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Structural and Rhetorical Patterns in
 Generation 1.5 EAP Student Writing




            Justin E. Jernigan, PhD
    English for Academic Purposes (EAP) Program
            Georgia Gwinnett College
                 jjernigan@ggc.usg.edu

                2010 TESOL Conference
                       Boston
                   March 25, 2010
Setting
• Public 4-year college in the southeastern U.S.,
  enrollment: 3361 at last report
• Access Mission
• EAP (English for Academic Purposes) Program
• EAP Program student population (current)
  approximately 55
• Two levels of instruction, Intermediate and
  Advanced, in three areas: Structure & Composition,
  Reading, Oral Communication
Generation 1.5
• Generally have acquired English by using it in
  natural contexts, in much the same way that native
  speakers acquire the language (Foin & Lange,
  2005).
• Reid (1997) used the term “ear learners”
• Harklau (2003) urged college faculty working with
  Gen 1.5ers to:
  –   (1) be aware of the students’ prior academic experience,
  –   (2) promote academic literacy,
  –   (3) help students develop critical literacy, and
  –   (4) recognize diverse needs.
Generation 1.5 (cont.)
• The “fluency fallacy”
• Miele (2003) discussed the “three-fold”
  dilemma facing many Generation 1.5
  students in the college writing classroom:
  – Ever-increasing percentage of students entering
    college in this category
  – Deficient academic abilities and substandard
    performance, particularly in academic writing (also
    Harklau, 2003)
  – Effects of performance on college-level work and
    self-image
Participants
• 45 Advanced EAP students, representing
  16 different L1 backgrounds.
• Average age: approx. 19
• Average time in U.S.: approx. 7 years
• 25 females, 20 males
Research Questions
• What structural and rhetorical elements
  occur most frequently in the college
  academic writing of advanced-level EAP
  learners?
• How do the structural and rhetorical
  elements in the college academic writing of
  advanced-level EAP learners correlate
  within essays to reveal rhetorical patterns?
Intermediate Range
          Questions
• How do the structural and rhetorical elements
  and patterns in the college academic writing of
  advanced-level EAP learners compare with the
  writing of comparable NS college students?
• How do the structural and rhetorical elements
  patterns differ based on L1?
• How do the structural and rhetorical patterns
  differ based on writers’ academic writing
  proficiency (essay scores)?
Procedure
• Two essay samples provided by each
  participant. Average essay length:
  approx. 450-500 words (suggested
  length for final drafts, 500-600 words).
• Data to this point collected over 3-1/2
  semesters
• 1-1/2 additional semesters of data
  collection planned, including collection
  of NS writing samples.
Procedure            (cont.)

• 45 (of 90) EAP student essays selected
  for inclusion in the present discussion
  (one essay per participant)
• Essays coded for 11basic
  structural/rhetorical elements.
• Coded results subjected to statistical
  analysis (n=45)
Structural and
      Rhetorical Elements
Selected elements:
• Anacoluthon – an interruption in the grammatical
  symmetry of a sentence. Ex: It is very important for
  people to get a job that they feel comfortable in and
  are happy while they work. (L1 Korean, male, 19)
• Anaphoric ambiguity. A situation in which a
  pronoun or determiner has a referent that is not
  clear. Ex: During this period, we receive visitor from
  outside the country. (L1 Igbo, female, 21) .
Structural &
    Rhetorical Elements
• Asyndeton. The omission of a conjunction where
 one is normally expected. Ex: It is a personal,
 people-oriented festival when enmities are forgotten,
 families and friends meet. (L1 Hindi, female, 25)
• Comma Splice. The joining of two clauses with
 only a comma. Ex: [T]he national election should be
 an important event for everybody, the participation
 of everybody in vote should help the country to not
 being ruled by a tyrant.
 (L1 Congolese French, male, 22)
Structural &
      Rhetorical Elements
• Fragment. A phrase or dependent clause that is
  presented as if it were a complete sentence.
  Ex: Because they still also have their own business to
  take care of. (L1 Vietnamese, male, 18)
• Redundancy – The intentional or unintentional
  repetition of one or more elements in a sentence, or
  the addition of an unnecessary element. Ex: The
  important things were how I felt the fist day after going
  to an American college, reason why I chose nursing
  and the fees of nursing. (L1 Malayalam, female, 21)
Preliminary Findings
• High-frequency structural and rhetorical elements include
  subordination of clauses, anaphoric ambiguity (both pronominal
  and anaphoric-definite), passive construction, and tense shift.
