Social Psychology: Introduction: Lecture1

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Image source: Unknown 21 July, 2008, 11:30-13:30, 2B11 7125-6666 Social Psychology / G Centre for Applied Psyhology Faculty of Health University of Canberra Bruce, ACT 2601, Australia ph: +61 2 6201 2536 [email_address] http://wilderdom.com/7125 http://wilderdom.com/6666 http://ucspace.canberra.edu.au/display/7125/Unit+Outline

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Social Psychology: Introduction: Lecture1 - Presentation Transcript

  1. Social Psychology
      • Lecture 1, Week 1
      • Introduction
      • Semester 2, 2008
      • Lecturer: James Neill
  2. Overview
    • Unit outline
    • Introduction
    • What is social psychology?
    • History
    • Research
    • Culture & nature
  3. Unit outline
  4. Contact info
    • Before/after lectures
    • [email_address]
    • 6201 2536
    • Drop-in tuts : Wed 13.30-14.30 (after lecture) in 3C18 (computer lab).
    • Or by appointment
  5. Description
    • Theory
    • Research
    • Applications
  6. Learning outcomes
    • Key concepts
    • Apply theories
    • Communicate
  7. Lectures (10 x 2 hr)
    • 9 by James Neill (W 1, 2, 3, 4 10, 11, 12, 13, 15)
    • 1 by Melisah Feeney (W 5)
  8. Lectures
    • Streamed live
    • Video & audio downloadable
    • Notes ~24 hours prior
    • Readings mostly from textbook
  9. Lecture themes
    • Foundations
    • Problems
    • Strategies/Solutions
  10. Lecture themes
    • What?
    • What can go wrong?
    • What can go right?
  11. Lecture topics
    • 01. Introduction
    • 02. The Social Self
    • 03. Social Thinking
    • 04. Aggression (DVD)
    • 05. Prejudice
    • 06. Relationships
    • 07. Groups
    • 08. Prosocial
    • 09. Environmental
    • 10. Review
  12. Tutorials
    • 6 x 2 hr
    • Alternate tuesdays after lecture (check timetable)
    • Tutor:
      • James Neill (all)
  13. Tutorial topics
    • 01. Introduction
    • 02. Communication
    • 03. Prejudice and aggression
    • 04. Cross-cultural training
    • 01. Australian zeitgeist
    • 06. Assessment workshop
  14. Tutorial themes
    • Experiential exercises
    • Audio / video
    • Discussion
  15. Drop-in
    • After lectures
    • 3B32 / 3C18
  16. Assessment
    • 35% Essay
    • 35% Exam
    • 25% E-portfolio
    • 05% Research participation
  17. Essays
    • 3000 word max:
    • Theory (33.3%)
    • Research (33.3%)
    • Written expression (33.3%)
  18. Essay topics
    • Choice of topics – discussed in the first tutorial
    • Each student adopts a unique/topic question
    • By the beginning of W3, all topics will be posted
  19. Extensions
    • are
    • unlikely
    • (see Outline)
  20. E-portfolio
    • Set up a Wikiversity account
    • Submit name of account to convener
    • Create some initial reflections for W1 and 2
    • Look at and comment on other user-pages
  21. Exam
    • During exam-period
    • Open book
    • Multiple-choice
      • Lectures
      • Tutorials
      • Readings
    • ThomsonNOW quizzes
  22. Textbook
    • Social Psychology and Human Nature
    • Baumeister & Bushman (2008)
  23. Textbook access
    • Bundle (~AU$130)
    • iChapters (~US$60)
    • ThomsonNOW (~AU$40)
    • Library
    • Companion site
  24. Textbook foci
    • Self
    • Evolutionary
    • Cultural
  25. Textbook themes
    • Food
    • Sex
    • Tradeoffs
    • Bad vs. Good
  26. Unit themes
    • Cross-cultural
    • Australia
    • Social technology
    • Experiential
  27. e-Reserve
    • Alt. chapters
    • Classic articles
    • Cross-cultural readings
  28. Websites
    • ucspace
    • http://ucspace.canberra.edu.au/display/7125
    • Wikiversity
    • http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/SPP
  29. What is Social Psychology?
    • Human behaviour
    • in social context.
    • How the
      • thoughts
      • feelings
      • behaviours
      • of individuals
      • are influenced by the...
      • actual
      • imagined or
      • implied
      • presence of others (based on Allport, 1935)
  30.  
      • a joint function of
      • personal and
      • situational
      • influences (based on Baumeister & Bushman, 2008, p. 11)
    • feelings ( A ffect)
      • behaviours ( B ehaviour)
      • thoughts ( C ognition)
      • ABC
  31. Person to Person
  32. Group to Person Person to Group
  33. Group to Group
  34.  
  35. Sociometrics
    • A family of 4 involves:
    • 6 dyads
    • 3 triads
    • 1 quadad
  36. Sociology vs. Social Psychology Sociology (group) Social Psychology Psychology (individual)
  37. 3 broad domains
    • Social perception
    • Social influence
    • Social interaction
  38. Social perception
    • How we interpret social objects.
