Periodic Table Families Revised 09

The Periodic Table Families of Elements

What we will learn…
The names of five chemical families
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Transition metals
Halogens
Noble gases

The location of the families on the Periodic Table

The Periodic Table

What we will learn… Mg burning Cutting Na

What we will learn… Mg burning

What we will learn… Cutting Na

Key vocabulary

Families
Families (definition) : groups of elements that have similar chemical properties .

Chemical Properties
Chemical property (definition): characteristic shown by a substance when it reacts with another substance during a chemical reaction and changes in composition forming a new product
reactant(s) product(s)

The Periodic Table

Alkali Metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr)
Most reactive family of metals
Group 1: only 1 valence electron
( +1 ion, or cation )
Never found free in nature
Kept in mineral oil or
inert gas in lab

Often form ionic compounds with nonmetals
white metallic solids soluble in water

Very reactive with nonmetals, especially Halogens like chlorine
Very reactive with oxygen ( form oxides)
Very reactive with water ( hydroxides)

Hydroxides and oxides formed react with water to form basic (/ alkaline ) solutions
2Na + 2H 2 O 2NaOH + H 2
Mythbusters:
Alkaline Metal Explosion

Metals ( but not always ‘typical’ metals* )
Good conductors of heat/electricity
Malleable and ductile
Solid at room temperature
M.P. and B. P. lower than most metals*
All soft (can be cut with a knife) and shiny silver and lighter ( less dense ) than other metals ( Li, Na and K float on water )*

Alkali Earth Metals (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra)
2nd most reactive family of metals
Group 2: only 2 valence electrons
(+2 ion, or cation )

Form ionic compounds with nonmetals
especially with Halogens
React with oxygen ( basic oxides)
Most react with water
( alkaline hydroxides)
Calcium + water CaF 2

Metals
Similar properties to alkali metals
Electrical conductors
Shiny Silvery white solids
But harder and more
dense with higher M.P.
and B.P. than group 1

Transition Metals
21 (Scandium) through 29 (Copper)
39 (Yttrium) through 47 (Silver)
57 (Lanthanum) through 79 (Gold)
89 (Actinium)
and all higher numbers

Transition Metals
Have special electron rules
Can use two outermost shells to bond with other elements
Can bond with many elements in a variety of shapes
Range of oxidation states
+2 (unless otherwise noted)
Cu +2
Cu IV +4

Transition Metals
Properties vary but most …
have lower reactivity
Don’t react quickly with H 2 O or O 2
form brightly colored compounds

Transition Metals
Properties vary but most are…
Very good conductors of heat/electricity
Hard, tough and strong
Lustrous and shiny
High M.P.
High density

The Halogen Family (F, Cl, Br, I, At)

Most reactive family of nonmetals
Group 17: 7 valence electrons
(-1 anion)
Form diatomic molecules

Form both ionic and covalent bonds ( compounds and molecules )
ionic compounds with metals
“ salt formers”
covalent compounds with nonmetals
Very reactive with group 1 and 2 metals
Very reactive with hydrogen

Nonmetals
Poor conductors of heat & electricity
Crumbly and brittle (when solid)
Range of states of matter at RT:
solid (I 2 )
liquid (Br 2 )
gas (F 2 , Cl 2 )
M.P . and B. P. are low
Characteristic colors and odors
Toxic or poisonous

The Noble Gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn)
Unreactive ( stable ) family of gases
Group 18: all have full outer shells
2 valence electrons for Helium
8 valence electrons for all others
Always found free in nature
Do not form compounds
Some Xe compounds have been formed, but they are not very stable
monatomic

The Noble Gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn)
Nonmetals
Colorless, odorless, tasteless gases at R.T. (Earth’s atmosphere)
nonflammable
Very low B.P. and M.P.

Hydrogen
Hydrogen
properties of both group 1 and 17
typically shown listed with group 1
non-metal
lightest element
Least dense element
diatomic gas (RT)
colorless, odorless, and
tasteless
highly flammable

Hydrogen “water-former”
Hydrogen
Reacts with elements and other substances (at temperatures > RT)
Can donate (+1 cation ), accept (-1 anion ), or share its electron

Periodic Table Families Revised 09

by Karen Reau on Oct 19, 2009

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