• Expected structural and rhetorical elements that have appeared
  less frequently than anticipated to this point include reported
  speech, sentence fragments, and question forms.
• Preliminary identification of patterns:
   – Correlation of anacoluthon with ambiguous anaphora
   – Correlation of anacoluthon with subordination of clauses
   – Correlation of verb tense shift with subordination of clauses
Preliminary Findings (2)
Structural/Rhetorical   Number Sample
Element
Anacoluthon             228    While he is home and waiting for me
                               to get back from school, but
                               sometimes I get the traffic jam (L1
                               Vietnamese, male, 18)
Anaphoric ambiguity 337        Conclusively, when a person is
                               successful, that means that he or
                               she loves their current job or career
                               (L1 Bosnian, female, 18)
Asyndeton               9      People from different culture,
                               environments can define happiness
                               (L1 Romanian, female, 35)
Preliminary Findings (3)
Structural/Rhetorical   Number   Sample
Element
Comma Splice or         116      My mom first makes dough for the
run-on sentence                  pita, it looks kind of like a big round
                                 bread. (L1 Bulgarian, male, 18)
Fragment                35       Celebrated on the new moon between
                                 Oct 13 and Nov 14 according to the
                                 Hindu Calander. (L1 Hindi, female, 25)
Passive construction    220      Make sure to wash the rice with water
                                 carefully; if not, people might get
                                 poisoned. (L1 Mandarin, male, 18)
Question                4        Can you imagine what the festival is
                                 like, and do you want to join them?
                                 (L1 Mandarin, male, 19)
Preliminary Findings (4)
Structural/Rhetorical     Number   Sample
Element
Redundancy                296      When I make spaghetti for my family, they
                                   enjoy eating my spaghetti. (L1 Korean,
                                   female, 19)
Reported Speech           25       He said that some people used personal
                                   belongings such as books, papers, and so on
                                   to strengthen their body territory.
                                   (L1 Spanish, female, 18)
Subordination of clause   785      On the other hand, there are three important
                                   parts of my life that I want to share (L1
                                   Congolese French, female, 19)
Tense shift               343      My friends and I spend most of our time
                                   looking at each other’s dress; we also have
                                   new set of friends from different tribes and
                                   nationality who came to visit their families
                                   in Nigeria. (L1 Igbo, female, 21)
Preliminary Findings (5)
• Structural and Rhetorical Patterns
  suggested in the coded data to this point:
   Paired sample        Correlation   Sig.
   anacoluthon &        .668          .049
   anaphora
   anacoluthon &        .796          .010
   subordination
   verb tense shift &   .666          .050
   subordination
Suggested Directions
• Coding of remaining EAP student samples
• Continued collection of NS student essays (comparable
  population)
• Coding of NS data
• Cross-checking of coding for intra- and inter-rater
  reliability
• In-depth comparative analysis of EAP and NS academic
  writing (based on coding results)
• Continued identification of correlations among structural
  and rhetorical elements – patterns in EAP student writing
Selected References
•   Burton, G. O. (accessed 2009, 2010). Silva Rhetoricae [web resource]. Brigham
    Young University. Last retrieved March 3, 2010 from (rhetoric.byu.edu)
•   Foin, A. T., & Lange, E. J. (2005). Error coding effects on revision in Generation 1.5
    writing. Proceedings of the CATESOL State Conference, 2005.
•   Harklau, L. (2003). Generation 1.5 students and college writing. ERIC Clearinghouse
    on Languages and Linguistics. Retrieved July 11, 2007 from www.cal.org/ericcll.
•   Nayan, S., & Jusoff, K. (2009). A Study of subject-verb agreement: From novice
    writers to expert writers. International Education Studies, 2, 190-194.
•   Preiss, J., Gasperin, C., & Briscoe, T. (2004). Can anaphoric definite descriptions be
    replaced by pronouns?. In Proceedings of LREC 2004, Lisbon.
