1. Energy conservation
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3. Topics by country
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This article is about sustainable energy resources. For the law of conservation of energy in physics,
see Conservation of energy.
Energy conservation refers to reducing energy through using less of an energy service. Energy conservation
differs from efficient energy use, which refers to using less energy for a constant service. For example, driving
less is an example of energy conservation. Driving the same amount with a higher mileage vehicle is an
example of energy efficiency. Energy conservation and efficiency are both energy reduction techniques.
Even though energy conservation reduces energy services, it can result in increased financial
capital, environmental quality, national security, and personal financial security.[1] Individuals and organizations
that are direct consumers of energy may choose to conserve energy to reduce energy costs,
promote economic security, or maximize profit. However, this can lead to unintended rebound effects, which
can negate environmental benefits of conservation unless backstops are instituted to prevent overall
consumption increases.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Energy taxes
2 Building Design
3 Transportation
4 Consumer products
5 Energy conservation by country
o 5.1 European Union
 5.1.1 United Kingdom
o 5.2 India
o 5.3 Iran
o 5.4 Japan
o 5.5 Lebanon

4. o 5.6 New Zealand
o 5.7 Sri Lanka
o 5.8 United States
6 See also
7 References
o 7.1 Notes
8 External links
[edit]Energy taxes
Some countries employ energy or carbon taxes to motivate energy users to reduce their consumption. As
detailed in the book, Green Illusions, carbon taxes can allow consumption to shift to nuclear power and other
alternatives that carry a different set of environmental side effects and limitations. Meanwhile, taxes on all
energy consumption stand to reduce energy use across the board, while reducing a broader array of
environmental consequences arising from energy production. The State of California employs a tiered energy
tax whereby every consumer receives a baseline energy allowance that carries a low tax. As usage increases
above that baseline, the tax increases dramatically. Such programs aim to protect poorer households while
creating a larger tax burden for high energy consumers.[3]
[edit]Building Design
One of the primary ways to improve energy conservation in buildings is to use an energy audit. An energy audit
is an inspection and analysis of energy use and flows for energy conservation in a building, process or system
to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting the output(s). This is normally
accomplished by trained professionals and can be part of some of the national programs discussed above. In
addition, recent development of smartphone apps enable homeowners to complete relativily sophisticated
energy audits themselves.[4]
Building technologies and smart meters can allow energy users, business and residential, to see graphically
the impact their energy use can have in their workplace or homes. Advanced real-time energy metering is able
to help people save energy by their actions.[5]

5. Elements of passive solar design, shown in a direct gain application
In passive solar building design, windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, and distribute solar
energy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer. This is called passive solar design
or climatic design because, unlike active solar heatingsystems, it doesn't involve the use of mechanical and
electrical devices.
The key to designing a passive solar building is to best take advantage of the local climate. Elements to be
considered include window placement and glazing type, thermal insulation, thermal mass, and shading.
Passive solar design techniques can be applied most easily to new buildings, but existing buildings can
retrofitted.
[edit]Transportation
In the United States, suburban infrastructure evolved during an age of relatively easy access to fossil fuels,
which has led to transportation-dependent systems of living. Zoning reforms that allow greater urban density as
well as designs for walking and bicycling can greatly reduce energy consumed for transportation. The use of
telecommuting by major corporations is a significant opportunity to conserve energy, as many Americans now
work in service jobs that enable them to work from home instead of commuting to work each day. [6]
[edit]Consumer products
Consumers are often poorly informed of the savings of energy efficient products. The research one must put
into conserving energy often is too time consuming and costly when there are cheaper products and
technology available using today's fossil fuels.[7] Some governments and NGOs are attempting to reduce this
complexity with ecolabels that make differences in energy efficiency easy to research while shopping.[8]
To provide the kind of information and support people need to invest money, time and effort in energy
conservation, it is important to understand and link to people's topical concerns.[9] For instance, some retailers
argue that bright lighting stimulates purchasing. However, health studies have demonstrated
that headache, stress, blood pressure, fatigue and worker error all generally increase with the common over-
illumination present in many workplace and retail settings.[10][11] It has been shown that natural daylighting
increases productivity levels of workers, while reducing energy consumption.[12]
[edit]Energy conservation by country
[edit]European Union
See also: Energy policy of the European Union
At the end of 2006, the European Union-EU pledged to cut its annual consumption of primary energy by 20%
by 2020.[13] The 'European Union Energy Efficiency Action Plan' is long awaited. As part of the EU's SAVE

