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world climates finale
All around Earth is a sea of gases called
the atmosphere. This is the air part of
Earth’s biosphere and the changeable of
Earth’s environments. This sea of gases
protects people from harmful rays and
materials from space and holds the air
people need for life.
• Nitrogen and Oxygen – make up most of
  the atmosphere.

Nitrogen – 78 % nourishes plant life
Oxygen – 21 % needed by people to
 breathe

* Other gases such as argon and carbon
  dioxide, make up the rest.
• The ATMOSPHERE is also the source of
  Earth’s weather and climate patterns.

• WEATHER is the condition of the
  atmosphere at a certain place at any one
  time.

• CLIMATE means the general kinds of
  weather a certain place has over a long
  time.
• Climate is important to plant, animal and
  human life. Plants and animals can live in
  certain climates. Some adopt in special
  ways. The needle shape leaves of conifers
  for example, help the trees adjust to cold
  climates. The short fur of desert animals
  helps them survive hot, dry climates.
  People also adjust what they wear, the
  kinds of home they build, and kinds of
  foods they grow.
Temperature

Precipitation

Air pressure

    Wind
• Is the amount of heat found in the
  atmosphere.

*The heat in the atmosphere comes from the
  sun. Each day the small amount of the
  sun’s total energy reaches the top layers of
  the Earth’s atmosphere.
• Earth’s atmosphere acts like the glass roof
  of a greenhouse. In a greenhouse the sun’s
  rays pass through the glass windows and
  warm the plants.



INFRARED RADIATION are short waves
  that are reflected back into space that are
  change into longer heat waves.
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
is the natural process by
which the infrared
radiation do not easily
escape back through the
atmosphere because gases
in the lower atmosphere
take in some of the heat
energy and sent it back to
warm the Earth.
world climates finale
• Is the moisture that falls from the
  atmosphere onto Earth’s surface.

* Moisture that reaches Earth’s surface can
  be RAIN, SNOW, SLEET or HAIL.
  Moisture can also appear in the air as
  water vapor and its amount depends on the
  temperature of the air.
• Warm air can hold more water than cold
  air. The temperature of the air also tells
  what kind of precipitation will fall.

Example:
    Rain generally fall during warm
         weather.
    Snow falls during cold weather.
• Is the force exerted by the weight of air
  above a particular location.

* The uneven heating of Earth’s surface by
  the sun leads indirectly to differences in air
  pressure.
• On Earth there are seven
  pressure zones, or areas
  with the same general air
  pressure. Two zones-
  those at each pole- are
  permanent. The other
  five are semi-permanent
  because the belts may
  move more north or
  south when season
  change.
*high pressure areas
have clever skies and
calm weather.



*low pressure areas
have cloudy skies and
stormy weather.
• Is the flow of gases on a large scale.

*When air moves from high pressure area to
 a low pressure area, it creates WIND. The
 greater the difference between the two
 areas, the faster the wind speed.
• PREVAILING WINDS- are wind patterns
  generally found in a place.

*DOLDRUMS (places near the Equator) is a
 calm region, it has little or no WIND.

TRADE WINDS are prevailing winds in
 LOW latitudes.
• PREVAILING WESTERLIES are winds
  blown from the west in middle latitudes.

• POLAR EASTLIES are winds from the east
  in high latitudes.

* JET STREAMS are strong belts of winds
  high up in the air, it flows from west to
  east. These streams are much like a very
  fast-moving, winding river. The jet streams
  change their positions in the atmosphere
  from day to day and season to season.
Temperature, moisture, air pressure,
and wind work together to produce
CLIMATE. The climate they make may be
controlled by several things. Among these
are:
     * latitude
     * heating and cooling differences
of              land or water
     * prevailing wind patterns
     * altitude
• Latitude is the most important control
  on climate because it shows the angle at
  which the Sun’s rays hit Earth.

