PROPOSAL ISATT 2013 Sub division: 21st century learning Capacity building for ICT integration in secondary schools in Kenya: An exploratory case study Jo Tondeur, Don Krug, Mike Bill, Maaike Smulders & Zhu Chang Introduction and objectives The demands of the 21st century dictate that learners should be equipped with requisite skills to competently engage and perform in the new information age. These skills commonly referred to as 21st century skills include inter-alia; critical thinking, problem solving, collaboration, creativity and communication (Voogt & Pareja, 2012). When the learning opportunities presented by Information Communication Technology (ICT) are well utilized, they have a great potential to develop 21st century skills (Selwyn, 2007). In view of the above, the Kenyan Ministry of Education expects ICT to be widely deployed for teaching and learning in primary and secondary schools across Kenya (see Quality Education and Training for Vision 2030). However, a simple placement of hardware and/or software will not make ICT integration naturally follow (Earle, 2002). One of the key failures of many past programs in Africa – and the rest of the world - was that schools were provided with equipment but with little or no support for teachers’ professional development, national and local ICT policies, and/or community involvement (Agyei & Voogt, 2011). Clearly, the primary factor that influences the effectiveness of learning is not the availability of ICT, but the capacity to integrate of ICT in the different subject areas, the scope of the current study. This study investigates a professional development program that provides not only support to equip secondary schools in Kenya with ICT. The VVOB program was designed from a school improvement point of view to support the process of capacity building for ICT integration in the curriculum. It built upon teachers’ existing practices and facilities their reflection of an inquiry into these practices (see Lim, Tondeur, Nastiti, & Paragan, 2010). The school would be a collaborative community to create engaging content that would be shared and assessed (cf. Arntzen & Krug, 2011). We aim to gain insight into whether and how this program affects secondary school teachers and practices regarding the educational use of ICT. Method A case study was conducted in four pilot schools - with no previous ICT investments - to examine the process of capacity building for ICT-integration in the context of secondary education in Kenya. Based on a mixed method research approach, this study aims to critically evaluate the prospects and challenges through the lens of stakeholders at the different aggregation levels: policy makers (macro level), district managers, principals, and ICT coordinators (school level), and teachers and pupils at the micro level.

1. CAPACITY BUILDING FOR ICT INTEGRATION
ISATT - Ghent 2013
Jo Tondeur, Mike Bill, Maaike Smulders,
Don Krug & Chang Zhu
in Secondary Schools in Kenya: An Exploratory Case Study

2. INTRODUCTION
 21st century skills > ICT-integration in education
(Selwyn 2007; Voogt and Pareja 2012)
“ICT-integration should support teaching and learning in
the delivery of the various curricula to achieve improved
education outcomes, to develop diversified skills needed
for industrialization and a knowledge-based economy”
(Quality Education and Training for Vision, 2030, Kenya)
 A simple placement of hardware and software will not
support teachers and students using ICT within
educational settings. (Earle 2002)

3. “A few years ago, the emphasis in ICT in
education in Kenya has been on the
provision of computers to schools, …
after which it was left for individual schools
to figure out what to do with the
computers”
Kizito Makoba, ICT Integration Team member
INTRODUCTION (CON’T)
> Capacity building for ICT-integration in Kenyan schools

4. 1. Conceptualizing and creating capacity for the use, incorporation
and integration of ICT.
“What does it mean to create capacity for the use of ICT?”
2. Planning and Implementing a systems approach to integrate ICT
“What does the VVOB model, MOE model, 4inB model,
Ecologies of Learning approach and holistic approach look like?”
3. Examining and analyzing how to and why should ICT be
integrated within school cultures.
“What are the contextual forces, human and material factors and
relationships associated with ICT integration?”
CAPACITY BUILDING AND INTEGRATING ICT

5. CAPACITY BUILDING AND INTEGRATING ICT

6. Capacity Building and Integrating ICT
1. Digital Inquiry should include educators’ competencies and
confidence in using technologies or the knowledge and skills needed
to use ICT to improve learning, productivity, and performance (Becker,
2000; Wray, et al., 2000; Laferrière et al., 2001; Krug, 2002b, 2004; NEA, 2002).
2. Pedagogical practices should incorporate ICT to engage learners
in problem-posing, problem-solving, decision making and other 21st
Century Learning competencies through face-to-face and online
flexible, formal and informal learning spaces.
3. Teacher’s should strive to develop a philosophy that embraces
change and life-long-learning, and ability to not only know about, plan
and implement the use and incorporation of ICT practices toward
enhancing their own and student learning, but also to transparently
integrate ICT through the curriculum as a way of living and learning,
and generating new knowledge. This of course includes, but should
not limited to learning about core educational content.

