9 to 5 No More: State Legislation To Give Working Families More Time Julie Schwartz Weber, JD Policy Specialist July 11, 2008 www.bc.edu/wfnetwork ** Any opinions expressed here are those of the author and not those of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation or the Sloan Work and Family Research Network. .

Agenda Why Is It Harder to Balance Work and Family? Workforce Changes Workplace Changes What Is the Impact on Families? Impact on Parents Impact on Children What Is the Impact on Employers? What Are States Doing to Help? Flexibility in The Workplace with Focus on: Flexible Leaves (Paid Sick, Education) Flex-time (Flexible Work Schedules) Flexible Place (Telework) Now What? Parting Thoughts

Why Is It Harder to Balance Work and Family?

Workforce Changes

Workplace Changes

What Is the Impact on Families?

Impact on Parents

Impact on Children

What Is the Impact on Employers?

What Are States Doing to Help?

Flexibility in The Workplace with Focus on:

Flexible Leaves (Paid Sick, Education)

Flex-time (Flexible Work Schedules)

Flexible Place (Telework)

Now What? Parting Thoughts

I Need a “June Cleaver” in My Life!

Increased labor participation of mothers Rise of dual earner and single parent households, where every parent in the home works Only 19% of married-couple families fit the “traditional” model with a stay-at-home mother and breadwinner father Why Is It Harder to Balance Work and Family? 57% 14% 19% 5% 5% Source: US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2005 Increased numbers of workers, both men and women, are providing substantial care to their elderly and disabled relatives WORKFORCE CHANGES

Increased labor participation of mothers

Rise of dual earner and single parent households, where every parent in the home works

Only 19% of married-couple families fit the “traditional” model with a stay-at-home mother and breadwinner father

Increased numbers of workers, both men and women, are providing substantial care to their elderly and disabled relatives

Why Is It Harder to Balance Work and Family? Non-daytime and weekend employment is mainstream Wide use of technology, including Blackberries, email, and voicemail, allow workers to be forever “on duty” Longer commutes than in previous decades Source: Bond, et. al. (2002). 24/7 economy where time at work has increased WORKPLACE CHANGES

Non-daytime and weekend employment is mainstream

Wide use of technology, including Blackberries, email, and voicemail, allow workers to be forever “on duty”

Longer commutes than in previous decades

24/7 economy where time at work has increased

Why Is It Harder to Balance Work and Family?

Agenda Why Is It Harder to Balance Work and Family? Workforce Changes Workplace Changes What Is the Impact on Families? Impact on Parents Impact on Children What Is the Impact on Employers? What Are States Doing to Help? Flexibility in The Workplace with Focus on: Flexible Leaves (Paid Sick, Education) Flex-time (Flexible Work Schedules) Flexible Place (Telework) Now What? Parting Thoughts

Why Is It Harder to Balance Work and Family?

Workforce Changes

Workplace Changes

What Is the Impact on Families?

Impact on Parents

Impact on Children

What Is the Impact on Employers?

What Are States Doing to Help?

Flexibility in The Workplace with Focus on:

Flexible Leaves (Paid Sick, Education)

Flex-time (Flexible Work Schedules)

Flexible Place (Telework)

Now What? Parting Thoughts

What is the Impact on Families? Work/family conflict may create stress, which increases risk of: anxiety or mood disorder substance abuse physical health conditions Work/family conflict may lower marital quality Work/family conflict can result in adverse financial consequences IMPACT ON PARENTS Work/family conflict may result in negative health, social, and financial outcomes for parents

Work/family conflict may create stress, which increases risk of:

anxiety or mood disorder

substance abuse

physical health conditions

Work/family conflict may lower marital quality

Work/family conflict can result in adverse financial consequences

What is the Impact on Families? Parental availability and involvement are important to children’s: Health Academic and developmental outcomes, particularly during adolescence IMPACT ON CHILDREN There may be negative effects on children when parents lack flexibility to participate in their children’s lives

Parental availability and involvement are important to children’s:

Health

Academic and developmental outcomes, particularly during adolescence

Agenda Why Is It Harder to Balance Work and Family? Workforce Changes Workplace Changes What Is the Impact on Families? Impact on Children Impact on Parents What Is the Impact on Employers? What Are States Doing to Help? Flexibility in The Workplace with Focus on: Flexible Leaves (Paid Sick, Education) Flex-time (Flexible Work Schedules) Flexible Place (Telework) Now What? Parting Thoughts

Why Is It Harder to Balance Work and Family?