6. Programme,[14] aimed at promoting energy efficiency and encouraging energy-saving behaviour,
the Boiler Efficiency Directive[15]specifies minimum levels of efficiency for boilers fired with liquid or gaseous
fuels. The European Commission is funding large-scale research projects to learn about success factors for
effective energy conservation programmes.[16]
[edit]United Kingdom
Main article: Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom
Energy conservation in the United Kingdom has been receiving increased attention over recent years. Key
factors behind this are the Government's commitment to reducing carbon emissions, the projected 'energy gap'
in UK electricity generation, and the increasing reliance on imports to meet national energy needs. Domestic
housing and road transport are currently the two biggest problem areas.[citation needed]
Responsibility for energy conservation falls between three Government departments although is led by
the Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC). The Department for Communities and Local
Government (CLG) is still responsible for energy standards in buildings, and the Department for Environment,
Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) retains a residual interest in energy insofar as it leads to emissions of CO2, the
main greenhouse gas. The Department for Transport retains many responsibilities for energy conservation in
transport. At an operational level, there are two main non-departmental governmental bodies ("quangoes") -
the Energy Saving Trust, working mainly in the domestic sector with some interest in transport, and the Carbon
Trust, working with industry and innovative energy technologies. In addition there are many independent NGOs
working in the sector such as the Centre for Sustainable Energy in Bristol or the National Energy Foundation in
Milton Keynes, and directly helping consumers make informed choices on energy efficiencysust-it
[edit]India
Petroleum Conservation Research Association (PCRA) www.pcra.org is an Indian government body created in
1977 and engaged in promoting energy efficiency and conservation in every walk of life. In the recent past
PCRA has done mass media campaigns in television, radio & print media. An impact assessment survey by a
third party revealed that due to these mega campaigns by PCRA, overall awareness level have gone up
leading to saving of fossil fuels worth crores of rupees besides reducing pollution.
Bureau of Energy Efficiency is an Indian governmental organization created in 2001 responsible for promoting
energy efficiency and conservation.
[edit]Iran
In Iran the Iranian Fuel Conservation Company is responsible for promoting energy efficiency and conservation
for Fossil fuels. Ahmadinejad's administration launched the 'Tergeted Subsidies' innitiative primarily to reduce
the energy intensity of the nation's economy.

7. [edit]Japan
Advertising with high energy inShinjuku, Japan.
Since the 1973 oil crisis, energy conservation has been an issue in Japan. All oil based fuel is imported, so
indigenous sustainable energy is being developed.
The Energy Conservation Center promotes energy efficiency in every aspect of Japan. Public entities are
implementing the efficient use of energy for industries and research.
[edit]Lebanon
In Lebanon and since 2002 The Lebanese Center for Energy Conservation (LCEC) has been promoting the
development of efficient and rational uses of energy and the use of renewable energy at the consumer level. It
was created as a project financed by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the Ministry of Energy Water
(MEW) under the management of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and gradually
established itself as an independent technical national center although it continues to be supported by the
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) as indicated in the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)
signed between MEW and UNDP in June 18, 2007.
[edit]New Zealand
In New Zealand the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority is responsible for promoting energy
efficiency and conservation
[edit]Sri Lanka
Main article: Energy conservation in Sri Lanka

8. Sri Lanka currently consumes fossil fuels, hydro power, wind power, solar power and dendro power for their
day to day power generation. The Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority is playing a major role regarding
energy management and energy conservation. Today, most of the industries are requested to reduce their
energy consumption by using renewable energy sources and optimizing their energy usage.
[edit]United States
Main article: Energy conservation in the United States
The United States is currently the second largest single consumer of energy, following China. The U.S.
Department of Energy categorizes national energy use in four broad sectors: transportation, residential,
commercial, and industrial.[17]
Energy usage in transportation and residential sectors, about half of U.S. energy consumption, is largely
controlled by individual consumers. Commercial and industrial energy expenditures are determined by
businesses entities and other facility managers. National energy policy has a significant effect on energy usage
across all four sectors.