  39. Social influence
    • Attitudes & behaviour brought about by others.
  40. Social interaction
    • How we interact with others in the social world.
  41. Person vs. situation Person Situation
  42. Applications
    • Business
    • Health
    • Education
    • Law
    • Environment
  43. Social Psychology & Some Close Scientific Neighbors Developmental Psycho- pathology Health Organizational
  44. History & Research in Social Psychology
  45. Origins
    • Origins in Europe & North America in the late 19 th - early 20 th century.
  46. Volkerpsychologie (folk psych) mid-late 1800s
  47. Crowd Psychology (Group Mind) (Le Bon, 1895)
  48. History
    • First social psychological experiment
    • - Triplett (1898)
    • - Social facilitation
  49.  
  50. History
    • Influences in Early 20th Century
    • – Gordon Allport (Attitudes)
    • Post WW1 - rise of behaviourism & experimentation
  51. History
    • Attitude scaling (Thurstone, 1930s)
    • Social psychology splits from behaviorism and psychoanalysis
    • Gestalt theorists - Asch, Sherif, Lewin (1930s-50s)
    • Studied group processes & dynamics
    History
    • Post WW2 - motivated to explain atrocities committed e.g.,
    • Authoritarian personality (Allport),
    • Obedience (Milgram),
    • Roles (Zimbardo).
    History
    • 1960s - rise of attribution theory, cognitive dissonance (Festinger)
    • Developments in European social psychology
      • Tajfel (social identity theory)
      • Moscovici (minority influence)
    History
    • Late 1960s - early 1970s - ‘crisis in social psychology’
    • 1970s to now - rise of social cognition & information processing
    • Alternatives - social constructionism, discourse analysis
    • Australian social psychology? Society of Australasian Social Psychologists (SASP)
    History
  52. Theory <-> Research Theory Research
  53. Scientific research method
    • State problem
    • Formulate testable hypothesis
    • Design study and collect data
    • Test the hypothesis with data
    • Communicate study results
  54. Research method
    • Scientific methods distinguished psychology during the 20 th century.
    • Experimental method flourished within social psychology 1930’s-1970’s.
    • Caused a debate/crisis that over-reliance on experimental research was limiting understanding.
  55. Research methods
    • Experimental vs. non-experimental methods
    • Quantitative vs. qualitative methods
  56. Experimental method
    • Manipulate one or more variables (IV) & look at effect on other variable(s) (DVs)
    • Laboratory vs. Field Experiments.
  57. Laboratory experiments
    • Advantages
    • Controlled environment so that causality can be inferred.
    • Internal validity
    • Potential problems
    • Construct validity
    • External validity / mundane realism
    • Experimental realism
    • Reactivity
    Laboratory experiments
    • Potential problems
    • Subject effects
    • Demand characteristics
    • Experimenter effects
    • Ethics?
    Laboratory experiments
  58. Field experiments
    • Naturalistic settings
    • + mundane realism (- reactive)
    • control over potentially confounding variables
    • Measurement difficulties
    • Informed consent?
  59. Non-experimental methods
    • Archival research
    • Case study
    • Survey research - usually correlational
    • Observational field studies - observe behaviour in natural setting
    • Advantages
    • more naturalistic
    • may be more ethical
    • potentially large amounts of data
    • better construct validity
    Non-experimental methods
    • Disadvantages
    • lack of control - less internal validity
    • may not show causality
    • researcher bias
    • demand characteristics
    • subject effects.
    Non-experimental methods
    • Developed by Kurt Lewin (1940’s)
    • Systematic, dynamic experiments with real groups
    • Pioneered “action research”
    Action research
    • Advantages
    • Relatively natural
    • Ethical
    • Empowering
    • Research is combined with education
    Action research
    • Disadvantages
    • Lack of scientific control
    • Researcher-dependent?
    Action research
  60. Research ethics
    • Informed consent
    • Protect participants from harm & discomfort
    • Avoid excessive use of deception
    • Confidentiality
    • Fully debrief participants
  61. The crisis
    • 2 major criticism of social psychology (late 1960s):
    • Overly reductionist
    • Overly positivistic
    • Experimental method criticisms:
    • demand characteristics,
    • experimenter effects,
    • lack of social context.
  62. Reductionism
    • Reducing behaviour to the individual, ignoring social context
    • Levels of explanation
      • intrapersonal
      • interpersonal or situational
      • positional
      • ideological
  63. Positivism
    • Non-critical acceptance of science and its methods
    • Is the scientific method & especially the experiment suitable for social psychology?
    • Kenneth Gergen (1978, 1997)
    • Are experiments an appropriate research method for social psychology?
    Social constructionism
    • Social events are:
    • Culturally embedded
    • Sequentially embedded
    • Openly competitive
    • Final common pathways
    • Complexly determined
    • Social psychology as history.
