1. By : Matt Hutchinson
Honors History 9
1936-1940
80 years ago
2. “When you see something that is technically sweet, you go
ahead and do it, and you argue about what to do about it
only after you have had your technical success. That is the
way it was with the atomic bomb.”
-J. Robert Oppenheimer
“The world is a very different one now. For man holds in his
mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human
poverty, and all forms of human life.”
-Kennedy
3.
4.
5. What are the physics behind the atomic bomb and
how has it changed the world politically?
6. In the fall of 1939 Edward Teller drove Leo Szilard to
Einstein's Long Island house; in his hand he held a letter
that urged president Roosevelt to stockpile uranium and
further research in radioactivity.
despite Einstein's pacifist nature he signed the letter after
Szilard reasoned that many more lives would be lost if
Germany had the technology
upon receiving the letter Roosevelt formed the advisory
committee on uranium to determine if a bomb could be
constructed our of fissionable material
7.
8. On October 21, the committee held a meeting and
determined that it would be possible to construct a
bomb out of uranium and perhaps a workable device
could be built by the wars end
US Army Corps of Engineers was given the job of
construction. And lead by Major General
Lesley R. Groves
9. In June 1942 the Manhattan District was created to test
and confirm the feasibility of the theory of an atomic
bomb. This theory earlier theorized in the 1930’s
It spanned more than 30 sites
10.
11. Oakridge- contained a Graphite reactor, built in 1943
and produced the first significant amounts of
plutonium. It also contained a K-25 Gaseous Diffusion
Process Building and Y-12 Beta-3 Racetracks that
contained the necessary equipment to separate the
uranium isotopes.
12. Hanford Washington- contained the B Reactor the
world’s largest-scale plutonium production reactor and
the T plant
Los Alamos New Mexico- the main Building site of the
Manhattan Project and location of Project-Y
Oakridge Tennessee- worked on uranium separation
13. Oppenheimer was the director of the Manhattan
district he was also a theoretical physics teacher at the
University of California
Aside from his work on the atomic bomb he is
recognized for his work on molecular wave functions,
the theory of electrons and positrons, the
Oppenheimer Phillips process, nuclear fusion, his
theory's on Neutron stars and black holes as well as
quantum mechanics and more
Given clearance July 20, 1943
14. He was the child of a German textile owner and a
Boston painter
He grew up vary secluded and alone as a sickly child
He graduated valedictorian and went to Harvard,
during with time he never had a date
He became fascinated with minerals at the age of 5,
specifically crystals
He was a chronic depressant and jerk
but found peace at “hot dog”
15. It employed more than 130,000 people at the cost of $2
billion US dollars (in today's terms roughly $24.4
billion)
Over 90% of the cost was for building factories and
producing the fissionable materials
With less than 10% for development and production of
the weapons
16. Scientists had the problem of how to actually obtain
the radioactive matter (uranium-235)
They tried a multitude of methods for extracting the
needed uranium-235 from its chemically identical
twin, uranium-238
The ratio from uranium ore to uranium metal is 500:1
and 99% of the uranium is uranium-238
They tried multiple methods such as diffusing it
through the means of gas a magnetic methods, but
finally succeeded when they tried the use of the
centrifuge
17.
18. On July 16, 1945 at 5:29 am the first atomic weapon
was detonated
It was dropped from a 100 foot tower producing a yield
200 times grater than the 100 ton TNT test
Produced a crater half mile across and fused the
desert sand into a green glass that still holds trace
amounts of radiation to this day
30,000 ft
19.
20. “few people laughed few people cried most people were
silent. I remembered the line from the Hindu scripture, the
book of Bhagavad Gita, Vishnu is trying to persuade the
prince to do his duty, and to impress him he takes on his
multi armed form and says I have become death the
destroyer of worlds I suppose we all thought that one way
or another.”
- Oppenheimer
23. Was a uranium-235 bomb weighing in at 8,800 lb.
It was carried by a B-29 bomber named Enola Gay from
Tinian to the 7th largest Japanese city of Hiroshima on
August 6 1945 at 8:15 it was dropped and exploded 3
seconds later
It was dropped at an altitude of 31,000ft and detonated at
1,850 ft.
