The changing scholarly communication landscape Research and Information Skills Training Library & Learning Centre University of Bath 4 September 2007 Kara Jones/Chris Roberts

Quick check A. I have published articles and/or presented at conferences? B. I am in the process of publishing and article or presenting a conference paper? C. I have not published at all. D. None of the above.

A. I have published articles and/or presented at conferences?

B. I am in the process of publishing and article or presenting a conference paper?

C. I have not published at all.

D. None of the above.

Research output at the University of Bath 2005-August 2007: Over 1300 articles published in journals covered by the Web of Science index authored or co-authored by Bath staff. 40+ articles per month published Plus conference papers, working papers, theses, etc…

2005-August 2007: Over 1300 articles published in journals covered by the Web of Science index authored or co-authored by Bath staff.

40+ articles per month published

Plus conference papers, working papers, theses, etc…

Overview Aim: To raise awareness of the changing landscape of scholarly communication. Audience: Research officers, academic staff, those involved in the publications process. Scholarly communication Publishing Models: Traditional publishing Alternative publishing OA journals Self-archiving Institutional Repositories Copyright and intellectual property rights

Aim: To raise awareness of the changing landscape of scholarly communication.

Audience: Research officers, academic staff, those involved in the publications process.

Scholarly communication

Publishing Models:

Traditional publishing

Alternative publishing

OA journals

Self-archiving

Institutional Repositories

Copyright and intellectual property rights

Scholarly communication Describe the steps to publishing an article in a journal. What is produced? Dissemination? Stakeholders? Who owns what?

Describe the steps to publishing an article in a journal.

What is produced?

Dissemination?

Stakeholders?

Who owns what?

Scholarly communication Author writes paper Author submits paper to journal Editor and referees review paper Author revises paper Author submits final version Publisher copy edits and formats paper Paper published in journal

Author writes paper

Author submits paper to journal

Editor and referees review paper

Author revises paper

Author submits final version

Publisher copy edits and formats paper

Paper published in journal

There’s no scholarship without scholarly communication. (Paul Courant qtd by Clifford Lynch, 2006) Definition System by which academic information is created, reviewed for quality, disseminated to scholarly communities and preserved for future use.

There’s no scholarship without scholarly communication. (Paul Courant qtd by Clifford Lynch, 2006)

Definition

System by which academic information is created, reviewed for quality, disseminated to scholarly communities and preserved for future use.

Scholarly Communication Characteristics of “traditional” model: Not written for direct compensation Content and rights freely given to publishers Research and writing usually supported by public funds Access intended for as wide an audience as possible Peer reviewed, usually for free, by willing editors and peers in similar research field

Characteristics of “traditional” model:

Not written for direct compensation

Content and rights freely given to publishers

Research and writing usually supported by public funds

Access intended for as wide an audience as possible

Peer reviewed, usually for free, by willing editors and peers in similar research field

Traditional Publishing Models Commercial publishers Access via paid subscriptions from library/university Authors go through peer-review process Asked to sign over copyright to the publisher Society publishers Access via paid subscriptions or as part of a membership fee (although cost is generally lower than commercial publishers).

Commercial publishers

Access via paid subscriptions from library/university

Authors go through peer-review process

Asked to sign over copyright to the publisher

Society publishers

Access via paid subscriptions or as part of a membership fee (although cost is generally lower than commercial publishers).

Why look for alternatives? Libraries want relief from journal prices Authors want impact Scientists want faster and easier access to others’ research Universities want a better return on their investment in intellectual capital Restrictive licensing practices impact on authors, readers and institutions

Libraries want relief from journal prices

Authors want impact

Scientists want faster and easier access to others’ research

Universities want a better return on their investment in intellectual capital

Restrictive licensing practices impact on authors, readers and institutions

How does the cost of journals impact on Scholarly Communication? Leads to cancellation of journal titles in HE libraries to maintain most frequently used subscriptions Limits purchasing of new journal titles Reduces the number of scholarly monographs that can be bought for library stock Biggest impact in the Science, Technology and Medicine (STM) journals

Leads to cancellation of journal titles in HE libraries to maintain most frequently used subscriptions