• Near the Equator these rays hit the
  surface of Earth more vertically or
  straighter than at other latitudes.
• Vertical rays cover a smaller surface
  area and give more energy for heat than
  indirect rays. For this reason, low-
  latitude areas near the Equator are
  nearly always warm for the whole year.
• Temperate areas- areas in the middle
  latitudes receive somewhat vertical rays
  part of the year and have temperatures
  that are neither too hot nor too cold.
* Areas in high latitudes never receive
  vertical rays and are cold all year.
• Seasons are the result of Earth’s tilt on
  it’s axis 23.5°; the fact that Earth revolves
  around the Sun and that the tilt of Earth
  on it’s axis remains parallel throughout
  it’s revolution.
• As a result different parts of Earth
  receive higher and lower levels of
  radiant energy at different times of the
  year creating the seasons
world climates finale
• Another important control on climate is
  brought about by the heating and cooling
  of land and water.

• The difference in the heating and cooling
  of land and water along coastline also
  create light winds.
Winds tends to blow in some directions more
than others.

For example:

*In middle latitudes the prevailing westerlies
blow from west to east. This is the reason why
Places on western side of continents in the middle
latitudes have much milder winters than
places on eastern sides.
*Westerlies also
affect summer
climates. The
reason for this is
that the summer
air is cooled by the
water of the Pacific
Ocean.
world climates finale
• Climate is the characteristic
  condition of the atmosphere in the
  lower layer of Earth’s atmosphere. It is
  based upon the long- term weather in
  an area accumulated over a period of at
  least 30 years.
• Two of the most important factors used
  in determining the climate of an area
  are the air temperature and the amount
  of precipitation received.
• The climate of a region will determine
  which types of plants will grow as well
  as what kind of animals will be there.

• The angle of the sun’s rays is most direct
  from 0° to 23.5° making that area the
  hottest. The angle of the sun’s rays are
  least direct from 66.5° to 90° making that
  the coldest area on Earth. In the middle
  are the more moderate temperatures
  which vary more with season.
• Trade winds are located in the tropical regions
  blowing from the northeast in the northern
  hemisphere and from the southeast in the
  southern hemisphere.

• The trade winds meet at the equator and rise as
  the air is heated. The rising air cools, forms
  clouds and creates precipitation. The bands of
  cloudy and rainy weather near the equator
  create what we know as normal tropical
  conditions.
• In the mid-latitudes (30°- 60°) the
  Westerlies steer the storms from west to
  east.
• Our climate is based upon the location of
  the hot and cold air masses as well as the
  atmospheric circulation caused by the
  Trade Winds and the Westerlies.
Climate Classification
• The Koeppen Climate Classification
  System is the most widely used for
  classifying the world’s climates.
• It was created by the Russian-German
  climatologist Wladimir Koeppen who
  divided Earth’s surface into climatic
  regions that matched the world patterns
  of vegetation and soils.
• Moist tropical Climates
• Dry Climates
• Humid/Middle Latitude Climates
• Continental Climates
• Cold Climates
• known for their high
  temperatures year
  round and for their
  large amount of rain
  year round.
• area of the world
  near the Equator
  between the Tropic
  of Cancer and
  Capricorn.
• characterized by
  little rain and a huge
  daily temperature
  range.

• Two sub-groups:
  semiarid or
   steppe
  arid or desert
• Land and water
  differences play
  a large part

• These climates
  have warm, dry
  summers
    and cool, wet
  winters
• can be found in
  the interior
  regions of large
  land masses

• total
  precipitation is
  not very high
  and seasonal
  temperatures
• These climates
  are found where
  permanent ice
  and tundra are
  always present

• Only four
  months of the
  year have above
  freezing
  temperatures
• The major climate groups show the
  dominance of special combinations of
  air mass source regions:

      Low Latitude Climates
        Mid-latitude climates
         High latitude
 climates
Low latitude climates are
controlled by equatorial tropical air
masses.