Workforce Changes

Workplace Changes

What Is the Impact on Families?

Impact on Children

Impact on Parents

What Is the Impact on Employers?

What Are States Doing to Help?

Flexibility in The Workplace with Focus on:

Flexible Leaves (Paid Sick, Education)

Flex-time (Flexible Work Schedules)

Flexible Place (Telework)

Now What? Parting Thoughts

What is the Impact on Employers? EMPLOYEES WITHOUT FLEXIBILITY COST EMPLOYERS $$$ Increased presenteeism Decreased productivity Decreased job satisfaction Increased absenteeism Greater health care costs Higher turnover costs Decreased engagement Less effective recruiting

EMPLOYEES WITHOUT FLEXIBILITY COST EMPLOYERS $$$

Increased presenteeism

Decreased productivity

Decreased job satisfaction

Increased absenteeism

Greater health care costs

Higher turnover costs

Decreased engagement

Less effective recruiting

What is the Impact on Employers?

Agenda Why Is It Harder to Balance Work and Family? Workforce Changes Workplace Changes What Is the Impact on Families? Impact on Children Impact on Parents What Is the Impact on Employers? What Are States Doing to Help? Flexibility in The Workplace with Focus on: Flexible Leaves (Paid Sick, Education) Flex-time (Flexible Work Schedules) Flexible Place (Telework) Now What? Parting Thoughts

Why Is It Harder to Balance Work and Family?

Workforce Changes

Workplace Changes

What Is the Impact on Families?

Impact on Children

Impact on Parents

What Is the Impact on Employers?

What Are States Doing to Help?

Flexibility in The Workplace with Focus on:

Flexible Leaves (Paid Sick, Education)

Flex-time (Flexible Work Schedules)

Flexible Place (Telework)

Now What? Parting Thoughts

What Are States Doing To Help?

What Are States Doing To Help? States are active participants in the workplace flexibility movement Workplace Flexibility means that employees and supervisors have some choice and control over when, where, and how work gets done (Center on Aging and Work) Workplace Flexibility is a “win-win” for the employer and employee

States are active participants in the workplace flexibility movement

Workplace Flexibility means that employees and supervisors have some choice and control over when, where, and how work gets done

(Center on Aging and Work)

Workplace Flexibility is a “win-win” for the employer and employee

What Are States Doing To Help? Flex-Time Flexible work schedule Flex-Career Phased retirement Flex-Leave Paid Sick Vacation Parental leave Education Paid Family Reduced Time Part time (or part year) Job Sharing Flex-Place Telework Legislation to give working families more time

Flex-Time

Flexible work schedule

Flex-Career

Phased retirement

Flex-Leave

Paid Sick

Vacation

Parental leave

Education

Paid Family

Reduced Time

Part time (or part year)

Job Sharing

Flex-Place

Telework

What Are States Doing To Help? PAID SICK LEAVE Guarantees workers flexibility to deal with unanticipated or irregularly occurring short term illnesses or injuries for them or their family members Sick leave can be used by the worker for routine medical and preventive care for themselves or a family member and treatment and counseling for domestic violence Paid, job protected leave No federal or state laws re: private sector

PAID SICK LEAVE

Guarantees workers flexibility to deal with unanticipated or irregularly occurring short term illnesses or injuries for them or their family members

Sick leave can be used by the worker for routine medical and preventive care for themselves or a family member and treatment and counseling for domestic violence