Limits purchasing of new journal titles

Reduces the number of scholarly monographs that can be bought for library stock

Biggest impact in the Science, Technology and Medicine (STM) journals

Licence Restrictions: Authors Publisher contracts can place restrictions on content: Who may use the article and for what purpose Limits use in teaching (e.g. Study Packs) Scholarly sharing of article (e.g. email to colleagues, making available on personal website)

Publisher contracts can place restrictions on content:

Who may use the article and for what purpose

Limits use in teaching (e.g. Study Packs)

Scholarly sharing of article (e.g. email to colleagues, making available on personal website)

Licence Restrictions: Institutions Failure of institutions to get full value from what is paid for: Limits on concurrent users Costs of purchasing content back from publisher for library collection Multiple purchases of the same content as sometimes subscription deals must include print and e-formats No guarantee of ‘perpetual access’ to electronic content if subscription is terminated or additional payments needed for permanent access to “backfiles”

Failure of institutions to get full value from what is paid for:

Limits on concurrent users

Costs of purchasing content back from publisher for library collection

Multiple purchases of the same content as sometimes subscription deals must include print and e-formats

No guarantee of ‘perpetual access’ to electronic content if subscription is terminated or additional payments needed for permanent access to “backfiles”

Some responses by HE Library consortia negotiations with publishers for better pricing and licensing terms National licensing of journals, datasets and e-books in collaboration with deals arranged by (for instance) Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) Authors and funding agencies combining with libraries to re-examine the ways scholarly communication takes place – Open Access

Library consortia negotiations with publishers for better pricing and licensing terms

National licensing of journals, datasets and e-books in collaboration with deals arranged by (for instance) Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC)

Authors and funding agencies combining with libraries to re-examine the ways scholarly communication takes place – Open Access

Alternative publishing models Open Access (OA) Scholarly articles/works are freely accessible to the reader, and do not rely on subscription-based models Supporting growth and development of Open Access journals, free for users of the Internet Self-archiving to make material available via Institutional Repositories

Open Access (OA)

Scholarly articles/works are freely accessible to the reader, and do not rely on subscription-based models

Supporting growth and development of Open Access journals, free for users of the Internet

Self-archiving to make material available via Institutional Repositories

Open Access (OA) Journals Re Open Access: I can see why libraries are behind this but as the open access model is "author pays", I hope you can see why I am emphatically not! (Mathematics professor and member of journal editorial board)

Re Open Access: I can see why libraries are behind this but as the open access model is "author pays", I hope you can see why I am emphatically not!

(Mathematics professor and member of journal editorial board)

Messages to authors Association of American Publishers (AAP) and members, John Wiley & Sons, Reed Elsevier and the American Chemical Society .... "engaged the services of “PR pitbull” Eric Dezenhall ... Nature revealed that Dezenhall had advised the STM publishers to focus on a simple message of “public access equals government censorship”, and to “paint a picture of what the world would look like without peer-reviewed articles”. "Leaked plan to attack open access has science in uproar" Information World Review, 5.2.2007 http://www.iwr.co.uk/information-world-review/news/2174291/leaked-plan-attack-open-access

Association of American Publishers (AAP) and members, John Wiley & Sons, Reed Elsevier and the American Chemical Society

.... "engaged the services of “PR pitbull” Eric Dezenhall ... Nature revealed that Dezenhall had advised the STM publishers to focus on a simple message of “public access equals government censorship”, and to “paint a picture of what the world would look like without peer-reviewed articles”.

"Leaked plan to attack open access has science in uproar" Information World Review, 5.2.2007 http://www.iwr.co.uk/information-world-review/news/2174291/leaked-plan-attack-open-access

Messages to authors Research funders are requiring that sponsored research be publicly available. See the SHERPA JULIET website for details: http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/juliet/

Research funders are requiring that sponsored research be publicly available.