    Social constructionism
    • Interpretation of the meaning of events & behaviour change across cultural history.
      • -> no general laws of behaviour.
      • -> all reasonable hypotheses are likely to be valid.
    Social constructionism
    • Social world is product of socially & historically situated practices.
    • Research findings do not have meaning until ‘interpreted’.
    • No knowledge is transhistorical & transcultural.
    Social constructionism
    • Importance of reflexivity - researcher’s awareness of own biases, assumptions etc.
    • Critical social psychology - value-laden & political.
    Social constructionism
    • Research methods - focus on language & use of rhetoric.
    • Observations, interviews, records of naturally occurring events
    • Analysis of discourse
    Social constructionism
  64. Conclusions
    • Which research method is best?
    • Is the experiment still useful?
    • Methodological pluralism?
  65. Summary
    • A central subject in psychology which evolved as a unique field during the 20 th century.
  66. Summary
    • Large, dynamic, diverse field of inquiry, with many:
      • Theoretical & research approaches
      • Topics & applications
      • Debates & dilemmas
  67. Summary
    • Social psychology studies the individual within the group (or society)
  68. Culture & nature
  69. Overview
    • Psyche
    • Evolution
    • Culture
    • Social brain theory
    • Individual vs. culture
  70. Psyche
    • Broad term for mind, influenced by:
      • Nature – Genes, hormones, brain structure and other innate processes dictate how you will choose and act
      • Culture – Learned experiences; from parents, society and any experiences
  71. Evolution
    • Theory of evolution
    • Natural selectio n
      • Survival
      • Mutation
      • Reproduction
  72. Z o o m Once upon a time ....
  73. Big Bang 14 billion years ago
  74. 30 billion trillion stars 14 billion light years
  75. 250 000 trillion stars 250 000 trillion stars 1 billion light years
  76. 200 trillion stars 100 million light years
  77. 1 billion light years 700 billion stars
  78. 500 000 light years 225 billion stars
  79. 200 billion stars 500 000 light years
  80. 600 million stars 5 000 light years
  81. 260 000 stars 250 light years
  82. 33 stars 12.5 light years
  83.  
  84.  
  85.  
  86.  
  87.  
  88. 4.57 billion years ago...
  89. Uni of Canberra
  90. ~4 million years ago homo sapiens (a bipedal hominid) evolved Human evolution
  91.  
  92. Social nature Communicate Form groups Social norms (culture) Humans
  93. 100 billion ever 6.6 billion now ~10 billion by 2050 Humans on earth
  94. 5 born /sec 2 die /sec Humans on earth
  95.  
  96. Population bottleneck
  97. Population density
  98. 21 million (.3%)
  99. Human evolution survey
  100. Culture
    • Info-based system
      • Shared ideas
      • Common ways of doing things
    • Ideas
      • Mental (abstract) representations
      • Can be expressed in language
    • Consider cultural differences and underlying similarities
  101. Social animal
    • Seek connections to others
    • Work together
    • Learn from one another
    • Help kin
    • Resolve conflict with aggression
  102. Cultural animal
    • Evolution shaped psyche to enable creating and taking part in culture
    • Division of labor
    • Deliberately share knowledge
    • Help strangers
    • Resolve conflict with many alternatives
  103. Social brain theory
    • Why is the human brain so evolved?
        • Larger brain is linked to complex social systems (Dunbar, 1993, 1996)
  104. Advantages of culture
    • Human brain evolved to capitalise on culture
      • Language
      • Progress - to build on experience of others
      • Division of Labor
      • Exchange of Goods and Services
    • Humans have evolved to participate in culture
  105. The duplex mind
    • Automatic system
    • Outside of consciousness
    • Simple operations
    • Conscious system
    • Complex operations
  106. Changing role of consciousness
    • Increased focus on role of automatic system
    • Can learn, think, choose and respond
    • Has idea and emotions
    • Knows “self” and other people
    • Consciousness focus on complex thinking and logic
  107. Living in a culture
    • Working to gain social acceptance
    • Inner states help humans connect to others
      • Intelligent brain evolved to improve interpersonal relations
  108. Nature says go, Culture says no
    • Nature – impulses, wishes, automatic responses
    • Culture – teaches self-control and restraint
    • Exceptions
      • Nature’s disgust reactions (No)
      • Cultural timetable for meals (Go)
  109. Selfish impulse vs. social conscience
    • Nature makes us selfish
    • Preservation of self
    • Culture helps us resist selfish impulses
    • Consideration of what is best for society
      • Moral Code
      • Laws
  110. Putting people first
    • People get most of what they need from other people
    • Culture as a “general store” of information
    • People look to each other first
  111. What makes us human?
    • Behavior results from mix of nature and culture
    • Human life is enmeshed in culture
    • Humans think with language and meaning
  112. Open Office Impress
    • This presentation was made using Open Office Impress.
    • Free and open source software.
    • http://www.openoffice.org/product/impress.html

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