5 square miles were destroyed and an estimated 120,000
died as a result of the blast (40% of the city’s population)
Roughly 70,000 buildings were destroyed of the 76,000
buildings “The city was hidden by an awful cloud, boiling
up, mushrooming, terrible and incredibly tall”
-Colonel Tibbets
24. Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, Jr. (1915-2007) – Pilot and Aircraft commander
Captain Robert A. Lewis (1917-1983) – Co-pilot; Enola Gay's assigned
aircraft commander*
Major Thomas Ferebee (1918–2000) – Bombardier
Captain Theodore Van Kirk (1921-) – Navigator
U.S. Navy Captain William S. Parsons (1901–1953) – Weaponeer and bomb
commander.
Lieutenant Jacob Beser (1921–1992) – Radar countermeasures
Second Lieutenant Morris R. Jeppson (1922–2010) – Assistant weaponeer
Technical Sergeant George R. Caron (1919-1995) – Tail gunner*
Technical Sergeant Wyatt E. Duzenberry – Flight engineer*
Sergeant Joe S. Stiborik (1914-1984) – Radar operator*
Sergeant Robert H. Shumard (1920-1967) – Assistant flight engineer*
Private First Class Richard H. Nelson (1925-2003) – VHF radio operator*
25. A=TriNitroToluene
B=plutonium
The energy source is a mass of radioactive material such
as uranium or plutonium. This material is very unstable;
every atom's nucleus is ready to fall apart or decay at the
slightest metaphorical bump, releasing the energy that
was used to hold the atom together and extra neutrons.
(B) is given that bump by the outer casing (A), which
explodes all around it.
26. In order to drop the bomb the “gun” method was
utilized
It involved a uranium plug being shot by an artillery
gun into a stationary uranium sphere at 3,000ft per
second to achieve critical mass
The 2 halves of the critical mass are joined together to
result in an explosion
Critical mass=the minimum amount of energy needed for a nuclear reaction
27. Within an 1,000 yard radius human bodies literally
melted in a temperature of about 5,432 degrees
Fahrenheit
Further away a compression wave destroyed their
internal organs
Survivors would have staggered around, stripped of
their cloths and their skin flayed. Some fell dead as
they walked
90% of the doctors were killed
Each day 2,000 people died
28. The bomb exploded
within 550 ft of its target
The width of the fire ball
= 18,000 ft
4 miles square, in the 40,000ft high
city's center the ground
was charred
29. President Truman was eating lunch when he was
handed a decoded message “results clear cut,
successful in all respects.”
That afternoon Truman gave a warning to the Japanese
"If they do not now accept our terms, they may expect a reign
of ruin from the air the like of which has never been seen on
this earth.”
30. 3 days after Hiroshima was bombed the Soviet Red
army entered the Japanese healed territory of
Manchuria.
They did this not to cease hostilities but to gain territory.
Defeat was imminent for Japan
Emperor Hirohito even admitted “it is necessary to
study and decide the termination of the war”
31. Was an plutonium-239 bomb weighing in at 10,200 lb
It was carried by a B-29 named the Bock's Car from
Tania and was intended to be dropped on the city of
Kokura on August 9 1945 11:02
Due to the obscuring cloud cover the bomb had to be
dropped on its secondary target, the southwestern
port of Nagasaki
The city was sheltered by hills but it still killed an
estimated 74,000 from a population of only 270,000
32. Maj Charles W. Sweeney, aircraft commander
Capt Charles Donald Albury, co-pilot (pilot of Crew C-15)
2nd Lt Fred Olivi, regular co-pilot
Capt James van Pelt, navigator
Capt Kermit Beahan, bombardier
Master Sergeant John D. Kuharek, flight engineer
SSgt Ray Gallagher, gunner, assistant flight engineer
SSgt Edward Buckley, radar operator
Sgt Abe Spitzer, radio operator
Sgt Albert Dehart, tail gunner
CDR Frederick L. Ashworth (USN), weaponeer
LT Philip Barnes (USN), assistant weaponeer
2nd Lt Jacob Beser, radar countermeasures
33. B=the central core made up of trillions hydrogen
isotopes called deuterium and tritium.
A= Small atomic bombs cause the deuterium and
tritium to be squeezed into a very dense mass, which
causes nuclear fusion, releasing great quantities of
energy.
C= bomb casing, which is made from uranium,
undergoes fission, creating even more energy.