  Tropical Moist Climates – rainforest

  Wet-Dry Tropical Climates – savanna

  Dry tropical Climate – desert biome
Rainfall is heavy in all months. The
 total annual rainfall is often more
 than 250 cm (100 in). There are
 seasonal differences in monthly
 rainfall but temperatures of 27 °C
 (80° F) mostly stay the same.
 Humidity is between 77% and 88%.
 Summers are warm and very humid.
 It rains a lot in winter.
Latitude Range: 10° S to 25° N
Global Position: Amazon Basin;
 Congo Basin of Equatorial Africa;
Tropical Moist Climate- rainforest
 A seasonal change occurs between wet
  tropical air masses and dry tropical air
  masses. As a result, there is a very wet
  season and a very dry season.
  Temperature ranges around 16 °C. The
  annual precipitation in all months is less
  than .25cm (.01 in).
 Latitude Range: 15° to 25° N and S
 Global Position: India, Indochina, West
  Africa, southern Africa, South America
  and the north coast of Australia
Wet-Dry Tropical Climates –
         savanna
These    climates are found in low latitude deserts
between
18 °to 23 ° in both hemispheres centered on the
tropics of
   Cancer and Capricorn. Winds are light allowing
for the
   evaporation of moisture in the intense heat. Air
sinks so
   the area is seldom penetrated by air masses that
produce
   rain creating a very dry heat. The temperature
ranges
   around 16 °C.

Annual   precipitation is less that 0.25cm
world climates finale
world climates finale
Climates in this zone are affected by the
tropical air masses moving toward the
poles and polar air masses moving toward
the equator.

These two air masses are in constant
conflict.

Either air mass may dominate the area for
a time, but neither has exclusive control.
•This climate has a wet winter and an extremely
dry summer. Plants have adapted to the
extremes in rainfall and temperature during the
summer and winter seasons. Plants range from
forests, to woodland, to scrub. Temperature
range is 7° C (12° F) with 42 cm (17 in) of
precipitation.
•Latitude Range: 30° - 50 ° north and south
•Global Position: central and southern
California; coastal zones bordering the
Mediterranean sea; coastal western Australia
and southern Australia; Chilean coast; Cape
world climates finale
•This is a semi-arid climate with less than 10
cm (4 in) annual precipitation in the driest
regions to 50 cm (20 in) in the moister
areas.

•Latitude Range: 35° - 55 ° N

•Global Position: Western North America
(Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, Great
Plains); Eurasian interior, from eastern
Europe to the Gobi Desert and north China.
world climates finale
•This climate is the battleground of polar
and tropical air masses. Seasonal changes
between hot summers and cold winter are
very large. Precipitation varies from 40 to
60 in per year. The average temperature is
31° C (56° F)

•Latitude Range: 30 ° - 55 ° north and south

•Global Position: eastern parts of the United
States and southern Canada; northern
China; Korea; Japan; central and eastern
Europe.
world climates finale
Dry Mid-latitude Climate – steppe forest
•This is a semi-arid climate with less than 10
cm (4 in) annual precipitation in the driest
regions to 50 cm (20 in) in the moister
areas.

•Latitude Range: 35° - 55 ° N

•Global Position: Western North America
(Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, Great
Plains); Eurasian interior, from eastern
Europe to the Gobi Desert and north China
world climates finale
High Latitude Climates are
dominated by polar and arctic air masses.

Boreal forest Climate – taiga

Tundra Climate – tundra

Highland Climate – alpine

Polar Ice Cap – cold desert
High Latitude
          Climates
• Polar and arctic air masses dominate these
  regions. Canada and Siberia are two air-
  mass sources which fall into this group.

• There is no counterpart in the southern
  hemisphere since the largest land masses
  are in the northern hemisphere.
Boreal forest Climate – taiga

•This is a continental climate with long,
very cold winters and short cool
summers. The temperature range is the
greatest from -25º C (-14º F) to 16º C
(60 º F) with the annual precipitation at
31cm (12 in).

•Latitude Range: 50º - 70º north and
south

•Global Position: central and western
Alaska; Canada from the Yukon to
Labrador; Eurasia, from northern Europe
world climates finale
•This climate is found along arctic coastal
areas. The arctic air masses dominate the area
but ocean winds keep temperatures from being
as severe as interior regions. The winter is
long and severe. There is a short mild season
but not a true summer. Temperatures range
from -22º C to 6º C (-10º - 41º F). Average
precipitation is 20 cm (8 in).