7. CONTEXT: ICT INTEGRATION PROGRAMME VVOB

8. CONTEXT: ICT INTEGRATION PROGRAMME VVOB
ICT
Integration
Team
VVOB
ICT4E

9. THE HOLISTIC APPROACH
Policy level. School level. Classroom
level
Vision Expertise
Digital
Content
Infrastructure

10. Location of the 4 secondary schools

11. School 1 460 Students
20 Teachers
Performs above average

12. School 2
Located in Kiserian on the shores of Lake Baringo. Home
to the minority tribe called the Ilchamus (Njemps)
Location

13. 422 Students
15 Teachers

14. School 3
Started in 1978
Student population: 283, 16
teachers

15. School 4
Started in the year 2000
Built by the Munyu
community to
accommodate students
that could not get to other
secondary schools
Student population: 384 16
teachers

16. AIMS OF THE STUDY
How does the PD program support the participating schools’
capacity building for ICT integration in the curricula?
Today’s focus
Exploring critical domains in the process of capacity building
for ICT-integration in four secondary schools in Kenya:
Leadership I Cooperation and support I
Access to resources I Development of a shared vision

17. Longitudinal mixed method case study approach
February 2012 2012-2013
VVOB Pilot
May 2013
Study 1 Study 2*
Method
- Questionnaires administered to all teachers (pre
& post)
- 4 Focus groups* with teachers, ICT-coördinators
and school leaders (pre & post)
- Observation of ICT facilities (pre & post);
- Observation of teaching practice
- Review of school documents including school
planning/policy documents
*Focus of the presentation

18. Component Exemplary questions
Vision building
To what degree does the school have a shared
vision on the place of ICT in the curriculum?
Does the school have an ICT policy plan?
Access to
resources
What kind of infrastructure can we find and
where? Future plans?
ICT-use
Which opportunities can ICT bring for education?
What are the most important obstacles?
Support (How) are teachers working together?
Leadership
Who’s involved in the process of ICT-planning?
What are their roles?
Instrument Focus group

19. Case Study results: ICT-infrastructure
•
School 1 School 2 School 3 School 4
Computer lab
(2CPUx10) + 8
desktops in
each class
Computer lab
with 16 desktops,
Computer lab
18pc’s
Computer lab
with 16 desktops
5 laptops
3 laptops, 1
tablet
3 laptops 4 laptops
3 projectors 2 projectors
2 projectors,
speakers
2 projectors
1 camera, 2
camcorders 1 video camera, 2
2 digital 1 video camera, 2

20. CASE STUDY RESULTS: ACCESS TO RESOURCES
Our decision to have a computer lab
Setup was mainly motivated by security
(T, S3)
To illustrate:
Computer lab S2

21. CASE STUDY RESULTS: ACCESS TO RESOURCES
Power breakdowns
Not enough laptops to have
equal access
“Unreliable electricity is a big
Obstacle to proper use of ICTs”
(teacher, S1)
Lack of space/too many students
“Lack of enough infrastructure and space is an obstacle to
good integration. Teachers have too many students in class
to use ICTs at an optimum level”
Lack of technicians for maintenance of the equipment

22. CASE STUDY RESULTS: ACTUAL ICT-USE
Use of ICT as an
information tool:
Presenting information
by teachers
“In our school it is also being used to show things that are not
familiar to the students such as icebergs” (T, S3)
Use of ICT as a supportive tool:
Preparing lessons, make lessons current, production and analysis
of exams, Timetabling; school management system-accounting, …

23. SURVEY RESULTS: USE OF ICT IN CLASS*
0 =not al all
1 = to a certain degree
2 = to a great degree
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
School 1 School 2 School 3 School 4
Learning tool LT_AU
Learning tool LT_PU
Actual use
Preferred use
* I teach my pupils to…
work together in order to perform an assignment by means of represent info
multimedially with ICT learn independently in an ICT supported environment, …
> gap between the actual and the preferred class use of ICT
> Educational potential of ICT seems to be acknowledged by teachers

24. CASESTUDY RESULTS: LEADERSHIP & COLLABORATION
 ICT integration team is leading the innovation process
 Support from the school leader is crucial
The principal played a crucial role and she leads by example in
that she integrates ICTs in her lessons
I have also observed better unity among my teachers. My
teachers are consulting and collaborating a lot more because
of the ICTs in school. This is very nice for me as a principal.

25. CASESTUDY RESULTS: ICT SCHOOL POLICY
Schools are developing policies….
But ICT-policies are not (yet) integrated in a school plan
“Our policy seeks to empower all the school stakeholders and
give them responsibilities for ICT integration” (BOG, S2)
“The more we learn, the better we are becoming at
generating a vision for ICT-integraton” (T, S1)

26.  Teachers are starting to use ICT to support their practice
and to bring reality to the classroom
> How to stimulate students’ use of ICT (given the number of
students/lack of space)?
> How to achieve 21st century skills through student centered
learning?
“ICTs tend to invoke creativity”
DISCUSSION & IMPLICATIONS

27.  Towards distributed leadership for capacity building
> Limitations of a centralised system?
 Development of policies for ICT Integration need
experience of ICT Integration
> Implications for PD?
> Experience of possibilities with technology in schools
(sandbox)
We would also like to to train teachers in neighbouring
schools so that we increase the pool of teachers around us
who are integrating ICT. This will be beneficial to us as much
as it will benefit our neighbours.
DISCUSSION & IMPLICATIONS

28. CAPACITY BUILDING FOR ICT INTEGRATION
More info: www.vvob.be
Contact: Jo.Tondeur@Ugent.be
http://ugent.academia.edu/JoTondeur
in Secondary Schools in Kenya: An Exploratory Case Study

29. EXTRA: SCHOOL CHARACTERISTICS
No overall significant diffences between schools
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
School 1 School 2 School 3 School 4
teacher perceived need for
innov
teacher participative
decision making
school innovation
orientation
supportive leadership
Need for instructional
innovations
Teacher participation in
decision making
School innovation orientation
Supportive leadership