In other words, an atomic bomb sets off a fusion
bomb, which also triggers another atomic bomb!
34. The block of deuterium and tritium atoms are
squeezed into a super-dense mass. Nuclei of these two
isotopes are squeezed together by the force of the
explosion.
The force is so great that it causes the nuclei to
combine. But this new nucleus requires less energy to
keep it together, and there is one less neutron needed.
This excess energy, and the neutron, escapes as
radiation.
Example;
not always as shown
35. The bomb exploded
several miles from its
target
45,000ft high
36. The same day of the Nagasaki attack the Japanese
prime minister asked emperor Hirohito to decide on
the issue of surrender
On August 14 the emperor made a radio broadcast
telling the Japanese to lay down their arms
On August 28 Douglas McArthur, supreme Allied
commander of the Pacific, arrived at Japan with his
occupying army
“Something huge had just cracked… the
proud dream of greater Japan”
-Robert Guillino (French reporter)
37. On September 2 the Japanese instrument of surrender
was signed the battleship the USS Missouri
Japan was no longer a sovereign nation its own
administration was in the hands of the occupying
government
Representatives came from Britain, Australia and New
Zealand, the empire was to be broken up
38. The US was to have authority in several strategic
Pacific islands and to supervise the South Korean
Government they also provided the effective
distribution of supplies
The soviet union was allowed to keep its conquests in
Manchuria, North Korea and Kuril
The Republic of China was to take Taiwan
A tribunal was established to put leading Japanese
military leaders on trial for war crimes
39. 11 months after the detonation of “Fat Man” operation
crossroads was put into action.
The test was carried out in order to determine if an
American naval fleet could survive an atomic blast.
They situated 200 German, Japanese and American
ships and 140 planes in Bikini bay and waited to
detonate atomic bombs number 4 and 5
Able- would be dropped from a B-29
Baker-would be detonated 90ft below the water
41. They positioned the ships and placed animals on oars
in order to test the effect the blasts would have on
organic mater.
After the bombs were dropped and detonated they
concluded that no organism could survive the blast
and that a submerged bomb did much more damage.
They also concluded that when a atomic bomb goes off
the area becomes a bit radioactive
42.
43. The objective was to test and perfect atomic bomb
designs
An island 200 miles west of Bikini was used as a
research facility.
They gathered samples for ground 0 in order to test
the radiation content.
44. These samples played a curtail role in design
improvisation, the fat man and little boy designs were
soon obsolete.
Projects:
Green house
Ivy- full scale H bomb
Ob shot knot hole- a series of 11 atomic bomb tests in
Nevada, including the first atomic canon
Castle-bravo- the largest atmospheric bomb ever
detonated in U.S. history
Operation wigwam- the deep underwater portion of
Operation Cross Roads (11 years later)
45. Today 9 countries have nuclear weapons amongst
those countries are the Koreans, Russians, Americans
and the French
After the Cuban Missile crisis, the USSR and United
States along with the United Nations' International
Atomic Energy Agency opened negotiations aimed at
limiting the threat of nuclear war. They started
negotiating a way to limit the scope and dangers posed
by the global atomic arms race.
47. Partial Test Ban Treaty – 1963-prohibits nuclear tests in
the atmosphere, in outer space and underwater. (not
France or China)
Non-Proliferation Treaty – 1968-Made it illegal for
possessing countries to share info. Or technology on
nuclear bombs
SALT I- 1969-1972- aimed to limit and restrain land and
submarine based nuclear weapons, a 5year agreement to
limit construction of intercontinental missile sites ad
other nuclear missile sights
48. Antiballistic Missile Treaty – 1972- between us & Russia,
restricted the development of defensive missiles and
allowed each country to have only 2 launch stations.