•Latitude Range: 60º - 75º N

•Global Position: arctic zone of North
America; Hudson Bay Region; Greenland
coast; northern Siberia bordering the Arctic
world climates finale
•Highland climates are cool to cold found on
mountains and high plateaus. The temperature
cools rapidly as the altitude gets higher. These
climates are very important to mid latitude
climates since they are a storage area for water
in the form of snow which melts in the spring.
Temperatures range from -18 º -10º C (-2º - 50º
F) and precipitation average 23 cm (9 in).

•Latitude Range: All over the world.

•Global Position: Rocky Mountain Range in
North America; the Andean mountain range in
South America; the Alps in Europe; Mt.
world climates finale
•This region is permanently frozen with no
temperatures above 32 º F. Precipitation is
very low but varies from region to region.

•Latitude Range: 60º - 90º N and S

•Location: Arctic; Antarctica; Greenland.
world climates finale
world climates finale
world climates finale
It is a significant and lasting change in
the statistical distribution of weather
patterns over periods ranging from
decades to millions of years.
It may be a change in average weather
conditions or the distribution of events
around the average .
 it maybe limited to a specific region or
may occur across the whole earth.
 it affects more than just a change in
the weather , it refers to seasonal
world climates finale

• If the heat from    The effect of a Rise in Sea
                       Level on the Nile Delta
  the sun cannot
  escape through
  the earth’s
  atmosphere then
  the ice at the
  north and south
  poles could melt.
• This could have a
  huge effect on
  the low lying
  areas of the
  world.
• We could see a change in the boundaries
  between grassland, forest and shrub
  lands.

• This change in vegetation zones could
  cause famine in arid areas such as Africa
  that depends on a certain type of crop.

• It could also cause mass movement of
  people away from arid regions. And this
  could cause huge over-crowding in
  towns and cities.
The Malaria Carrying   • The range of pest could change if
Mosquito                  the vegetation changed.. This
                             could bring about an increase in
                                     disease levels.


                         •     Scientist believe that if the
                              temperature increased by 3-5
                             degrees Celsius, the number of
                             people potentially exposed to
                             malaria(caught from mosquito)
                             could increase from 45%-60% of
                                 the worlds population.
It could be affected by a change in
temperature.
It has been predicted that an increase in
temperature would affect species composition.
Scientist believed that up to two thirds of
world’s forest would undergo major changes.
They also believed that desserts would become
hotter, and desertification would extend and
become harder to reverse.
world climates finale
The sea affects the climate of a
place. Coastal areas are cooler
and wetter than inland areas.
Clouds form when warm air from
inland areas meets cool air from
the sea. The centre of continents
are subject to a large range of
temperatures. In the summer,
temperatures can be VERY hot
and dry as moisture from the sea
evaporates before it reaches the
centre of the continent.
• Ocean currents can increase or reduce
  temperatures.
• E.g. The main ocean current that affects the
  UK is the Gulf Stream.

the Gulf Stream is a warm ocean current in the
 North Atlantic flowing from the Mexico,
 Northeast along the U.S coast, and from there
 to the British Isles.

The Gulf of Mexico has higher air temperatures
  than Britain as it’s closer to the equator. This
  means that the air coming from the Gulf of
  Mexico to Britain is also warm. However, the air
  is also quite moist as it travels over the
  Atlantic ocean. This one reason why Britain
  often receives wet weather.

The Gulf Stream keeps the west coast of Europe
 Winds that blow from the sea often bring
rain to the coast and dry weather to inland
areas.
Winds that blown to Britain from warm
inland areas such as Africa will be warm
and dry.
Winds that blow to Britain from inland
areas such as the Netherlands will be cold
and dry in winter.
Britain prevailing winds come from a south
westerly direction over the Atlantic. The
winds are cool in the summer and mild in the
winter.
Mountains receive more rainfall than low
lying areas because the temperature on top
of mountains is lower than the temperature
at sea level. That is why you often see snow
on the top of mountains all year round.
The higher the place is above sea level the
colder it will be. This happens because as
thee altitude increases, air becomes thinner
and is less able to absorb and retain heat.
• The proximity to the
  equator affects the
  climate of a place.
• The equator receives
  the more sunlight
  than anywhere else
  on earth. This is due
  to its position in
  relation to the sun.
• Which affects wind and rainfall
  patterns, has been blamed for
  droughts and floods in countries
  around the Pacific Rim.
• Refers to the irregular warming of
  surface water in the pacific.
• The warmer water pumps energy
  and moisture into the
  atmosphere, altering global wind
  and rainfall patterns.
• The phenomenon has caused
  tornadoes in Florida, smog in
  Indonesia, and forest fires in
  Brazil.
• We humans, have been affecting the climate
  since we appeared on this earth million of years
  ago. In those times, the affect on the climate was
  small.