See the SHERPA JULIET website for details: http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/juliet/

Research Funder Policies

OA journal models Delayed OA (embargoed) Hybrid OA ie. Springer Open Choice and Blackwell Online Open Partial OA (pay for value-added content such as editorials and review articles) Total OA (all articles completely accessible and unrestricted on the internet. Fees paid by author, institution or sponsor) See the DOAJ: The Directory of Open Access Journals

Delayed OA (embargoed)

Hybrid OA ie. Springer Open Choice and Blackwell Online Open

Partial OA (pay for value-added content such as editorials and review articles)

Total OA (all articles completely accessible and unrestricted on the internet. Fees paid by author, institution or sponsor)

See the DOAJ: The Directory of Open Access Journals

Benefits of OA journals? Advances goals of scholarly communication Free access for any viewer on the Internet via OA journal titles OA titles versus traditional publishers creates increased competition Increases pressure for change in publishing sector See PRISM

Advances goals of scholarly communication

Free access for any viewer on the Internet via OA journal titles

OA titles versus traditional publishers creates increased competition

Increases pressure for change in publishing sector

See PRISM

Advantages for authors Wider dissemination and readership than currently permitted in high priced journal titles “ toll free” access for readers Deposit of academics’ work in institutional repositories (also permissible by agreement with some traditional publishers)

Wider dissemination and readership than currently permitted in high priced journal titles

“ toll free” access for readers

Deposit of academics’ work in institutional repositories (also permissible by agreement with some traditional publishers)

Disadvantages: Author or funding bodies required to pay for publishing Publishing in non-traditional journal titles Difficult for society publishers who rely on subscription prices to subsidise other activities

Author or funding bodies required to pay for publishing

Publishing in non-traditional journal titles

Difficult for society publishers who rely on subscription prices to subsidise other activities

Open Access and Self Archiving Substantial portion of authors (up to 35%) unaware of possibility of providing open access by self-archiving (Swan, 2005) Self-archiving means storing a copy of the content of an article/work in a local archive ie. an institutional repository to permit wider access Articles still published in journals, with publisher permission to self-archive pre-prints or post-prints Pre-print – a draft of an academic article or other publication before it has been submitted for peer review Post-print – the final version of an academic article or other publication, after it has been peer-reviewed and revised into its final form by the author

Substantial portion of authors (up to 35%) unaware of possibility of providing open access by self-archiving (Swan, 2005)

Self-archiving means storing a copy of the content of an article/work in a local archive ie. an institutional repository to permit wider access

Articles still published in journals, with publisher permission to self-archive pre-prints or post-prints

Pre-print – a draft of an academic article or other publication before it has been submitted for peer review

Post-print – the final version of an academic article or other publication, after it has been peer-reviewed and revised into its final form by the author

Author writes paper Author submits paper to journal Editor and referees review paper Author revises paper Author submits final version Publisher copy edits and formats paper Paper published in journal Author self-archives paper in repository Pre-print Post-print Source: SHERPA http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/documents/RCUK_060629.ppt#328,9,Publication & self-archiving

Author writes paper

Author submits paper to journal

Editor and referees review paper

Author revises paper

Author submits final version

Publisher copy edits and formats paper

Paper published in journal

RoMEO Website containing publisher and journal open access policies, coded by colour. Green: can archive pre-print and post-print Blue: can archive post-print (ie final draft post-refereeing) Yellow: can archive pre-print (ie pre-refereeing) White: archiving not formally supported

Website containing publisher and journal open access policies, coded by colour.

Green: can archive pre-print and post-print

Blue: can archive post-print (ie final draft post-refereeing)

Yellow: can archive pre-print (ie pre-refereeing)

White: archiving not formally supported

Exercise – Publisher agreements Look at your publisher agreements. Scan the fine print to see whether you which colour category your agreement falls into. Can you save a copy of your article in an institutional repository? Green: can archive pre-print and post-print Blue: can archive post-print (ie final draft post-refereeing) Yellow: can archive pre-print (ie pre-refereeing) White: archiving not formally supported

Look at your publisher agreements. Scan the fine print to see whether you which colour category your agreement falls into.

Can you save a copy of your article in an institutional repository?

Green: can archive pre-print and post-print

Blue: can archive post-print (ie final draft post-refereeing)

Yellow: can archive pre-print (ie pre-refereeing)

White: archiving not formally supported

Blackwells – Yellow Mary Ann Liebert – White BioMed Central – Green AAAS - Blue

Blackwells – Yellow

Mary Ann Liebert – White

BioMed Central – Green

AAAS - Blue

Institutional Repositories (IR) "... a university-based institutional repository is a set of services that a university offers to the members of its community for the management and dissemination of digital materials created by the institution and its community members. It is most essentially an organizational commitment to the stewardship of these digital materials, including long-term preservation where appropriate, as well as organization and access or distribution". (Lynch, 2003)

"... a university-based institutional repository is a set of services that a university offers to the members of its community for the management and dissemination of digital materials created by the institution and its community members.