SALT II - 1972-1979- intended to lengthen the 5 year treaty
from SALT I, and also put a more long lasting agreement in
place
Threshold Test Ban Treaty – 1974- Prohibited
underground nuclear weapons testing exceeding 150
kilotons
49. In the first millionth of a second the fire ball would be
500 meters across
Within 10 seconds it would grow to one mile
The temperature would rise to 20 million degrees
Fahrenheit (hotter than the surface of the sun)
The blast would generate winds traveling at 60 miles
an hour, destroying everything in its path (dissipates)
10’s of city blocks would be melted, the trees, the
people the cars even the upper level of the earth
Everyone within a 5 mile radius will die
50. People who are lucky enough to be 8 or 9 miles away
would experience it as a blast with window shards
traveling at more than 100 miles an hour
100,000’s of fires would join together in one big fire
storm for miles across and ignite everything
flammable for 11 miles across, devouring massive
amounts of oxygen
Everyone looking in the direction of the blast would
be blinded. Your lungs and eardrums would rupture
from the pressure
51. If doctors could get there in time they would be
treating injuries such as broken bones from people
being thrown into buildings and crushed form debris,
3rd degree burns
The body does have a repair rate for radiation but the
doses would be so sudden and great that it would
overwhelm the body
Their would be public panic with people worrying if
there next
52. Why is it that even though America is the only country
that has used the bomb in a war and yet Americans
seem to be the ones most concerned about preventing
other countries from getting that technology?
And
Should other countries get nuclear weapons?
53. Do you think that the A bomb was a good thing and
benefited the nation/world?
54. The bomb operates on the fissionable material of
uranium and plutonium to produce a chain reaction
of radiation. It has also allowed countries such as
China, North Korea, Russia and America to utilize the
fear of nuclear war as a political weapon. Fear after all
is the most powerful weapon.
Editor's Notes
Bomb- from Latin bombus deep hollow soundUranium comes from Uranus idk why Plutonium- from Pluto idk why
It was like a kid who can’t have a bowel of ice cream. And later that night he snakes downstairs and eats the whole bowl. Later on he feels sick and regrets his actions. That was how it was with the atomic bomb. No one was doing much thinking about what they were really doing all they were thinking about was if this was possible and how to do it.
The # major components were:SaterPrayers and duck tape
PhisicsLatin physica, plural, natural science, from Greek physika, from neuter plural of physikos of nature, from physis growth, nature, from phyein to bring forth
was endorsed in a letter than Einstein sent to Franklin Rooseveltin 1939Lizard dude knew that one that Pence did her presentation on sent the letter along with Edward teller (Jewish theoretical physicist )Lizard couldn’t drive so he got teller to drive him to Einstein's summer home on long island
General groves was disgusted that he had to take it over he said it would never work He’s (Oppenheimer) a genius a real genus he can talk to you about anything you want, well not really he doesn’t know anything about sports Groves
The Manhattan project also worked on tempers which shielded from radiation and allowed for more efficiency in the bomb, this lead to bunker tec. We didn’t really partner up with Britain we just exchanged infoOn December 2, 1942 the first self sustained chin reaction pile was operated by EnricoFarme
The trinity site is now the white sands missile range Ok ridge made uranium Hanford Washington would later make plutonium
Los Alamos-Other buildings at site destroyed by the Cerro Grande fire in May 2000. There were a great deal of children being born here but the project was so secretive that there birth certificate read “PO Box 1663 in Santa Fe”Conspirators think these site was later used to test night vision tec. from aliensOakridge- consumed one 10th of the power produced in the us and was the 5th largest town in Tennessee
He also allegedly had access to the Roswell crash siteConcerns over clearance b/c his girl friend (Jean Talock) bro and his bros wife were comunists, he however never was and the FBI took 30 years to prove thatThe black hole thing and the cemeteric explosion- explain similarity People thought he shouldn’t have the job b/c he didn’t have a Nobel prize He had never really directed anything After the creation of the atomic bomb he was put on trial in a shabby court room in DC, security concerns were heightened by the out break of the cold warWhile working on the project he lived on cigarettes and martinis