• Trees were cut down to provide wood for fires.
  Trees take in carbon dioxide and produce
  oxygen. A reduction in trees therefore have
  increased the amount of carbon dioxide in that
  atmosphere.
world climates finale
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world climates finale

  • 2. All around Earth is a sea of gases called the atmosphere. This is the air part of Earth’s biosphere and the changeable of Earth’s environments. This sea of gases protects people from harmful rays and materials from space and holds the air people need for life.
  • 3. • Nitrogen and Oxygen – make up most of the atmosphere. Nitrogen – 78 % nourishes plant life Oxygen – 21 % needed by people to breathe * Other gases such as argon and carbon dioxide, make up the rest.
  • 4. • The ATMOSPHERE is also the source of Earth’s weather and climate patterns. • WEATHER is the condition of the atmosphere at a certain place at any one time. • CLIMATE means the general kinds of weather a certain place has over a long time.
  • 5. • Climate is important to plant, animal and human life. Plants and animals can live in certain climates. Some adopt in special ways. The needle shape leaves of conifers for example, help the trees adjust to cold climates. The short fur of desert animals helps them survive hot, dry climates. People also adjust what they wear, the kinds of home they build, and kinds of foods they grow.
  • 7. • Is the amount of heat found in the atmosphere. *The heat in the atmosphere comes from the sun. Each day the small amount of the sun’s total energy reaches the top layers of the Earth’s atmosphere.
  • 8. • Earth’s atmosphere acts like the glass roof of a greenhouse. In a greenhouse the sun’s rays pass through the glass windows and warm the plants. INFRARED RADIATION are short waves that are reflected back into space that are change into longer heat waves.
  • 9. GREENHOUSE EFFECT is the natural process by which the infrared radiation do not easily escape back through the atmosphere because gases in the lower atmosphere take in some of the heat energy and sent it back to warm the Earth.
  • 11. • Is the moisture that falls from the atmosphere onto Earth’s surface. * Moisture that reaches Earth’s surface can be RAIN, SNOW, SLEET or HAIL. Moisture can also appear in the air as water vapor and its amount depends on the temperature of the air.
  • 12. • Warm air can hold more water than cold air. The temperature of the air also tells what kind of precipitation will fall. Example: Rain generally fall during warm weather. Snow falls during cold weather.
  • 13. • Is the force exerted by the weight of air above a particular location. * The uneven heating of Earth’s surface by the sun leads indirectly to differences in air pressure.
  • 14. • On Earth there are seven pressure zones, or areas with the same general air pressure. Two zones- those at each pole- are permanent. The other five are semi-permanent because the belts may move more north or south when season change.
  • 15. *high pressure areas have clever skies and calm weather. *low pressure areas have cloudy skies and stormy weather.
  • 16. • Is the flow of gases on a large scale. *When air moves from high pressure area to a low pressure area, it creates WIND. The greater the difference between the two areas, the faster the wind speed.
  • 17. • PREVAILING WINDS- are wind patterns generally found in a place. *DOLDRUMS (places near the Equator) is a calm region, it has little or no WIND. TRADE WINDS are prevailing winds in LOW latitudes.
  • 18. • PREVAILING WESTERLIES are winds blown from the west in middle latitudes. • POLAR EASTLIES are winds from the east in high latitudes. * JET STREAMS are strong belts of winds high up in the air, it flows from west to east. These streams are much like a very fast-moving, winding river. The jet streams change their positions in the atmosphere from day to day and season to season.
  • 19. Temperature, moisture, air pressure, and wind work together to produce CLIMATE. The climate they make may be controlled by several things. Among these are: * latitude * heating and cooling differences of land or water * prevailing wind patterns * altitude
  • 20. • Latitude is the most important control on climate because it shows the angle at which the Sun’s rays hit Earth. • Near the Equator these rays hit the surface of Earth more vertically or straighter than at other latitudes.