•   Reid, J. (1997). Which non-native speaker? Differences between international
    students and U.S. resident (language minority) students. New Directions for
    Teaching and Learning, 70, 17-27
•   Rumbaut, R. G., & Ima, K. (1988). The adaptation of Southeast Asian refugee youth:
    A comparative study. Final report to the Office of Resettlement. San Diego: San
    Diego State University.
THANK YOU !

   Questions?
   Comments?
   Suggestions?

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Structural and Rhetorical Patterns in Generation 1.5 EAP Student Writing

  • 1. Structural and Rhetorical Patterns in Generation 1.5 EAP Student Writing Justin E. Jernigan, PhD English for Academic Purposes (EAP) Program Georgia Gwinnett College jjernigan@ggc.usg.edu 2010 TESOL Conference Boston March 25, 2010
  • 2. Setting • Public 4-year college in the southeastern U.S., enrollment: 3361 at last report • Access Mission • EAP (English for Academic Purposes) Program • EAP Program student population (current) approximately 55 • Two levels of instruction, Intermediate and Advanced, in three areas: Structure & Composition, Reading, Oral Communication
  • 3. Generation 1.5 • Generally have acquired English by using it in natural contexts, in much the same way that native speakers acquire the language (Foin & Lange, 2005). • Reid (1997) used the term “ear learners” • Harklau (2003) urged college faculty working with Gen 1.5ers to: – (1) be aware of the students’ prior academic experience, – (2) promote academic literacy, – (3) help students develop critical literacy, and – (4) recognize diverse needs.
  • 4. Generation 1.5 (cont.) • The “fluency fallacy” • Miele (2003) discussed the “three-fold” dilemma facing many Generation 1.5 students in the college writing classroom: – Ever-increasing percentage of students entering college in this category – Deficient academic abilities and substandard performance, particularly in academic writing (also Harklau, 2003) – Effects of performance on college-level work and self-image
  • 5. Participants • 45 Advanced EAP students, representing 16 different L1 backgrounds. • Average age: approx. 19 • Average time in U.S.: approx. 7 years • 25 females, 20 males
  • 6. Research Questions • What structural and rhetorical elements occur most frequently in the college academic writing of advanced-level EAP learners? • How do the structural and rhetorical elements in the college academic writing of advanced-level EAP learners correlate within essays to reveal rhetorical patterns?
  • 7. Intermediate Range Questions • How do the structural and rhetorical elements and patterns in the college academic writing of advanced-level EAP learners compare with the writing of comparable NS college students? • How do the structural and rhetorical elements patterns differ based on L1? • How do the structural and rhetorical patterns differ based on writers’ academic writing proficiency (essay scores)?
  • 8. Procedure • Two essay samples provided by each participant. Average essay length: approx. 450-500 words (suggested length for final drafts, 500-600 words). • Data to this point collected over 3-1/2 semesters • 1-1/2 additional semesters of data collection planned, including collection of NS writing samples.
  • 9. Procedure (cont.) • 45 (of 90) EAP student essays selected for inclusion in the present discussion (one essay per participant) • Essays coded for 11basic structural/rhetorical elements. • Coded results subjected to statistical analysis (n=45)
  • 10. Structural and Rhetorical Elements Selected elements: • Anacoluthon – an interruption in the grammatical symmetry of a sentence. Ex: It is very important for people to get a job that they feel comfortable in and are happy while they work. (L1 Korean, male, 19) • Anaphoric ambiguity. A situation in which a pronoun or determiner has a referent that is not clear. Ex: During this period, we receive visitor from outside the country. (L1 Igbo, female, 21) .