Picked on, shielded by knowledge- they called him a boob And at the age of 10 he wrote to the mineralogical center, they then asked him unknowingly (age 10) to give a lecture He was arrogantGraduated Harvard in 3 years He wasn’t really coordinated for a laboratoryHe went on to research theoretical physics in Germany He was ambidextrous – cigarette & chalk story He also wrote poems “Hot dog” was a small cabin in New Mexico that his father leased for him and his brother There he was more adventurous and happyHe once wrote that his two loves were physics and desert country He wasn’t really affected by the depression and politics seemed gorse to him- just like in his childhood he didn’t understand humanityBut that all changed when he met Jean Talock, who was very involved politically and also a communist She was also as Oppenheimer found out after she dumped him, probably gayWhile working on the project he found out she still loved him and 6months after they met again she killed herself 5 weeks after seeing her groves forcibly gave him security clearance Meet kitty Harrison (communist), in 1940 Oppenheimer became kitties 4th husband Later they had their first son, Peter was born and they began cutting communist tiesThey later had another child, a girlAnd a dog
Each scientist working on the project would be responsible for about 100 deaths
98 percent of earth uranium is 238Uranium is more common than tinUses uranium in as gas form, previous to this they could only use a magnet to shed the needed 235 off the 238 they would have a trackEnriching uranium requires 1000’s of centrifuges working for months or years Before this tec. they used the magnetic diffusion and the gaseous diffusionOne uranium nugget=149 gal of oil or 1 ton of coal or 17,000 cubic ft of gas France German Japan the soviet union and every capable country began to try and achieve nuclear fusion after the news leaked out (security wasn’t tight and would later be urged to change)
over a million pounds of pleasure and, vaporizing the tower and everything with in a half a mileThe light for the blast would of caused temporary blindness to an 10 mile away observerJust before the atomic explosion Oppenheimer was reeding French poems and the scientists herd the frogs croaking and having sex
Oppenheimer studied Hindu scriptures
An EMP reacts with the heavy metals in the air which knockout electronics
The us government actually prevented Hiroshima from being reg. bombed so they could destroy it laterThis was done for scientific reasons
Enola Gay was the name of Tibbets mom After the bomb was released 2 shockwave hit the plain while it made its turn away mover Tinian was used for various reasons including:It was close enough The runways were long enoughAnd the runways could be fitted to load the bombsThe B-29 was a Japanese work horse it had four propellers that allowed it to fly at an altitude of 40,000ft. It had a maximum carrying capacity of 9 tons and a range of 3,750 miles
Purple=only man to fly on both missions yellow/gold= the people who knew the perpous of the mission * Are regulars
It joined a ball and a plug so there was maximum contact
The compression waves (2) pushed the plain 9 milesThe Enola gay crew could see the city of fire from 30 miles awayPeople flocked to the river, the death and bodies turned it into stixThe area had 200 doctors before the attackThe area also had 45 hospitals, only 3 were usable
The first bullet is relative to 2 foot ball fields
Blues are additional membersPurple attended both missions
It was an implosion bomb a bunch of explosive lenses surrounded a ball of plutonium that would detonate and squeeze it togetherScientists didn’t know it would work: it would have to be timed exactlyisotopeis- + Greek topos place
Germany discovered this first
The medical college stood 600 yd from the center and 198 died in it The penitentiary stood 300 yd from the center and 140 prisoners died in their cells
The broadcast was the first time the Japanese ever herd there emperors voice
Oppenheimer opposed the test and even wrote a letter to TrumanTruman disowned the letter and caller him “that crybaby scientist”Bikini is between Japan and HawaiiThey actually had to ask the native people to move his people It was June 30th 1946 at 5:30Smoke was 90 miles high
The placed these animals here to test how a person could shield himself from the blast
Project names sometimes are like car model names, they don’t mean any (legacy, avenger)
An EMP reacts with the heavy metals in the air which knockout electronics
In 1949 Russia gets the bomb and every one in scared, for years there has been a balanceRussia had the men and we had he bombWhen Russia gets the bomb were are kind of like o crap we don’t have our power anymore.Julius Rosenberg and his wife, Etha, gave Russia nuclear knowledge, they were then given the electric chair at sing-sing prisonJulius went first somberly and never said a wordEtha went second and after a shock the straps were taken off only to find she was still alive. She then had to be re-strapped to be killed. A plume of smoke came from her head and after 2 jolts she was dead, officiallyThere 2 children were now orphans
SALT= Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Oppenheimer wanted to nationalize the knowledge of atomic weapons for security purposes
For people close enough their skin would turn into carbon
The radiation burns the back/retna of your eye Fire storms would also form which is when the fire s consume massive amounts of oxygen and the uneven air flow causes a kind of fire tornado
the radiation on the edges would of been = to 1,000's of chest x-raysAlfa and Beta partials can only enter through breaks in your skin, cuts mouth ect.if the radiation is intense enough it will look like a burn you could get cancer 20-30 years laterThe vary cells you need to heal are dying Blisters will form- layers of skin will shed off- your body is preparing to shut down