  • 21. • Vertical rays cover a smaller surface area and give more energy for heat than indirect rays. For this reason, low- latitude areas near the Equator are nearly always warm for the whole year. • Temperate areas- areas in the middle latitudes receive somewhat vertical rays part of the year and have temperatures that are neither too hot nor too cold. * Areas in high latitudes never receive vertical rays and are cold all year.
  • 22. • Seasons are the result of Earth’s tilt on it’s axis 23.5°; the fact that Earth revolves around the Sun and that the tilt of Earth on it’s axis remains parallel throughout it’s revolution. • As a result different parts of Earth receive higher and lower levels of radiant energy at different times of the year creating the seasons
  • 24. • Another important control on climate is brought about by the heating and cooling of land and water. • The difference in the heating and cooling of land and water along coastline also create light winds.
  • 25. Winds tends to blow in some directions more than others. For example: *In middle latitudes the prevailing westerlies blow from west to east. This is the reason why Places on western side of continents in the middle latitudes have much milder winters than places on eastern sides.
  • 26. *Westerlies also affect summer climates. The reason for this is that the summer air is cooled by the water of the Pacific Ocean.
  • 28. • Climate is the characteristic condition of the atmosphere in the lower layer of Earth’s atmosphere. It is based upon the long- term weather in an area accumulated over a period of at least 30 years. • Two of the most important factors used in determining the climate of an area are the air temperature and the amount of precipitation received.
  • 29. • The climate of a region will determine which types of plants will grow as well as what kind of animals will be there. • The angle of the sun’s rays is most direct from 0° to 23.5° making that area the hottest. The angle of the sun’s rays are least direct from 66.5° to 90° making that the coldest area on Earth. In the middle are the more moderate temperatures which vary more with season.
  • 30. • Trade winds are located in the tropical regions blowing from the northeast in the northern hemisphere and from the southeast in the southern hemisphere. • The trade winds meet at the equator and rise as the air is heated. The rising air cools, forms clouds and creates precipitation. The bands of cloudy and rainy weather near the equator create what we know as normal tropical conditions.
  • 31. • In the mid-latitudes (30°- 60°) the Westerlies steer the storms from west to east. • Our climate is based upon the location of the hot and cold air masses as well as the atmospheric circulation caused by the Trade Winds and the Westerlies.
  • 32. Climate Classification • The Koeppen Climate Classification System is the most widely used for classifying the world’s climates. • It was created by the Russian-German climatologist Wladimir Koeppen who divided Earth’s surface into climatic regions that matched the world patterns of vegetation and soils.
  • 33. • Moist tropical Climates • Dry Climates • Humid/Middle Latitude Climates • Continental Climates • Cold Climates
  • 34. • known for their high temperatures year round and for their large amount of rain year round. • area of the world near the Equator between the Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn.
  • 35. • characterized by little rain and a huge daily temperature range. • Two sub-groups: semiarid or steppe arid or desert
  • 36. • Land and water differences play a large part • These climates have warm, dry summers and cool, wet winters
  • 37. • can be found in the interior regions of large land masses • total precipitation is not very high and seasonal temperatures
  • 38. • These climates are found where permanent ice and tundra are always present • Only four months of the year have above freezing temperatures
  • 39. • The major climate groups show the dominance of special combinations of air mass source regions: Low Latitude Climates Mid-latitude climates High latitude climates
  • 40. Low latitude climates are controlled by equatorial tropical air masses. Tropical Moist Climates – rainforest Wet-Dry Tropical Climates – savanna Dry tropical Climate – desert biome
  • 41. Rainfall is heavy in all months. The total annual rainfall is often more than 250 cm (100 in). There are seasonal differences in monthly rainfall but temperatures of 27 °C (80° F) mostly stay the same. Humidity is between 77% and 88%. Summers are warm and very humid. It rains a lot in winter. Latitude Range: 10° S to 25° N Global Position: Amazon Basin; Congo Basin of Equatorial Africa;