  • 11. Structural & Rhetorical Elements • Asyndeton. The omission of a conjunction where one is normally expected. Ex: It is a personal, people-oriented festival when enmities are forgotten, families and friends meet. (L1 Hindi, female, 25) • Comma Splice. The joining of two clauses with only a comma. Ex: [T]he national election should be an important event for everybody, the participation of everybody in vote should help the country to not being ruled by a tyrant. (L1 Congolese French, male, 22)
  • 12. Structural & Rhetorical Elements • Fragment. A phrase or dependent clause that is presented as if it were a complete sentence. Ex: Because they still also have their own business to take care of. (L1 Vietnamese, male, 18) • Redundancy – The intentional or unintentional repetition of one or more elements in a sentence, or the addition of an unnecessary element. Ex: The important things were how I felt the fist day after going to an American college, reason why I chose nursing and the fees of nursing. (L1 Malayalam, female, 21)
  • 13. Preliminary Findings • High-frequency structural and rhetorical elements include subordination of clauses, anaphoric ambiguity (both pronominal and anaphoric-definite), passive construction, and tense shift. • Expected structural and rhetorical elements that have appeared less frequently than anticipated to this point include reported speech, sentence fragments, and question forms. • Preliminary identification of patterns: – Correlation of anacoluthon with ambiguous anaphora – Correlation of anacoluthon with subordination of clauses – Correlation of verb tense shift with subordination of clauses
  • 14. Preliminary Findings (2) Structural/Rhetorical Number Sample Element Anacoluthon 228 While he is home and waiting for me to get back from school, but sometimes I get the traffic jam (L1 Vietnamese, male, 18) Anaphoric ambiguity 337 Conclusively, when a person is successful, that means that he or she loves their current job or career (L1 Bosnian, female, 18) Asyndeton 9 People from different culture, environments can define happiness (L1 Romanian, female, 35)
  • 15. Preliminary Findings (3) Structural/Rhetorical Number Sample Element Comma Splice or 116 My mom first makes dough for the run-on sentence pita, it looks kind of like a big round bread. (L1 Bulgarian, male, 18) Fragment 35 Celebrated on the new moon between Oct 13 and Nov 14 according to the Hindu Calander. (L1 Hindi, female, 25) Passive construction 220 Make sure to wash the rice with water carefully; if not, people might get poisoned. (L1 Mandarin, male, 18) Question 4 Can you imagine what the festival is like, and do you want to join them? (L1 Mandarin, male, 19)
  • 16. Preliminary Findings (4) Structural/Rhetorical Number Sample Element Redundancy 296 When I make spaghetti for my family, they enjoy eating my spaghetti. (L1 Korean, female, 19) Reported Speech 25 He said that some people used personal belongings such as books, papers, and so on to strengthen their body territory. (L1 Spanish, female, 18) Subordination of clause 785 On the other hand, there are three important parts of my life that I want to share (L1 Congolese French, female, 19) Tense shift 343 My friends and I spend most of our time looking at each other’s dress; we also have new set of friends from different tribes and nationality who came to visit their families in Nigeria. (L1 Igbo, female, 21)
  • 17. Preliminary Findings (5) • Structural and Rhetorical Patterns suggested in the coded data to this point: Paired sample Correlation Sig. anacoluthon & .668 .049 anaphora anacoluthon & .796 .010 subordination verb tense shift & .666 .050 subordination
  • 18. Suggested Directions • Coding of remaining EAP student samples • Continued collection of NS student essays (comparable population) • Coding of NS data • Cross-checking of coding for intra- and inter-rater reliability • In-depth comparative analysis of EAP and NS academic writing (based on coding results) • Continued identification of correlations among structural and rhetorical elements – patterns in EAP student writing
  • 19. Selected References • Burton, G. O. (accessed 2009, 2010). Silva Rhetoricae [web resource]. Brigham Young University. Last retrieved March 3, 2010 from (rhetoric.byu.edu) • Foin, A. T., & Lange, E. J. (2005). Error coding effects on revision in Generation 1.5 writing. Proceedings of the CATESOL State Conference, 2005. • Harklau, L. (2003). Generation 1.5 students and college writing. ERIC Clearinghouse on Languages and Linguistics. Retrieved July 11, 2007 from www.cal.org/ericcll. • Nayan, S., & Jusoff, K. (2009). A Study of subject-verb agreement: From novice writers to expert writers. International Education Studies, 2, 190-194. • Preiss, J., Gasperin, C., & Briscoe, T. (2004). Can anaphoric definite descriptions be replaced by pronouns?. In Proceedings of LREC 2004, Lisbon. • Reid, J. (1997). Which non-native speaker? Differences between international students and U.S. resident (language minority) students. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 70, 17-27 • Rumbaut, R. G., & Ima, K. (1988). The adaptation of Southeast Asian refugee youth: A comparative study. Final report to the Office of Resettlement. San Diego: San Diego State University.
  • 20. THANK YOU ! Questions? Comments? Suggestions?