has asked you to carry out a topographic survey using a total station and standard software. You have also been asked to carry out an investigation into how emerging technology can be applied to surveying tasks. A report containing both raw and processed data as well as written descriptions of the processes and emerging technology involved. Edexcel BTEC Level 3 Nationals specification in Construction and the Built Environment 7 – Issue 1 – January 2010 © Edexcel Limited 2009
8.
Links to National
Occupational Standards, other BTEC units, other BTEC qualifi cations and other relevant units and qualifi cations This unit forms part of the BTEC Construction and the Built Environment sector suite. This unit has particular links with the following unit titles in the Construction and the Built Environment suite: Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Surveying in Construction and Civil Engineering Setting Out Processes in Construction and Civil Engineering Spatial Data Techniques in Construction and Civil Engineering Surveying Technology in Construction and Civil Engineering Construction in Civil Engineering This unit links with the Edexcel Level 3 NVQ in Technical Design (Construction Environment), the Edexcel Level 3 NVQ in Construction, Plant and Equipment Supervision and the Edexcel Level 4 NVQ in Construction, Plant and Equipment Management. It also links to the following National Occupational Standards at Level 3: BE Design Construction Contracting Operations Spatial Data Management Surveying, Property and Maintenance. Transportation. Essential resources Since this unit is practical in nature, centres will need a suitable range and quantity of equipment and suitable areas for carrying out realistic tasks in safety. As a minimum, the instruments required include tape measures, automatic optical levels and total stations (preferably with on board data storage) but learners should be made aware of the other instruments mentioned in the unit content and, wherever possible, should have the opportunity to use them. Suitable ancillary equipment, such as staffs, tripods and ranging poles, will also be required. There should be sufficient instruments available so that during fieldwork teams are small in number. To meet the requirements of learning outcome 3, learners will need to have access to industry-standard surveying software or, alternatively, they could use spreadsheets and a CAD package to produce the required drawings. Centres will require access to areas of land with topographic and built features where practical surveying work can be carried out safely. Health, safety and welfare issues must be considered at all times and risk assessments undertaken where necessary. Employer engagement and vocational contexts The use of vocational contexts is essential in the delivery and assessment of this unit. Much of the work can be set in a real world context. Learning outcome 4 lends itself well to investigating what goes on in the real world of surveying. Visits to companies/shows/exhibitions will enhance this particular part of the unit. Companies with a surveying section are likely to be able to show how field data is manipulated and adjusted, especially with the use of new technologies and software packages. Edexcel BTEC Level 3 Nationals specification in Construction and the Built Environment – Issue 1 – January 2010 © Edexcel Limited 2009 8 ● ● ● ● ●
9.
Support to enable
centres to initiate and establish links to industry, and to networks arranging visits to industry and from property practitioners is given below: Learning and Skills Network – www.vocationallearning.org.uk National Education and Business Partnership Network – www.nebpn.org The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors – www.rics.org Work Experience/Workplace learning frameworks – Centre for Education and Industry (CEI University of Warwick) – www.warwick.ac.uk/wie/cei/ Indicative reading for learners Textbooks Bannister A and Baker R – Solving Problems in Surveying, 2nd Edition (Pearson Higher Education, 1994) ISBN 0582236444 Bannister A and Raymond S and Baker R – Surveying, 7th Edition (Pearson Higher Education, 1998) ISBN 0582302498 Irvine W and Maclennan F – Surveying for Construction, 5th Edition (McGraw-Hill, 2005) ISBN 0077111141 Johnson A – Plane and Geodetic Surveying, 1st Edition (Spon Press, 2004) ISBN 0415320046 Muskett J – Site Surveying, 2nd Edition (Blackwell Science, 1995) ISBN 0632038489 Uren J and Price W F – Surveying for Engineers, 4th Edition (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005) ISBN 1403920540 Journals Civil Engineering Surveyor – Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors Geomatics World – PV Publications New Civil Engineer – Emap RICS Business – RICS RICS Construction Journal – RICS RICS Land Journal – RICS Websites www.bconstructive.co.uk BConstructive www.ciob.org.uk Chartered Institute of Building www.cskills.org ConstructionSkills www.cstt.org.uk Chartered Surveyors Training Trust www.ice.org.uk Institution of Civil Engineers www.ices.org.uk Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors www.rics.org Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors Edexcel BTEC Level 3 Nationals specification in Construction and the Built Environment 9 – Issue 1 – January 2010 © Edexcel Limited 2009 ● ● ● ●
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Delivery of personal,
learning and thinking skills (PLTS) The following table identifies the PLTS opportunities that have been included within the assessment criteria of this unit: Skill When learners are … Independent enquirers planning and carrying out research to develop an awareness of emerging technologies in surveying and judging its appropriateness assessing accuracy of control networks using mathematical evidence Self-managers organising time and resources and prioritising actions while carrying out a topographic survey using a total station and producing plans using standard software Team workers carrying out practical field exercises in level and traverse surveys Effective participators proposing practical ways to adjust levelling or traverse networks. Although PLTS opportunities are identified within this unit as an inherent part of the assessment criteria, there are further opportunities to develop a range of PLTS through various approaches to teaching and learning. Skill When learners are … Creative thinkers asking questions during field/class work to extend their thinking Reflective learners assessing the accuracy of their own work and identifying areas of improvement Self-managers building and maintaining relationships by managing their emotions in fieldwork Edexcel BTEC Level 3 Nationals specification in Construction and the Built Environment situations. – Issue 1 – January 2010 © Edexcel Limited 2009 10
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Functional Skills –
Level 2 Skill When learners are … ICT – Use ICT systems Select, interact with and use ICT systems independently for a complex task to meet a variety of needs using total station and standard software for topographic surveys Manage information storage to enable efficient retrieval storing and retrieving both field and processed data ICT – Find and select information Select and use a variety of sources of information independently for a complex task using internet and other online sources to investigate use and applications of emerging technologies ICT – Develop, present and communicate information Enter, develop and format information independently to suit its meaning and purpose including: text and tables images numbers records ● ● ● ● preparing reports and presenting results of their fieldwork Bring together information to suit content and purpose processing field data to produce a number of products Present information in ways that are fit for purpose and audience presenting evidence of data capture and data processing as well as the end product Mathematics Understand routine and non-routine problems in a wide range of familiar and unfamiliar contexts and situations calculating areas and volumes in a contour survey Identify the situation or problem and the mathematical methods needed to tackle it adjusting levelling and traverse networks Select and apply a range of skills to find solutions carrying out a topographic survey and using a standard software and/or CAD to produce a suitable plan Use appropriate checking procedures and evaluate their effectiveness at each stage assessing the accuracy of levelling and traverse networks Draw conclusions and provide mathematical justifications adjusting closing errors in levelling and traverse networks Edexcel BTEC Level 3 Nationals specification in Construction and the Built Environment 11 – Issue 1 – January 2010 © Edexcel Limited 2009
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Skill When learners
are … English Speaking and listening – make a range of contributions to discussions and make effective presentations in a wide range of contexts discussing choice of stations and accuracy issues in surveying Reading – compare, select, read and understand texts and use them to gather information, ideas, arguments and opinions assessing the appropriateness of emerging technologies Writing – write documents, including extended writing pieces, communicating information, ideas and opinions, effectively and persuasively explaining use and advantages of emerging technologies in surveying. Edexcel BTEC Level 3 Nationals specification in Construction and the Built Environment – Issue 1 – January 2010 © Edexcel Limited 2009 12
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