  • 43.  A seasonal change occurs between wet tropical air masses and dry tropical air masses. As a result, there is a very wet season and a very dry season. Temperature ranges around 16 °C. The annual precipitation in all months is less than .25cm (.01 in).  Latitude Range: 15° to 25° N and S  Global Position: India, Indochina, West Africa, southern Africa, South America and the north coast of Australia
  • 45. These climates are found in low latitude deserts between 18 °to 23 ° in both hemispheres centered on the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. Winds are light allowing for the evaporation of moisture in the intense heat. Air sinks so the area is seldom penetrated by air masses that produce rain creating a very dry heat. The temperature ranges around 16 °C. Annual precipitation is less that 0.25cm
  • 48. Climates in this zone are affected by the tropical air masses moving toward the poles and polar air masses moving toward the equator. These two air masses are in constant conflict. Either air mass may dominate the area for a time, but neither has exclusive control.
  • 49. •This climate has a wet winter and an extremely dry summer. Plants have adapted to the extremes in rainfall and temperature during the summer and winter seasons. Plants range from forests, to woodland, to scrub. Temperature range is 7° C (12° F) with 42 cm (17 in) of precipitation. •Latitude Range: 30° - 50 ° north and south •Global Position: central and southern California; coastal zones bordering the Mediterranean sea; coastal western Australia and southern Australia; Chilean coast; Cape
  • 51. •This is a semi-arid climate with less than 10 cm (4 in) annual precipitation in the driest regions to 50 cm (20 in) in the moister areas. •Latitude Range: 35° - 55 ° N •Global Position: Western North America (Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, Great Plains); Eurasian interior, from eastern Europe to the Gobi Desert and north China.
  • 53. •This climate is the battleground of polar and tropical air masses. Seasonal changes between hot summers and cold winter are very large. Precipitation varies from 40 to 60 in per year. The average temperature is 31° C (56° F) •Latitude Range: 30 ° - 55 ° north and south •Global Position: eastern parts of the United States and southern Canada; northern China; Korea; Japan; central and eastern Europe.
  • 55. Dry Mid-latitude Climate – steppe forest •This is a semi-arid climate with less than 10 cm (4 in) annual precipitation in the driest regions to 50 cm (20 in) in the moister areas. •Latitude Range: 35° - 55 ° N •Global Position: Western North America (Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, Great Plains); Eurasian interior, from eastern Europe to the Gobi Desert and north China
  • 57. High Latitude Climates are dominated by polar and arctic air masses. Boreal forest Climate – taiga Tundra Climate – tundra Highland Climate – alpine Polar Ice Cap – cold desert
  • 58. High Latitude Climates • Polar and arctic air masses dominate these regions. Canada and Siberia are two air- mass sources which fall into this group. • There is no counterpart in the southern hemisphere since the largest land masses are in the northern hemisphere.
  • 59. Boreal forest Climate – taiga •This is a continental climate with long, very cold winters and short cool summers. The temperature range is the greatest from -25º C (-14º F) to 16º C (60 º F) with the annual precipitation at 31cm (12 in). •Latitude Range: 50º - 70º north and south •Global Position: central and western Alaska; Canada from the Yukon to Labrador; Eurasia, from northern Europe
  • 61. •This climate is found along arctic coastal areas. The arctic air masses dominate the area but ocean winds keep temperatures from being as severe as interior regions. The winter is long and severe. There is a short mild season but not a true summer. Temperatures range from -22º C to 6º C (-10º - 41º F). Average precipitation is 20 cm (8 in). •Latitude Range: 60º - 75º N •Global Position: arctic zone of North America; Hudson Bay Region; Greenland coast; northern Siberia bordering the Arctic
  • 63. •Highland climates are cool to cold found on mountains and high plateaus. The temperature cools rapidly as the altitude gets higher. These climates are very important to mid latitude climates since they are a storage area for water in the form of snow which melts in the spring. Temperatures range from -18 º -10º C (-2º - 50º F) and precipitation average 23 cm (9 in). •Latitude Range: All over the world. •Global Position: Rocky Mountain Range in North America; the Andean mountain range in South America; the Alps in Europe; Mt.