Paid, job protected leave

No federal or state laws re: private sector

What Are States Doing To Help? US Workers without Paid Sick Days Source: Lovell, 2004 (Does not include Federal Employees) Workers by Type

US Workers without Paid Sick Days

What Are States Doing To Help? Paid Sick Leave Legislation Considered Bills Passed Laws San Francisco Philadelphia Milwaukee DC

Paid Sick Leave Legislation

Considered Bills

Passed Laws

What Are States Doing To Help? EDUCATION LEAVE Guarantees workers flexibility to take time off from work to attend their children’s school conferences or other school functions Job protected leave May or may not be paid No federal laws re: private sector

EDUCATION LEAVE

Guarantees workers flexibility to take time off from work to attend their children’s school conferences or other school functions

Job protected leave

May or may not be paid

No federal laws re: private sector

What Are States Doing To Help? Education Leave Legislation Considered Bills Passed Laws Both

What Are States Doing To Help? FLEXIBLE WORK SCHEDULES Provide workers with flexibility in the scheduling of their work hours Examples include: Flex time : allows workers to shift start and quitting times Compressed work schedules : work a full-time schedule, in less than a 5-day traditional workweek by increasing daily hours worked

FLEXIBLE WORK SCHEDULES

Provide workers with flexibility in the scheduling of their work hours

Examples include:

Flex time : allows workers to shift start and quitting times

Compressed work schedules : work a full-time schedule, in less than a 5-day traditional workweek by increasing daily hours worked

What Are States Doing To Help? What kind of Workers get Flexible Schedules? Percent that can adjust start and stop times Low wage workers have the least access to flexible work schedules Source: Families and Work Institute, 2006

What Are States Doing To Help? Flexible Schedule Legislation Considered Bills Passed Laws Both

What Are States Doing To Help? Why do States enact Flexible Work Legislation? Number of States

What Are States Doing To Help? TELEWORK Working at an alternative worksite that is not the main worksite for some portion of their working hours Alternative worksite could be: Worker’s home Satellite office Other location outside of the main work site

TELEWORK

Working at an alternative worksite that is not the main worksite for some portion of their working hours

Alternative worksite could be:

Worker’s home

Satellite office

Other location outside of the main work site

What Are States Doing To Help? Telework Legislation Considered Bills Passed Laws Both

What Are States Doing To Help? Why do States enact Telework Legislation? Number of States

Agenda Why Is It Harder to Balance Work and Family Workforce Changes Workplace Changes What Is the Impact on Families? Impact on Children Impact on Parents What Is the Impact on Employers? What Are States Doing to Help? Flexibility in The Workplace with Focus on: Flexible Leaves (Paid Sick, Education) Flex-time (Flexible Work Schedules) Flexible Place (Telework) Now What? Parting Thoughts

Why Is It Harder to Balance Work and Family

Workforce Changes

Workplace Changes

What Is the Impact on Families?

Impact on Children

Impact on Parents

What Is the Impact on Employers?

What Are States Doing to Help?

Flexibility in The Workplace with Focus on:

Flexible Leaves (Paid Sick, Education)

Flex-time (Flexible Work Schedules)

Flexible Place (Telework)

Now What? Parting Thoughts

Now What? Parting Thoughts “Caring for each other is the most basic form of civic participation. We learn to care for families, and we enlarge our communities of concern as we mature. Caring is the essential democratic act, the prerequisite to voting, joining associations, attending meetings, holding office and all the other ways we sustain democracy.” - Deborah Stone, Scholar, 2000

“Caring for each other is the most basic form of civic participation. We learn to care for families, and we enlarge our communities of concern as we mature. Caring is the essential democratic act, the prerequisite to voting, joining associations, attending meetings, holding office and all the other ways we sustain democracy.”

- Deborah Stone, Scholar, 2000

Now What? Parting Thoughts

Need more information? Questions? Contact: Julie Schwartz Weber, Policy Specialist 617-552-1357 [email_address]