It is most essentially an organizational commitment to the stewardship of these digital materials, including long-term preservation where appropriate, as well as organization and access or distribution".

(Lynch, 2003)

OA & IRs Institutional Repository benefits: Facilitates access to research outputs for internal and external audiences Preserves outputs for future reference Engages with the open access community for scholarly research Puts in place the necessary infrastructure for the likely future requirements of research funders in the context of open access.

Institutional Repository benefits:

Facilitates access to research outputs for internal and external audiences

Preserves outputs for future reference

Engages with the open access community for scholarly research

Puts in place the necessary infrastructure for the likely future requirements of research funders in the context of open access.

University of Bath IR Bath OPuS (Online Publications Store) Currently under development, due for release start of semester 2 (Feb 2008) We would welcome materials from those willing to deposit during the pilot phase What content will be collected: Journal articles (pre-print and post-print) Conference papers Working papers Patents Theses (MPhil & PhD) Books, sections and chapters.

Bath OPuS (Online Publications Store)

Currently under development, due for release start of semester 2 (Feb 2008)

We would welcome materials from those willing to deposit during the pilot phase

What content will be collected:

Journal articles (pre-print and post-print)

Conference papers

Working papers

Patents

Theses (MPhil & PhD)

Books, sections and chapters.

Next steps for authors Publishing in OA journals Negotiating copyright and IPR with publishers Saving a final version of your article

Publishing in OA journals

Negotiating copyright and IPR with publishers

Saving a final version of your article

Copyrights and Licences Copyrights treated as one bundle by publishers Author Copyrights consist of the following: Reproduction rights Distribution rights Rights to create Translations or Derivative works Rights to Perform or display works publicly Rights to allow others to exercise any of these rights Authors can “unbundle” these rights before transferring to publisher.

Copyrights treated as one bundle by publishers

Author Copyrights consist of the following:

Reproduction rights

Distribution rights

Rights to create Translations or Derivative works

Rights to Perform or display works publicly

Rights to allow others to exercise any of these rights

Authors can “unbundle” these rights before transferring to publisher.

Intellectual Property Rights Options: Modify your Copyright Transfer Agreement Add the SPARC Addendum http://www.arl.org/sparc/author/addendum.html Use a separate Licence to Publish Copyright toolbox http://copyrighttoolbox.surf.nl/copyrighttoolbox/authors/ Creative commons license http://creativecommons.org/

Options:

Modify your Copyright Transfer Agreement

Add the SPARC Addendum

http://www.arl.org/sparc/author/addendum.html

Use a separate Licence to Publish

Copyright toolbox

http://copyrighttoolbox.surf.nl/copyrighttoolbox/authors/

Creative commons license

http://creativecommons.org/

SPARC Author Addendum A BALANCED APPROACH TO COPYRIGHT MANAGEMENT: Authors Retain the rights you want Use and develop your own work without restriction Increase access for education and research Receive proper attribution when your work is used If you choose, deposit your work in an open online archive where it will be permanently and openly accessible Publishers Obtain a non-exclusive right to publish and distribute a work and receive a financial return Receive proper attribution and citation as journal of first publication Migrate the work to future formats and include it in collections http://www.arl.org/sparc/author/addendum.html

A BALANCED APPROACH TO COPYRIGHT MANAGEMENT:

Authors

Retain the rights you want

Use and develop your own work without restriction

Increase access for education and research

Receive proper attribution when your work is used

If you choose, deposit your work in an open online archive where it will be permanently and openly accessible

Publishers

Obtain a non-exclusive right to publish and distribute a work and receive a financial return

Receive proper attribution and citation as journal of first publication

Migrate the work to future formats and include it in collections

http://www.arl.org/sparc/author/addendum.html

Save your final version Pre-print or post-print version for deposit in the repository

Pre-print or post-print version for deposit in the repository

Questions Kara Jones Research Publications Librarian Ph : 01225 38 4897 Em : K.L.Jones@bath.ac.uk

Kara Jones

Research Publications Librarian

Ph : 01225 38 4897

Em : K.L.Jones@bath.ac.uk