  • 65. •This region is permanently frozen with no temperatures above 32 º F. Precipitation is very low but varies from region to region. •Latitude Range: 60º - 90º N and S •Location: Arctic; Antarctica; Greenland.
  • 69. It is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions or the distribution of events around the average .  it maybe limited to a specific region or may occur across the whole earth.  it affects more than just a change in the weather , it refers to seasonal
  • 71.
  • 72. • If the heat from The effect of a Rise in Sea Level on the Nile Delta the sun cannot escape through the earth’s atmosphere then the ice at the north and south poles could melt. • This could have a huge effect on the low lying areas of the world.
  • 73. • We could see a change in the boundaries between grassland, forest and shrub lands. • This change in vegetation zones could cause famine in arid areas such as Africa that depends on a certain type of crop. • It could also cause mass movement of people away from arid regions. And this could cause huge over-crowding in towns and cities.
  • 74. The Malaria Carrying • The range of pest could change if Mosquito the vegetation changed.. This could bring about an increase in disease levels. • Scientist believe that if the temperature increased by 3-5 degrees Celsius, the number of people potentially exposed to malaria(caught from mosquito) could increase from 45%-60% of the worlds population.
  • 75. It could be affected by a change in temperature. It has been predicted that an increase in temperature would affect species composition. Scientist believed that up to two thirds of world’s forest would undergo major changes. They also believed that desserts would become hotter, and desertification would extend and become harder to reverse.
  • 77. The sea affects the climate of a place. Coastal areas are cooler and wetter than inland areas. Clouds form when warm air from inland areas meets cool air from the sea. The centre of continents are subject to a large range of temperatures. In the summer, temperatures can be VERY hot and dry as moisture from the sea evaporates before it reaches the centre of the continent.
  • 78. • Ocean currents can increase or reduce temperatures. • E.g. The main ocean current that affects the UK is the Gulf Stream. the Gulf Stream is a warm ocean current in the North Atlantic flowing from the Mexico, Northeast along the U.S coast, and from there to the British Isles. The Gulf of Mexico has higher air temperatures than Britain as it’s closer to the equator. This means that the air coming from the Gulf of Mexico to Britain is also warm. However, the air is also quite moist as it travels over the Atlantic ocean. This one reason why Britain often receives wet weather. The Gulf Stream keeps the west coast of Europe
  • 79.  Winds that blow from the sea often bring rain to the coast and dry weather to inland areas. Winds that blown to Britain from warm inland areas such as Africa will be warm and dry. Winds that blow to Britain from inland areas such as the Netherlands will be cold and dry in winter. Britain prevailing winds come from a south westerly direction over the Atlantic. The winds are cool in the summer and mild in the winter.
  • 80. Mountains receive more rainfall than low lying areas because the temperature on top of mountains is lower than the temperature at sea level. That is why you often see snow on the top of mountains all year round. The higher the place is above sea level the colder it will be. This happens because as thee altitude increases, air becomes thinner and is less able to absorb and retain heat.
  • 81. • The proximity to the equator affects the climate of a place. • The equator receives the more sunlight than anywhere else on earth. This is due to its position in relation to the sun.
  • 82. • Which affects wind and rainfall patterns, has been blamed for droughts and floods in countries around the Pacific Rim. • Refers to the irregular warming of surface water in the pacific. • The warmer water pumps energy and moisture into the atmosphere, altering global wind and rainfall patterns. • The phenomenon has caused tornadoes in Florida, smog in Indonesia, and forest fires in Brazil.
  • 83. • We humans, have been affecting the climate since we appeared on this earth million of years ago. In those times, the affect on the climate was small. • Trees were cut down to provide wood for fires. Trees take in carbon dioxide and produce oxygen. A reduction in trees therefore have increased the amount of carbon dioxide in that atmosphere.